Review on Smart Cities

This report provides a comprehensive review on smart cities, including the underlying technologies, smart city applications, and gap analysis. It discusses the concept of smart cities, the role of technology in their development, and the benefits and limitations of implementing smart city initiatives. The report also explores the use of IoT, sensors, geospatial technology, artificial intelligence, and blockchain in smart cities. It is a valuable resource for understanding the current state and future prospects of smart cities.

Running head: REVIEW ON SMART CITIES
LITERATURE REVIEW ON SMART CITIES
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Review on underlying technologies...........................................................................................3
Geospatial Technology...........................................................................................................6
Artificial Intelligence.............................................................................................................6
Block chain.............................................................................................................................7
Information and Communication Technology.......................................................................7
Review on smart city applications.............................................................................................9
Gap analysis on underlying enabling technologies..................................................................13
Gap analysis on smart city applications...................................................................................17
Conclusion................................................................................................................................17
References................................................................................................................................18

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Introduction
The aim of the report is to describe the concept related to smart cities. Smart city
technology is basically the technology that uses data for the purpose of creating efficient and
improved city. This will ensure that the city is being developed with all type of sustainability
and enhances the way of living. The main concept behind smart city is that includes the
information and communication technologies that will help in enhancing the performance of
urban service. This mainly includes energy, transportation and utilities and ensures that the
wastage of resources has reduced to a great extent. The main objective behind creating and
promoting smart city is that it provides a better infrastructure and will give a decent quality of
life towards the citizens. In addition to this it also ensures that proper sustainable
environment is maintained so that they can implement smart application within the city.
Major characteristics related to the smart city are that it provides technology driven
development. Smart city will include proper use of technology, data and information so that it
can ensure proper development of the infrastructure. This will include proper access towards
the water, electricity, education, and IT connectivity and health services.
The smart city will ensure proper create efficiency. The designed technology will
provide proper benefits towards the government agencies, the residents and also towards the
environment. The key technology behind the success and popularity of smart city initiative is
that it improves the pollution levels and also helps in managing the traffic conditions. The
aim of smart city can be achieved with the use of IoT that will ensure that all the objects in
the environment are connected and aim at providing better features toward the city. The
concept of smart city is important as this uses the technologies that will ensure proper
improvement and transformation of lives related to the citizens and will also develop the
features of environment. This holds the idea of inclusion rather than the division. It is

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expected that with the concept of smart city transformative effect will be obtained. Apart
from this the concept of smart city will also provide better benefits towards the business. This
offers better effective operations that will protect the efficiency of customers. The report will
focus on determining the main concept behind the technology. Apart from this report will
also describe the gap analysis on smart city technology (Mohanty et al. 2016). The report will
also discuss the issues that are related to development of technology and the concept of smart
cities. Apart from this the technologies that are used in smart cities are described in the
report.
The major limitations associated with the smart city are also explained in the report.
Smart city is a place where the traditional networks and services are made more efficient with
the use of digital and telecommunication technologies, for the benefit of its inhabitants and
businesses. In Smart Cities, digital technologies translate into better public services for
citizens, better use of resources and less impact on the environment. This project will carry
out a review on the following aspects of smart cities. The smart city developed by innovation
and internet of things is built based on foundation for providing a better residential quality of
life. The major three pillars that can be applied towards the smart city framework includes
economic, security, mobility, living, education and environment (Barnaghi et al. 2015). The
concept of smart city is to provide a better future towards the lives of people. There will be
several opportunities associated with generating the revenue.
Review on underlying technologies
The technological literacy that embraces the chances of city converting into a smart
city includes the information and communication technology, IoT, sensors, geospatial
technology, artificial intelligence, and finally the block chain.

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Internet of things
The main technology that is used behind the smart city is IoT. This helps in
connecting the networks and devices such vehicles or appliances present at home that enables
in connecting ad exchanging the data. This will help in connecting easily and efficiently. The
evolution of IoT has taken place due to multiple technologies, machine learning and real time
analytics. This is basically a system of interrelated computing devices that aims at providing
unique identifiers and allows ability to transfer data over network (Deakin 2013). The IoT
ecosystem consists of web enabled smart devices that focuses on using embedded, sensors
and communication. The device are being developed in such a way that it does not need any
human intervention. The major benefits that are offered with the use of IoT includes proper
monitoring of the business process, improvement of the customer experience, saves money
and time. This will also ensure that proper enhancement and productivity has increased. IoT
will make the business decisions proper and helps in generating more revenue. This acts like
veins of city that helps in spreading all the data to each connected nodes. It is important to
ensure that every part of smart city needed to be connected properly with each other so that
they can interact with each other and can make decisions that will be beneficial for
themselves. This ensures that resources are properly managed within the population. The
solutions that are implemented within the city are related to Internet of Things that have a
connected and smart monitor for deciding the action.
According to the author there are several benefits that are obtained with the
implementation of IoT in smart city includes the smart parking opportunity, smart cities
infrastructure , proper weather forecast, traffic and street lights and describing better public
transit. Public transit ensures that bus drivers and trains has the ability to access the GPS with
the help of IoT integration. This ensures that proper pickup and transport is facilitated
towards the drivers. This helps in having a better way of maintaining the environmental

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infrastructure. Traffic and street lights helps in providing proper communication towards the
vehicle present in the streets. The lights are being attached with sensors that get activated as
soon any vehicles passes off and the rest of the time it remains off. This helps in saving the
energy across the city. In addition to this weather forecast helps in preparing the report
effectively with the help of satellites and are being attached with sensors. The humidity,
temperature and the concentration of Co2 can be tracked effectively with the use of these
sensors and helps in maintaining a better insight for the nature. The smart city infrastructure
has included underground drainage, water lines, electricity and telephones so that nothing can
affect the regular schedule of people. Moreover, the concept of smart city helps in
overcoming the problems that are associated with the parking area. It becomes very difficult
to park the vehicles in crowded areas. With the implementation of smart city it becomes easy
to generate the parking slots and the user gets to know whether there is any parking slot
available or not.
Sensors
Sensors are basically referred to the ubiquitous components of urban landscape. This
plays a crucial role in controlling the intelligence part of a system. In order to improve the
process it becomes important to improve the process so that it can control system properly.
The availability of multitude differs for different sensors and gets developed from application
to application. Sensors act as a converter which converts parameters of a physical nature
towards an electronic signal (Krieg et al. 2018). The signals that are associated with
conventional sensors includes light, temperature, pressure, humidity, moisture and different
other parameters.
Sensors help in detecting the weather and are implemented in every part of a city.
From regulating the traffic lights to collecting the details regarding weather, it is being widely

