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Respiratory System Assignment PDF

   

Added on  2021-04-16

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM1[Name]Course:Professor’s Name:Institution:Location of institution:Date:

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM2Respiratory SystemQuestion 1: Type of AsthmaTegan Smith is suffering from allergic asthma. This type of Asthma is the most common type and occurs mostly in kids when one comes across an allergen i.e. is an antigen or harmless substance which causes an abnormal rapid body reaction where the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be of no harm to the body. Such reactions are known as allergies. There are several substances, allergens, that can trigger these allergic body reactions for example dust, insect venom, an exercise in cold weather, medication, mould, animal dander (Custovic et al., 2013, p. 1526). The same allergens make other asthma victims to sneeze, have watery eyes and can lead to asthma attack in other people. Because allergens can be found all over the environment, it is appropriate that asthmapatients with allergic asthma identify triggers of their condition and learn to reduce the attack.The signs of allergic asthma are not limited to those of non-allergic asthma, which means they are similar. They include coughing, wheezing, fast breathing, tightening of chest and watery eyes, respiratory systems more so the nose becomes inflamed and full and stuffy with flowing mucus as well as feeling fatigue at some time (Nials, Anthony and Sorif, 2008, p. 213-220). As such, the conditions and symptoms which as per the case study are very evidentand experienced by the Tegan Smith who the mother is also allergic even though she has never reported any complaint about such before in their previous residential place. Question 2: Pathophysiological changes in asthma. The pathophysiological changes are the gradual and progressive stages or changes of asthma which causes the tightening and slimming of bronchial air pathways this causes a decrease in the amount of air moving in the respiratory system of an individual (Comino et al., 2014, p. 318-339). In human bodies there is candida which allergens cause to overgrow;

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM3tightening and slimming of bronchial air pathways this causes a decrease in the amount of air moving in the respiratory system. The allergic patients' body secretes the Immunoglobulin (IgE) for certain foreign antigens which combines with specific IgE receptors on the surface of mucosal and cutaneous mast cells and the moving basophils. This triggers the release of histamine and Arachidonic acid products and cytokines which are responsible for both immediate and late responses (Bryant and Knights, 2015, 601-610). There are T cells with T cell receptors attached to their membranes for identification of peptide antigens present on MHC molecules on the surfaces of other cells. They are divided into two i.e. CD4+ T cells or CD8.T cells with CD4 molecules bind peptides that present themselves on MHC II molecules. When they are activated, it promotes the aspect of an immune response; this is thehelper T cells which helps the B cells in responding to antigens. The T cell receptor with CD8molecules identifies cells that synthesizes protein which is not a normal part of the body. B cells which are activated by the exogenous antigens, T helper cells, or antibody-forming cells.The B cells aids in regulating the allergic and inflammatory response by secreting allergen-specific antibodies in immunoglobulin E and IgM subclasses (Barnes 2011, p. 31-50). They are of two types that are initiator B and regulatory B cells. In acute inflammation the chemokines stimulate the increase of leukocyte affinity to antigens attached to endothelium, whereas the other type, cytokines increase the adhesion molecule and procoagulant activity and rise in mediators; the Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1 promote the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium and their exit through vessels. Question three: Treatment of AsthmaThe short-term drugs which is administered at the early stages of the signs and symptoms for a quick relief include; short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists and anticholinergic both which are bronchodilators that is they increase the air content in the lung by expanding the contracted airways (McDonald et al., 2017, p. 53-60).They also enable coughing out of

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