PROVIDE CRITICAL REVIEWS (WITH A TOTAL LENGTH OF 1 2 RIGHT WINGED POPULISM IN INDIA Right wing populism is a concept that involves speaking to the common citizens of a country and opposing perceived establishments. It combines the concepts of right wing politics, where some social orders and hierarchies are considered normal and inevitable, with the concept of populism, where 'the ‘people’ and ‘the elite’ in the society are contrasted. It focuses mainly on minorities in terms of religion, race, and nationality among others. This topic has been widely discussed in Europe but is not as popular I non- European countries. The concept was introduced in India in the 1980’s by the Bharatiya Janata Party and has since then been fostered by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sang (RSS). The RSS are a violent group which works to protect the sacred religion of India, i.e. Hinduism and are strongly against religious minorities especially Islam in India (Gandesha, 2018). Since the group was supported and legitimized by the government, it was inevitable that it would become more powerful. As a result there were increased attacks on religious minorities especially Muslims by Hindu extremists. Muslims would randomly be cornered by the extremists and beaten up, and sometimes the violence would escalate to a point where a whole village would be involved. They promote violence by randomly attacking members of these minorities and these actions end up promoting hate between them. Right winged populism is seen even at the top where during campaign season there is a clear separation between Hindu nationalists and Muslims. Politicians looking for votes use Hindu nationalism as one of their pillars for the campaign. The rivalry between the two groups can spark violence, especially after the election period is over since one side will have lost the election (Taylor and Francis online, 2018).
PROVIDE CRITICAL REVIEWS (WITH A TOTAL LENGTH OF 1 3 The risk of violence under this type of politics is high. This is because one group, usually the minority will not feel protected by the government. As a result they may opt to violence as a way of ensuring that they get their rights. The Hindu extremists will also contribute to violence. Since they know that they have support from the government then they will carry out their actions without fear. A lot of such cases have occurred, where Muslims were brutally attacked by these extremists and proper action was not taken against them. Sometimes the police may be involved, but all they do is help those who have been injured, but never involve those who were responsible for the injuries. The few times where they were arrested, the cases are dismissed and those involved are never sentenced (Griswood, 2019). The concept is growing in India, and there is increased awareness of it. There is an increase in the amount of violence that is happening against people from marginalized religious groups, and there is need to come up with a legislation that will protect them against this violence. In order for the country to prosper, every citizen needs to feel safe, and all their rights need to be protected, including those from marginalized religious groups.
PROVIDE CRITICAL REVIEWS (WITH A TOTAL LENGTH OF 1 4 References Gandesha,S. (2018). Understanding Right and Left Populism.Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism, 49-70. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9hvtcf.7 Griswood,E. (2019). The Violent Toll of Hindu Nationalism in India.The NewYorker[New York]. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/news/on-religion/the-violent-toll-of-hindu- nationalism-in-india Taylor and Francis online. (2018). The right-wing populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care). Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885 THE COMING ANARCHY
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PROVIDE CRITICAL REVIEWS (WITH A TOTAL LENGTH OF 1 5 Increasing lawlessness is a major factor that affects the growth of a nation. This article describes how factors such as tyranny, crime, poverty, overpopulation, disease and tribalism have affected countries in Africa, especially those found in West Africa. The cities are unsafe even for foreigners especially at night in West African countries. This has led to cancellation of flights in Murtala Muhammad Airport. People are tied up, robbed at gunpoint and killed in open spaces while the police watch, too afraid to take action. The rise in crime has been contributed to by rural- urban migration, where young men look for alternative ways to make a living after they discover that they cannot depend on their relatives forever. (Sun, 2018) Poor family structure contributes to high birth rates, thus increasing the population to a number that cannot be sustained. It also contributes to the rise in HIV in Africa. Overpopulation plays a role in deforestation, which leads to desertification, and soil degradation. This affects the productivity of land and forces the youth to move to the city creating an endless cycle. (Uniyal,2017) West African countries have weak border lines. They rely on the influence of France to maintain their stability. But as time passes, the sentimentality that French people hold over its ex- colonies will fade, and France will stop being as involved in these countries the more it makes itself active in European affairs. It is predicted that Nigeria will step up and fill this role and expand its boundaries to the neighboring countries of Niger and Togo. The stability of a country’s boundaries will also be affected by the movement of refugees from one country to the next. This will also eventually weaken the state of a country’s traditional loyalty. Disease is also a problem in this region. Foreigners require vaccines before visiting these countries, such as that for Hepatitis B, look out for an Ebola outbreak or anti- malarial drugs.
PROVIDE CRITICAL REVIEWS (WITH A TOTAL LENGTH OF 1 6 Malaria is one of the leading causes of death in Africa. HIV is also prevalent here with 10% of the population in Ivory Coast infected. Because of the increasing birth rates it is feared that the disease might mutate and form new hybrids that are much harder to control. (Raji, 2015) Rural- urban migration is a common phenomenon in this region, with people moving to cities with hope of getting a better future. This has led to the growth of slums, since people are unable to afford the lifestyle demanded by living in the city. Slums in Turkey are relatively safe and crime free, but it is quite the opposite in African countries. (Burnett, 2016) Ignoring these problems in our society does not benefit anyone. If anything, it only makes the situation worse, especially for future generations. Foreign nations will be unwilling to invest in countries where they do not feel safe and this will hurt the economy. In order for these countries to be able to improve and prosper, they need to find solutions to the problems before their social fabric is destroyed.
PROVIDE CRITICAL REVIEWS (WITH A TOTAL LENGTH OF 1 7 References Burnett,P. (2016). OVERPOPULATION, OPTIMAL CITY SIZE AND THE EFFICIENCY OF URBAN SPRAWL.Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies,28(3), 143-161. doi:10.1111/rurd.12051 Raji,T., Kilenga,N., & Djoudalbaye,B. (2015). West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic: The Africa Experience.Savannah Journal of Medical Research and Practice,4(1), 1. doi:10.4314/sjmrp.v4i1.1 Sun,L. (2018). A Glance on Rural–Urban Migration.Rural Urban Migration and Policy Intervention in China, 11-38. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8093-7_2 Uniyal,S., Paliwal,R., Kaphaliya,B., & Sharma,R.K. (2017). Human Overpopulation. Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 1-11. doi:10.4018/978-1- 5225-1683-5.ch001