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used. This helps in describing the major issues that is taking place within the city. Every
aspects gets detected as soon as it is occurring. Sensors have the ability to detect the affect
and issues at early stages. This helps in providing a better solution regarding the issues and
the problem gets removed immediately. This also offers a safer community for the people
living in it and increases digital equity within the system. According to the author Eckhoff
and Wagner (2018), it is important to ensure that proper sensor is being implemented so that
it can provide a better sense of proximity sensors. The accuracy needs to be detected properly
so that it can have better tracking objects. Apart from this it is important to have a proper
resolution that can detect even the smallest changes within the position.
Sensors are being embedded into factories for performing special activities, the
sensors are also used in traffic cameras for determining the traffic conditions and are used on
vehicles that are being connected with smartphones so that daily tracking can be obtained.
Apart from this sensors are also implemented within the medical ambulance for getting better
benefits within time and can provide portable medical imaging services. In addition to this
buildings are equipped with sensors for monitoring the activities. The sensors are mainly
aimed at gathering the data related to every activity so that it can be used at the time of
identifying risk. This sensor helps in determine the vibration condition of buildings, historical
monuments and bridge. This also helps in determining the temperature, helps in measuring
the alter quality and also determines the pressure.
Geospatial Technology
Geospatial technology is referred to the concept that offers a better functioning
towards sustainable practices. This helps in decision making, environmental planning,
transportation, public works, data collecting and land planning. The purpose of geospatial
technology is that it offers open data and tools. This also offers better scalability towards the

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people within smart city. The aim of having a geospatial technology is that it ensures
development of right plan towards the sustainable development of the system. This requires
accurate, detail and concise data. In addition to this, the geospatial technology also provides
location that will allow focusing on exact requirements and will offer better solutions (Khan
et al. 2018). The technology offers a wide range of framework that will help in gathering the
data and transforming the collected data properly in form of observations within these
collections to facilitate software-based solution around smart infrastructure.
The framework that is being used with smart city is divided into different four layers.
This includes sensing layer, application layer, data layer and business layer. The data that are
being used for managing geospatial data within smart city are the data that needs at time of
city planning, physical infrastructure and for individual buildings. In order to gather the
geospatial data for cities it is important to have proper sensors this includes aerial remote
sensing, unmanned aerial vehicle, ground surveys, satellite remote sensing and ground
penetrating radar.
There are several application of geospatial technology. This includes remote sensing,
geographic information systems, global positioning systems and internet mapping
technologies. Remote sensing offers a better way of collecting imagery data from space
camera and sensor platforms. These are further used for monitoring human rights abuse and
helps in determining the needs related to humanitarian. On the other hand GPS are used to get
exact location along with proper military equipment. Geographic information system is a
software tool that is used for analysing data and mapping on earth. These are further used for
the purpose of determining geographic patterns with the use of data.

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Artificial Intelligence
The concept of smart city has the digital revolution that aims at generating huge
amount of data. This data has no use until they are being processed properly. The information
gets generated once are being processed. This enormous amount of generation brings the role
of Artificial intelligence that can make sense out of those data. In addition to this artificial
intelligence ensures that proper interaction is processed based on data which are making
sense and can be used properly for better future. In order to understand the interesting fact
related to smart cities it is important to look in details the energy spike that occurs while
learning the AI. With the use of artificial intelligence it becomes important to ensure that
each component is able to use the features of artificial intelligence. This will ensure better
working of the elements present within the smart city. AI used for improving the traffic and
parking management within smart city. Apart from this AI also provides the compute with
the ability of hearing, moving and sensing. This provides the elements of each urban life with
better facilities. AI helps in determining activities taking place within city and ensures
efficient functioning. AI ensures that proper features are provided towards improving the
infrastructure within the smart city. These services will ensure proper transportation systems,
providing waste management, reduces traffic congestion and will also improve the way of
living within the city. The major benefits that are achieved with AI in smart city are it
increases the efficiency within public infrastructure. The costs incorporated in goods are low
and ensures better implementation of work. With the implementation of AI in smart city it
becomes easy to prevent the crimes or to minimize the risks. However the limitations that
comes along with implementation of AI is that it offers very limited privacy towards the
people. With the use of artificial intelligence it becomes easy to utilize the assets and also
improves the way of managing data and information within the smart city. Artificial
intelligence offers the computer with ability to hear, move and reason. The systems built with

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artificial intelligence offers a better way of managing the information within the system and
also ensures that proper work is being performed.
Block chain
Block chain is a technology that aims at fuelling the cryptocurrency bitcoin and this
are used by companies for their start-ups. Block chain is not a database it stores hashes which
are being further used for generating personal transaction. The main advantage that is
obtained using blockcchan is that it is resilient against in many threats. This also ensures
better reliability, faster and efficient operation. The work will provide an efficient way of
designing the smart city. Blockchain are further used in the form of smart grids so that it can
facilitate energy sharing. Block chain mainly acts an impenetrable shared ledger that has the
ability to provide a better accountability and transparency towards the public and private
companies. These are used across the network so that it can provide better security towards
the organization. The block chains are used for utilizing the smart city in an effective way.
His ensures that the citizens within the smart city are motivated for maintaining a better
lifestyle. Block chain technology offers a better way of detecting digital health changes that
take place within the patient. This also provides better way of sharing data about company.
Block chain technology ensures better detection of unchanged data within real estate and
ensures that no data is being manipulated by users and proper facilities are provided towards
war machine. Blockchain are used for several purposes and ensures better cybersecurity. The
main application of blockchain technology is that it is used for military drone technology, for
blockchain battleships and decentralizing the weapon control systems. Thus it can be stated
that with the use of blockchain the defence force can be maintained effectively without any
issues. Each application of blockchain offers a better solution towards the military force.

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Information and Communication Technology
It becomes important to create a communication channel that will provide two way
communication so that they can ensure better facilities within the smart city. Thus the role of
Information and communication technology becomes important. ICT helps in building a
bridge between the people of city and the government. This ensures that each citizen has the
opportunity to interact with government for future betterment (Andrade and Doolin 2016).
This will ensure better working of the government and will also ensure that the ICT will
provide sufficient help towards the government for analysing the pattern. In addition to this
electronic medium of communication ensures that in order to create a collective intelligence
it is important to develop a community that will ensure that minimum of resources are used
for the purpose of development.
The main reason behind developing smart city with the use of technologies includes
proper cost saving benefits and the environmental impacts. The cost saving ensures that the
smart city project is creating a place that is sustainable to live and ill provide a better way of
living. Apart from this there are several environmental impacts that can be managed with the
use of smart technologies. The technologies such as big data are utilized for the purpose of
engaging the citizens in a friendly behaviour. In addition to this with the implementation of
these technologies in the development of smart cities it will become more efficient and the
energy usage and resource management can be maintained properly (Luo and Bu 2016).
Apart from this connectivity between the objects gets connected properly. The technologies
that are helping in connecting the objects of cities includes cloud computing, internet of
things, big data and many more other technologies. The smart city initiative aims at
prioritizing the people and also ensures that the life quality is enhanced.
The major benefits that are achieved with the use of these technologies includes more
effective and allows better data driven decision making. Apart from this it also offers an

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enhanced way of providing engagement towards the government and citizen. This includes
proper collaboration tools for providing a better and convenient way of travel from the city. A
smart city is expected to be safer and provides a technologies that helps in promoting a safer
community. These reduces the environmental footprint and helps in reducing the negative
effect on the environment (Belanche, Casaló and Orús 2016). The sensors are developed
within the every components of city so that it can provide a quick data for tracking the pick
times related to the low air quality, deliver data analytic and identify pollution causes. The
concept of smart city includes proper improvement transportation and the investments are
expected to rise over 25 per cent annually. The new economic development opportunities
includes proper investment in smart city that has a large potential to effect the business.
Smart city will ensure that an effective utility is provided towards the people of the country.
Smart sensors are implemented quickly so that they can detect the damages as soon as
possible and can offer a shortened time frame for the recovery. Apart from this with the
implementation of data analytics and smart sensor technology the conservation of the
valuable resources has become easier. Apart from this according to the author Benevolo et al.
(2016), the concept of smart city will also improve the infrastructure in way that it will
become easier to transmit data. These capability possess a great opportunity for the cities that
have the aim of saving the tax dollars. Smart city thus provides a better way of transforming
the work environment by implementing a streamline process. There are several benefits that
comes along with the implementation of smart cities that are needed to be understood
properly. Thus it becomes important to ensure that proper planning and investment is done
for gaining the success. Smart city technology has the ability to provide the cities with
predictive analytics for identifying the areas that are needed to be fixed before there is a
failure within infrastructure.
Review on smart city applications

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Smart Transportation System
In order to have a proper interaction between the smart city and the people it becomes
essential to have smart transportation system. Smart transportation system helps in making
the lives easier and also offers different modes for transport and to manage traffic. Thus it
becomes important to have proper digital interfaces that help in providing better services
towards the people. Smart sensors are also included within the cities so that they can quickly
identify the leaks in pipes and fix damaged segments in a shortened time frame, reducing the
amount of water lost. This will help to maintain the roads effectively and will not cause any
impact on transportation system. This helps in creating the network between the partners and
cities. With the growing time it is observed that smart cities are getting deployed as online
services in the diverse sector of cities (Alawadhi et al. 2012). These will ensure better
services towards the improvement of smart cities. This will help the drivers to take the
shortest route and the route that has minimum traffic. The data will be shared online. The
main reason behind implementing smart transportation system is to improve the traffic safety,
to reduce the damages caused towards the infrastructure, helps in gathering traffic data that
further helps in managing the route.
Smart Street Lighting
Smart Street lights increases the satisfaction provided towards the citizens and will
also help in improving the safety within the city. Smart city includes a better way of traffic
management, smart streetlights and better waste management plans. According to the author
Anthopoulos(2015), it becomes important to ensure that all the application of smart city are
being implemented properly. This will ensure an effective way of managing the applications
Smart Street lights within the city. The concept of smart lightning will enhance the energy
effectiveness. Smart lightning will ensure better efficiency is provided towards the energy

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maintained within the city. The main stakeholders associated with the application area
include local people and residents, several business community and enterprises. The main
benefit offered with smart street lights increases citizen satisfaction, reduces energy cost and
improves operational efficiency. Smart lighting capability helps in analysing traffic patterns
effectively. The technology will help in providing proper support towards the people in
emergency situations. Thus it can be stated that smart street light has the capability of
transforming the way cities and utility providers view street lights. This reduces energy costs
by effectively managing the electricity. Cities with proper utilization of Smart Street light
will help in having a better and wide range of benefits.
Smart Parking System
According to the author Anthopoulos (2015), the real time information that is
associated with urban environment is important to understand for providing better services
with the help of applications. Smart parking system ensures that proper parking gets
generated whenever a car enters the parking area. In case there is not enough space within the
parking lot than the car will be notified by the security gaurd. This also ensures that
economical services are provided towards the public services (Gaur et al. 2015). Smart
parking is also an important application of smart city. This plays a crucial role in the
development of smart city. Each parking area needs have proper technology that helps in
allocating space towards the cars. This also ensures proper safety towards the car (Cimmino
et al. 2014). Each details regarding the car owner and car gets stored within the database thus
it becomes important to ensure that proper protection is provided towards the customer and
all data are stored safely without any issue.
Waste Management
Smart city has also included an efficient way of managing the garbage. Smart waste
management is one of the essential requirements for smart city. This ensures that all human

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wastes are being dumped properly and are cleared through proper management system
(Folianto et al. 2015). The massive volume of solid waste is being created by humans and this
are needed to be disposes properly. Smart waste management has installed devices that
include smart dustbins, robotic road cleaners that are couple with smart transportation
vehicles. These vehicles are notified once the dustbin gets filled. The system is installed with
GPS and software application for guiding the trucks so that they can choose shortest path to
reach the fully filled dustbin (Al-Masri et al. 2018). In addition to this smart dustbins are also
used for the purpose of ticket bookings, advertisement and bill payments. Moreover for
maintaining clean city underground garbage bins are installed that will prevent open and
untreated waste accumulation. These smart bins are installed with different types of sensors
that aim at providing specific functions. Apart from this a solar powered waste compactor bin
is being developed so that it can perform all the functions efficiently. This performs mainly
intelligent monitoring dustbin and relays on the information gathered from clean city
networks. The major benefits that are observed with smart waste management includes it
saves time and money by implementing proper waste collection bins. This further reduces the
need of man power and also helps in managing the garbage in a better way. This also
decreases traffic flow as there will be less waste of vehicles on road. This became efficient as
there is a proper communication maintained between the smart dustbins and service
operators.
Traffic management
According to the author Cochia (2014), it is important to understand the concept of
smart city and the communication platform that is being developed by the smart cities. The
report has introduced the concept of smart city and the different applications related to the
smart city concept. The smart city has included a number of technologies that has the ability
to build proper transportation, proper electrical and water distribution facility. In addition to

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the public safety also gets increased with the implementation of the technologies. In the
article the author has described the main factors that will have a better city to live. This will
allow the real world urban data to be collected properly and analysed by all the use of proper
software systems. This will also include an effective way of structuring the network so that
the client device can be tracked properly. Apart from this it is important to implement proper
solutions that will provide a better support towards the instrumentation and the sensors will
be easily interconnected with each other. Smart city has the ability to combine the services
production and includes intelligent environment. Moreover this has the ability to combine the
service production and the will provide an intelligent environment to work. This ensures that
proper decision is taken for making the information flow between the municipality and
business community. The city is considered to be as one of the best service organization that
will ensure a better customer experience.
Smart water Management
Smart city ensures a better way of using the data and technology in order to have an
efficient city that will lead to improved sustainability and will offer and economic
development and enhances the quality of life factors. The key features that are associated
with the application of smart cities are that they create an environment that is efficient to live
(Zygiaris2013). Smart city improves the efficiency associated with eliminating the
redundancies and finding a way to save the money. The smart city technology has also
implemented different measures for managing the water. This will help in saving the
resources. Water management plan needs to be developed so that it can help in avoiding
excessive use of water without need. The information and data related to each component
needs to be implemented properly within the infrastructure and services. The main
components that are associated with smart water management includes the smart
infrastructure, smart city services, smart industrial environment and a better waste

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management plan (Darwish et al. 2017). In addition to this the improved infrastructure will
also offer a better way of managing water within the city. Smart technology has the ability to
provide the cities with extrapolative analytics so that they can identify areas that are needed
to be fixed before there is an infrastructure failure.
Smart energy
The concept of smart mobility helps in reducing the time taken in travelling and
ensures that proper traffic is maintained for better transportation. This has the ability to
manage the transportation and will reduce the traffic delays. With a smart city it is important
to have a smart waste management that ensures an improved cleanliness and optimization so
that it becomes easy to maintain the city. The city thus can be maintained properly and will
have a better way of keeping the city cleaned and optimized. This will ensure proper
preservation of the energy and will protect the city from further effects. Smart meter ensures
that proper control of energy usage and generate better bills without any problem (Calvillo et
al. 2016). Cities are basically a structure of service that ensures better interaction with the
people. These offers a better way of consuming and transforming the resources form of
exchange. The citizen associated with smart city expects high quality public services so that
quality of life can be enhanced. The major objective is to deliver a high quality service so that
the aspects related to smart city can be enhanced efficiently. The major applications of smart
city includes the smart energy and smart grid that ensure proper energy saving and helps in
reducing the costs from outages. This helps in developing an environment where energy can
be saved to a great extent.
Health Management
Apart from all this one of the major aspect of this smart city application is the health,
education and social care arena. This application allows improvement of the processes that

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takes place within the healthcare sector and provides a better access towards the services. The
major stakeholder associated with this application includes proper health and social services
providers (Bibri and Krogstie 2017). Smart and real time health monitoring devices are one
of the major applications of smart city. It aims at providing the best services towards the
patients and also ensures that quick services are provided to them. These also include local
interest groups and charities not for the profit towards the organization. Apart from this there
is a need to understand the application area that is related to public safety, security and crime
prevention. This ensures better way of anticipating the events and can provide a better way of
managing the responses to have emergency services.
Smart buildings
This uses automated processes for the purpose of controlling the operations associated
with the buildings that include ventilation, air conditioning, security, heating, security and
other aspects. Secondly, the concept of smart building is implemented for the purpose of
reducing the energy use. This also ensures better working and allows proper maintenance
(Angelidou 2017). . In order to have an intelligent building it becomes important to have a
proper integrating communications that will ensure proper development of the systems. The
key stakeholders associated with the application are includes local people and residents, the
environmental groups and organizations.
Smart Homes
Smart city application offers smart homes that help in fulfilling the demand of
customers to have a smarter and a sustainable city towards their customers. Smart homes are
one of the latest applications of smart city. With the help of smart home it becomes easy to
operate the functions associated with home without even present there. This will improve the
dimension of the city and will integrate all the physical activities for managing the urban

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flows properly. According to the author, there are several different information and
communication technologies used by smart cities. Before implementing any plan it is
important to ensure that better e-service towards the provisions between public authority and
recipients is offered (Talari et al. 2017). The main benefit that is obtained with the use of
smart homes is that it improves appliance function ability, increases the security provided
towards the house and also helps in maintaining the devices present within the home. The
components present within a house get connected with each other so that they can share
details whenever required. The main aim behind converting homes to smart homes is that it
helps in managing the resources and also makes the house efficient.
Gap analysis on underlying enabling technologies
The main technology behind the development of smart city is the concept of internet
of things. Every minute details are being developed with the technology of IoT. There are
several benefits achieved with the implementation of IoT. However there are several gaps
that are being discovered in the article by Mineraud et al. (2016).This are used to determine
the functionality that are offered by the technology. According to the author, the article is
being prepared for the purpose of understanding the dimensions. This includes extensibility
that is offered by the platform in perspective of providing support towards the heterogeneous
sensing and actuating technologies. Secondly the article has described the security and
privacy concern related to data ownership and its implications. Apart from this the other
extended gap analysis includes the support that is provided towards the deployment of an IoT
application and services. the gap analysis that are associated with the technology underlying
the smart city concept includes the support of heterogeneous devices, data ownership, data

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processing and sharing, support towards the developer, formation of ecosystem and the
marketplace of IoT.
According to the author Mineraud et al. (2016), it is important to ensure that all the
devise associated with providing support towards the heterogeneous devices needs to be
easily accessible and should secured enough. This must have a better security so that they can
offer a better platform towards the IoT platform that are needed to have a proper gateway.
This heterogeneous devices needs to have unified resources that will offer simple usability.
However the current status related to this category is that the platform assumes smart object
to work as gateway. The gaps between this categories that are analysed includes the support
of constrained devices, the standardized devices and the need for secure authentication,
identification and management of IoT devices (alali, Khatiband McGregor2015). The
problems that gets generated with this gap is that there occurs a heterogeneous interaction
that effects the performance of the devices. In order to overcome this situation it can be
recommended that relying on standard protocols will be beneficial at the time of developing
smart components of smart city. In addition to this it can be stated that integration of state of
the art security protocol will enhance the privacy factor of every component installed within
smart city.
The second category of gap analysis that is being described in the report is data
ownership. The main expectation from this category is that it will allow to have a full control
over the data maintained by the owner. This also ensures that a proper local storage is
provided that will store all the data and will offer a fine grained data visibility model.
However the current status of this category is that it mainly aims at giving access to the end
user with simple privacy policies. The gaps that are identified with these feature includes
manipulation of data in edge devices and will also offer a better storage for the devices. The
main problems that are analysed with this feature is that there is less security provided

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towards the data storage and it becomes difficult to provide security towards the access
control of the devices. Thus in order to overcome the situation it is important to apply proper
algorithms and mechanism that will help the owner to restrict the number of data user. This
will protect the resources from getting hacked or from getting leaked.
Smart parking is also an important application of smart city. This plays a crucial role
in the development of smart city. The major gaps that are being identified in the concept of
smart parking is that it requires high maintenance with proper contract of the guards. The
guards needs to be smart enough to operate the parking. This will ensure a better way of
managing the cars properly. There are chances of break down and maintaining the cars
becomes very difficult with time. When excessive number of cars tries to park in it becomes
difficult to manage them. Moreover redundant system will result to a greater cost and will
require greater management skills. Apart from this there is a huge amount of cost required to
build the smart parking area. Each parking area needs to have a proper analysis so that they
can ensure safety towards the car (Cimmino et al. 2014). Each details regarding the car owner
and car gets stored within the database thus it becomes important to ensure that proper
protection is provided towards the customer and all data are stored safely without any issue.
The third main factor of gap analysis is the data processing and sharing factor. It is
mainly expected from this feature that it will provide uniform data format throughout
multiple platforms (Amadeo et al. 2018). This will also include sub mechanism and data
catalogs and needs to have a proper edge analytics. However the current status of this feature
is that it offers non-uniform data sharing format and includes sharing of data with the use
REST and API. The gaps that are analysed includes data processing and this factor is not
being developed properly and is not integrated properly in IoT platforms. Apart from this the
other gaps that are discovered includes effective processing of data format and models and
the data analytics is available only at cloud based solutions (Dameri 2013). The problems that

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comes along with these gaps are it becomes complex to identify the system that will access
the data. The capabilities related to the IoT devices gets limited as the computing capabilities
effects the working of the devices. In order to overcome the situation it becomes important to
recommend solution. Thus, it is recommended that it is better to implement data catalogs with
semantic indexes. In addition to this having a uniform set of data and interoperable data
models will provide a better solution. Apart from this having a cloud solution will enhance
the edge analytics.
According to the author Mineraud et al. (2016), developer support is the fourth most
important feature that needs to be analysed properly. It is expected from this feature that it
will provide a better ease while developing a cross platform application. Moreover it will
offer a domain specific language that will help at the time of development of cross platform
application. However the current status is that it provides an API and REST to access all the
data related to the devices maintained by the platform and applications are used for internal
purpose rather than for sharing (Darwish et al. 2017). The gap that is analysed related to this
feature is that it offers a better application matchup for API’s and offers a limited presence of
SDK’s that helps in higher level abstraction. Apart from this the problems that are faced with
these gap is that it require a standardization of application for interacting with the devices that
is present in IoT. In addition to this it is observed that IoT store app is missing in this IoT
system (Monzon2015). In order to overcome this problems it becomes important to
recommend a proper procedure that includes offering a better IoT platform that will
maximize the reusability of the services that are provided by their platform.
The fifth feature includes IoT marketplace and it is expected that it will have proper
dedicated IoT catalogs along with app store and device store. Moreover there is an ability to
advertise, deliver and charge for the user application and data. However the current status is
that the application sharing capability is limited based on the usage and also charges as per

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the end users applications. The gaps that are generated includes data and service catalogs that
are mainly missing and proper billing of the end users data that is missing from the
marketplace. The main problem that is faced with the implication of this feature is that it
tends to effect the performance of end users ad will also affect the market place (Trindade et
al. 2017). In order to overcome the situation it is recommended that the marketplace should
have a proper functionality that is being created by the future IoT platforms.
The last and most important factor for gap analysis is the formation of ecosystem.
This factor is expected to provide a better and expandable platform that can be used by
developers properly and offer huge incentives. Moreover it is expected that cross platform
sharing of application and services will also be provided towards the formation. The current
status of this feature includes the platforms that provides an useful building blocks, run time
and storage environment towards the application developers. The gaps that is analysed with
this feature includes low platform expandability, provides a limited support towards the cross
platform information and has limited monetizing possibilities (Gil-Garcia, Pardo and Nam
2015). The major problem faced with this is related to the users using multiple platforms and
are not able to aggregate easily. Thus in order to overcome situations it is recommended that
proper financial incentives should be offered towards the developers. This will attract them
and will also engage them towards better working.
Blockchain application is a newly developed concept that provides a better
background towards the smart city concept. Blockchain technology helps in securing the data
flow. This mainly aims at integrating the smart cities for the aim of providing a better
connection to all elements present within the smart cities and the services ensures boosting
the security and transparency within the systems installed in smart cities. Mainly block chain
is expected to influence the cities with the use of smart contracts. This helps at the time of
billing, handling the facilities management and processing the transactions (Biswas and

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Muthukkumarasamy 2016). Apart from this smart contracts are needed to be self-executing
contracts with the terms of the agreement between buyer and seller directly written into lines
of code. These offers transactions with properly trusted transactions and agreements that will
be carried out among disparate parties without the need for a mediating third party, making
the process safer, cheaper and faster. The main gap that is analysed within the block chain
technology is that the signature verification. It becomes very difficult to verify the signatures
in complex situations. Moreover the system also fails to provide proper security and privacy
towards the data stored and thus it turns to be a major privacy concern. On the other hand
cost block chain offers tremendous saving while transacting any data. However the initial
capital cost incorporated in this is much higher. The risks that are likely to be faced with
block chains are user identify theft, impersonation, fraud case, reputational risk and targeting
bitcoins miners.
Gap in Block chain tools
The main disadvantage that is faced with the use of block chain in the development of
smart city is that it becomes slower as compared to centralised databases. Whenever a
transaction takes place within the block chain it is important to produce effective results. It is
important to have all the block chains digitally signed with the use of public private
cryptography scheme so that the data cannot be accessed by anyone else. But sometimes it is
observed that the system fails to maintain this encryption method. This in turn has the
potential to impact the smart city. This has became one of the major gap in the technology
that is needed to be removed effectively so that its benefit can be assessed efficiently. In
addition to this the block chain involves processing each data individually that takes a lot of
time and as a result it turns out to be ineffective.

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Gap in Artificial Technologies
The main gap that is being analysed within the technology of artificial intelligence is
the cost incorporated in it. Implementing AI within smart city will lead to huge cost and will
also impact the economy. In order to make every machines act like a human it is important to
include the AI sensor into every object. This leads to high cost of implementation. Apart from
one more issue that is being faced with the technology of artificial intelligence is the
difficulty that is faced with software development. The software developed for machines are
comparatively slow and expensive. Thus it will become difficult for the common people to
have an AI based system. Moreover before launching this product it is important to aware the
citizens about this product otherwise it will become difficult for them to operate AI based
system. This gaps are the major facts that are needed to be filled so that proper
implementation can be done within the system in order to have effective smart city.There are
several challenges faced with the artificial intelligence in smart cities. The main issues that
are being faced within artificial intelligence are high implementation cost. With the
implementation of AI in the cities unemployment rate will get increase that will eventually
impact the economy factor related to the city. This will eventually lead to impact the
economy rate to high extent. However it is impossible to replicate the robots like human and
thus it is important to have proper. The situation becomes uncontrollable and sometimes this
leads to harm the humanity. Thus it becomes essential to process the intelligence within the
robots and machines effectively so that this gap within the system can be filled effectively.
Gap analysis on smart city applications
The main aim behind developing a smart city is to have an efficient way of living.
However with the implementation of smart city there comes several disadvantages. This
disadvantages further turns into gaps in the application of smart city. With the modernization
of city there are chances of high pollution that will lead to further effect of human health

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(Lazaroiu and Roscia 2012). The major application of smart city are smart cars, smart homes,
smart parking and smart water.
Smart car was mainly designed with the aim of providing a better fuel efficient device
that will provide an efficient mileage. However the smart car offers a mileage of 32 miles that
is an unimpressive rate for smart cars. According to the great environmental protection
agency estimation it is mentioned that every city travelling car must have an average mileage
around 36 miles per gallon while driving this models (Angelidou2017). Thus it acts as a
major gap at analysing the performance of smart cars (Mineraud et al. 2016). Moreover the
speed of smart cars can’t exceed to 80 mph as there are three cylinder engine that gets drifted
slowly and struggles to provide high speed. Exceeding the car speed it becomes difficult to
handle and the body of the car starts vibrating. Thus it becomes important to ensure that a
proper speed is maintained by the car. Moreover it is observed that due to suspension rates
below average it becomes very difficult to drive in potholes and bouncy landscapes. Apart
from this cost has become one more factor that has the potential to effect the concept of smart
cities. It is observed that there is a huge increase in price over the years. Thus it became
difficult to afford the cars as comparison with normal cars that offers better gas mileages.
Moreover there are several privacy concerns related to driverless cars. The cars rely mainly
on the collection of location and the user information gathered (Seto 2015). This user
information thus visible to people around the cars and thus leads to major privacy concerns.
Thus safety becomes a major issue as all the information can be accessed by the hackers. In
situations like reading the human road signs it becomes difficult for the robot to read the
instruction and will lead further at the time of taking decisions. After analysing the article it
can be stated that self-driving car is one of the technology that has the ability to attract
terrorist and will be beneficial for them. They will be able to perform attacks with the help of
this cars. This smart cars can be used as an explosives and as moving bombs. Thus it will

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become threat to millions of lives. Thus it become important to ensure proper privacy is
implemented within the smart cars. Apart from all this there are chances of ethical problems
that will lead to struggle for the machines. The car is being implemented in such a way that it
has all control in their hands. Thus it becomes important to make the system smart enough to
make decision at critical situations so that it does not affect the passengers on road and
neither the passenger seating in the vehicle. According to the author, problems are faced with
autonomous vehicles as they are unable to operate in certain weather. The sensor
implemented in the car gets effected with heavy rains and snow. Thus using a driverless car
in bad weather is a difficult aspect. Apart from this in order to have a better working of smart
cars it becomes important to have an efficient road system and infrastructure that will likely
need major upgrades for driverless vehicles to operate on them. Traffic and street lights, for
instance, would likely all need altering. Moreover it is observed that sometimes the hackers
gets into the vehicle and will get control over the cars that leads to major security.
The major gap that is being analysed in the health monitoring devices is that, this are
highly dependent on individual’s motivation for managing their health (Petrolo et al. 2017).
In case the patient fails to show active participation in taking the care, then there are high
chances that the implementation will likely to fail. Thus in order to have a proper real time
health monitoring devices it becomes important to have a proper implementation and
interaction with the patients. In addition to this cost is also a major barrier that effects the
widespread of the business. There are chances of liability issues as there are several shift of
accountability generates with RPM. Apart from all this it becomes important to have an
efficient team so that they can have a continuous flow of patient data. This will further lead to
increase in workload and the management of information needs to be efficient. However it is
observed that the healthcare facility fails to detect which issue is an urgent one and needs to
be treated with high priorities. According to the author there are several obstacles faced with

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the implementation of smart healthcare facility. As real time monitoring devices deployment
is dependent highly on extensive wireless telecommunication infrastructure. Moreover it
includes a diverse selection of implementing real time health monitoring devices.
Standardization basically is needed for the purpose of data exchanging
and interoperability among multiple components.
Smart waste management system is a concept that is being developed within city for
providing a better life towards providing a better life. This is among the top essential
requirements for smart city. This is an important aspect as massive volume of solid waste is
produced by humans every day that are being disposed and needs to be managed properly so
that it can have a better connected smart city. The smart mobility vehicles are further
connected with smart dustbins through the use of Wi-Fi networks. This are further used for
connecting those components together. As soon as the dustbin gets loaded it is being picked
up by smart mobility vehicles. According to the author Bhandari et al. (2017), the major
drawbacks associated with smart waste management is that the system requires more number
of waste bins for collecting separate waste based on the city’s population. This further leads
to high initial costs as the smart dustbins are expensive to implement. Apart from this the
sensor nodes that are implemented within the dustbins have limited memory size. Thus once
the limit is reached it becomes difficult to store any data. The technology that is used in the
smart waste management is generally wireless technology and are used for the system that
includes wifi and zigbee. This provides a shorter ranges and lower data speed thus it becomes
important to ensure that the vehicle is being located within the fixed range area. Otherwise it
will become difficult to track the dustbin. According to the author, RFID based system gets
affected by surrounding metal objects. Moreover the author has described that smart waste
management leads to a huge number of unemployment. The reason is that the need of human
power decreases thus unemployment for unskilled people increases. Apart from this in order

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to have a better management system it is important to provide training. This will ensure that
proper training is provided towards each member that will lead to better management is
provided towards the smart city (Khodadadi, Dastjerdi and Buyya 2016). This will help in
having a better management of the city.
Smart lightning is also implemented for smart cities so that better system can be
maintained throughout the city. The major gap that is identified within the concept of smart
lightning is that it becomes difficult to control. In order to maintain the smart lights it is
needed to have a proper hub that will maintain all the lights (Díaz-Díaz et al. 2017). Apart
from this it becomes important to ensure that same type of lights are being installed so that
one single hub can be maintained. Maintaining same hub for all the lights will only provide
better results. However implementation of this lights and hubs can be expensive and
tiresome. The second phase of the gap analysis is that the lights tends break frequently and
are not reliable. The reason behind this situation is that when a bulb is being implemented
with the help of technology and the complexity is being increased the chances of failure
increases a lot. Moreover it consumes a lot of time in managing the smart lights (Holler et al.
2014). This needs frequent updating and maintenance. Apart from all this factors it becomes
important to have a proper knowledge so that it can be accessed properly.
Discussion on open issues and future research, technology and development
directions
Issues regarding smart cities
The main aim of developing a smart city is to have a better place to live where it will
become easy to operate the city. This will enhance the way of living and will conserve the
resources. The major application of smart city includes smart city lightning, effective

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transport systems, smart electricity and water and smart utility metering. These application
are basically developed on IoT technology. Every component of smart city has implemented
with sensor that generates proper signals time to time (Zygiaris 2013). This sensor analysis
the data and offers a better way of managing the challenges faced by the department of
municipalities. Apart from all the benefits that are offered with the development of smart city
there are several challenges and issues that comes along with the deployment of smart city
concepts. These are further categorised into different dimensions and are needed to be
understood properly. This includes the technology challenges that comes along with capacity
and coverage, the digital security concept, interoperability and about the existing
infrastructure. It is observed that with the growth in city population it becomes difficult to
maintain the quality of life. This creates a stress on traditional infrastructure. Thus it becomes
important to ensure that proper conservation of resources is taking place. According to the
author(Zygiaris 2013), technology innovation enables betterimprovement towards the
efficiency of smart city. Every new technologies that are being implemented within the smart
city brings several new possibilities and challenges. I is observed that every replicating
project becomes a challenge and it becomes difficult to collect data. Moreover according to
the author, there are several IoT networks which were unable to provide any proper coverage
towards the smart city application. It is important to have a proper amount of sensors so that
all data can be stored properly and can provide a robust connectivity technology for bringing
the success. But due to budget issue it becomes difficult to have more number of sensors.
According to the RootMetrics it becomes important to have a proper coverage and reliability
for having a better control over the city. After implementation of sensor in an efficient
amount it will be able to generate effective feedback. Apart from all this digital security
becomes a major concern as it becomes important to have a proper security. However at the
time of implementation it becomes very difficult to have a proper security as the personal

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data that gets uploaded into the cloud has high chances of getting breached. This information
gets further accessed by multiple users and this can lead to major threat to the users. Thus it
becomes essential to safeguard the information from unwanted and unauthorized users. With
the use of proper digital security measures it will become easy to protect the private
information from hackers. Apart from this the IoT and sensor technology use expands for
offering better benefits towards the customers thus the chances of threats also increases.
According to the author Sen et al. (2013), smart city is investing more money and resources
on providing better security towards the customer and government. Apart from this
encryption will also lead to enhancement of security towards the new application.
According to the authorJin et al. (2014), infrastructure of smart city has become one
of the major challenges in the development of the city. Sensors are used in smart city for the
purpose of gathering and analysing the information and this improves the quality of life. The
data that are collected on sensors includes data regarding weather, crimes and every single
details. Thus it needs to have a proper installation process. However this becomes too
complication and costly to implement within the city. Apart from all this funding for new
infrastructure project limits to major functioning of the process and it is expected that it will
take several year (Hall et al. 2016). There are threats from data collected by all sensors
installed throughout the city. It becomes difficult to ensure that proper procedure is being
followed and every data installed needs to be measured properly. Proper knowledge
regarding the technology needs to be provided towards the people of city so that they can
have a better knowledge about the use of this technology in everyday life. Apart from this
one of the major problem described by the author in the paper is regarding the power supply
that is provided towards the city (Anthopoulosand Vakali 2012). There is a need of installing
millions of sensors so that it can store every crucial data regarding the day to day working.
However it seems to be next to impossible as there is a need of around 1 trillion devices for

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generating powers. The next issue that is being identified within the concept of smart city is
the data is being shared around the country. It becomes very difficult to check which data is
being aggregated and needs to be properly managed (Atzori, Iera and Morabito 2017). This
will lead to provide life with different metrics. Moreover the concept if smart city will create
a major challenge is that it will increase the unemployment rate as the working will be done
by robots and automated machines. This will lead to a huge rate of unemployment.
Future research
With all the developing technologies it can be stated that the smart city concept will
provide a better future and will ensue a better place for living. However it becomes equally
important to have an effective sensor that will ensure storing all the data effectively within
the system. Awareness regarding the technology will ensure effective use of the technology.
Once the society gets educated properly it will become easy for them to live in such
environment. It is expected that more than half parts of the world’s population will become
urbanized by the end of 2050 (Filipponi et al. 2010). In order to have a better urbanisation it
is importantto develop a smart infrastructure that will provide a better support towards the
world’s population. In future it is expected that emerging technologies will ensure a better
growth towards the concept of smart city. Moreover it is observed that there is a gradual
increase in smart appliances for education and healthcare facilities (Mulligan and Olsson
2013). The automotive industry has also included a better way of managing their cars and
ensures a better work. This all will improve the consumer’s life quality. In addition to this it
becomes important to ensure that every intelligent things can interact with each other. This
will ensure proper data is shared among the entities. The ecosystem needs to have a better
way of sharing, categorising, classifying and securing the data volumes for further process.
Apart from all this it is expected that in future the challenges that are faced with the
implementation of smart city can be resolved easily. The data management and security

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concerns will be managed efficiently so that some important information can be made private
for government authorities. Each development needs to be done after analysing that there is a
need to prioritise the information. Some information needs to be protected in a way that it
does not affect other information. As the data gets circulated all over the city there arises a
chance that the hackers will hamper the working of official authorities. In addition to this it is
important to ensure that all data are made available equally so that they can be used for
providing benefits towards the consumer. There is an expected increase towards the use of
actionable intelligence that will provide a better way of managing the smart city (Anttiroiko,
Valkama and Bailey 2014). The data volume will live between the disparate devices that will
be further centralised for providing a better analytics regardless of the format. After proper
centralisation of data it is important to track the sources so that it becomes easy to integrate
the intelligent automation. This will enhance the privacy and security line between every
component of the city.
Technology and development directions
In order to overcome the situation it becomes important to ensure that proper
implementation legislation is needed to provide a better direction towards the smart city
concept. The major challenges that are faced by legislators includes finding a better workable
policies for regulating stakeholders efficiently, unleashing the economic development,
permitting better growth towards the research and development investment. Moreover the
citizens are worried about the privacy of the personal data that are being collected by sensors.
The smart city project aims at installing various IoT sensors and cameras that will provide a
better feel at street lights and are under government surveillance. In addition to these it
becomes important to ensure that all privacy challenges are being overcome by providing a
secured funding process. There are sufficient resources that provides a better sustain over
project and will provide a better challenge towards the smart cities (Gaur et al. 2015). Apart

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from this the privacy challenges that arises have sufficient resources to sustain the project
over a long time. In addition to this for enhancing the citizen with smart application. This will
ensure that every member is able to effectively interact with the components. According to
the authorSchaffers et al. (2011), in order to provide better aspirations towards the need of
citizens, urban planners it is important to have all the pillars effectively developed. The four
major pillar includes the development-institutional, physical, social and economic
infrastructure.For providing a better direction towards the concept of smart city it is important
to divide the strategies for digital growth in different segments. The different strategies
related to smart city includes sector focused, cluster or district focuses and smart ecosystem
infrastructure focused. Implementation of sensor and IoT technology will ensure a better way
of living that will ensure an efficient way of managing the work. Apart from it is expected
that the use of smart city will ensure a better future towards the citizen of the country. Smart
city initiatives includes proper improvement towards the life and will also ensure a better
economic growth. Basically smart city applications are developed with the aim of managing
the flows of urban and will offer real time responses for the purpose. Smart city is a
designation that is given towards the city that mainly incorporates information and
communication technology for enhancing the quality of life and performance. There is a huge
need of smart city, however it is impossible to develop an efficient urban infrastructure with
proper reliable energy access (Cimmino et al. 2014). There is a huge need of proper IEC
standard so that all the major resources can be concede efficiently for developing a smart city.
This will maintain the way electricity and other components used within the smart city. The
major benefit that is created with the smart city concept is that it improves the efficiency of
city services by eliminating the redundancies and offers different measures for saving the
money and also ensures that the work is done with minimum efforts.
Conclusion

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Smart city is a concept of urbanization that uses modern technology for enhancing the
way of living the life. This ensures that city is being developed with all the necessary
elements. Thus from the above literature review it can be stated that smart city will enhance
the way of living and will make the world a better place to live. The smart city concept has
introduced smart way of electricity, smart hospitals and convenient transportation. In the
paper several articles has been reviewed for understanding a better way of managing the
smart city. The main aim behind the report is to address the underlying features of smart city.
Apart from this it can be stated that smart cities have currently been perceived as one of the
key ways for achieving the sustainable urban development goals. This mainly includes
decreasing the resource consumption, recycling waste and reusing the resources to its fullest.
This will lead to better development of the society and will enhance the way of living.
Moreover the smart city concept also ensures that proper sustainable environment is provided
towards the city. In the report the information behind smart city application has been
described effectively. The major drawbacks associated with the smart city concept has been
included in first part of the report. The limitations that are identified with the use of smart city
is the privacy and security concern. Apart from this unemployment is also acts as a major
limitation towards the smart city concept. Moreover the digital technologies of smart city
translate better into public services for providing a better service towards the citizens, better
use of resources and less impact on the environment. The paper has describe literature review
on the underlying technology of smart city. The main technologies that are being used by
smart city includes internet of things, sensors, geospatial technology, block chain and
information and communication technology. From all the technologies, IoT acts as the
backbone for development of smart cities. Apart from this sensor also plays a major role as
all the data are stored within these sensors and are used for making proper decision. The main
benefit that is obtained with these technologies is that it offers an effective way of decision

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making. This also ensures a better way of generating an engagement towards the government
and citizen. The report has also included the importance of implementing data analytics and
smart sensor technology within smart city. This will offer a better the conservation towards
the valuable resources. Smart city technology has also included the ability for providing
better cities with predictive analytics. In order to have a better way of implementing the smart
city it is important to ensure that proper infrastructure is being implemented so that it can
overcome the expected failure. Apart from this the report has also included the review on
smart city applications. There are several applications of smart city this includes smart
hospitals, smart transportation, smart lighting and smart parking. Apart from this there are
several other applications described in the review part. Smart city application offers a better
way of managing the customers as it provides city with the ability of providing a smarter and
a sustainable city. One of the major benefit of smart city is that it offers ways for managing
the garbage. This is known as smart waste management. Smart waste management ensures
that every waste is being cleared from the city within short period of time. Apart from all this
gap analysis on the technologies has been provided that ensures a better way of understanding
the flaws within the system. The gap analysis has described all the details regarding data
ownership, data processing and sharing and formation of the ecosystem. Proper
centralisation of data will offer a better track towards the sensors. This sensors will further
provide better way of storing the data. Apart from this sensor makes a better place for storing
all data. This data can be accessed by everyone within the smart city. Moreover it ensures
proper privacy and security line between every component of the city. The gaps that are
analysed with the feature includes proper manipulation of data in edge devices and also offers
a better storage for the devices. Apart from this the report has also included gap analysis on
the smart city applications. The last part of the report has reviewed the articles regarding the

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future work of smart city, technology and the ay smart city development can be beneficial for
the society.

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