RISK ASSESSMENT 3
damage, and even cancer (Anderko & Pennea, 2020). Toxicity assessment were performed to
derive the quantitative estimates that pose potential risk to the stakeholders. PFAS has been
identified to be linked with threshold dose-response relationship. The threshold level
determines the tolerable daily intake of the chemical at which the chemical will not risk in
adverse health outcomes of the stakeholders (Winquist & Steenland, 2014). According to
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2017), the adopted tolerated daily intake for PFOS is
20 ng/kg bw/day. The potential effects of getting exposed to PFOS has been reviewed based
on this health based guideline value determined by FSANZ.
Exposure Assessment
An exposure assessment is an approach to see whether individuals in a community
may have been exposed to a specific kind of substance in their condition. Individuals are tried
to see whether they have been uncovered and answer inquiries to help distinguish potential
sources. Utilizing this data, general wellbeing experts give direction to assist individuals with
lessening or stop exposure. An exposure assessment does not see what kinds of medical
issues the exposure may cause (Caplin et al., 2019).
The dose response values published by different health boards for PFOS range from
20 ng/kg bw/day to 300 ng/kg bw/day. The FSANZ and USEPA indicate the same health
base guideline value of 20 ng/kg bw/day and the ATSDR and Danish EPA report the value of
30 ng/kg bw/day. The highest reported Tolerated Daily-intake value on which threshold dose
response criteria has been developed is of 300 ng/kg bw/day by UKCOT in 2006 (Please
refer to Appendix Figure 2). The standard test for carcinogenicity has been negative and it is
not implied that adverse health outcomes will occur when one exceeds the threshold dose
response.
The HHRA preparation was facilitated by conceptual site model which aids in
identifying the critical sources and mechanism of chemical release, the exposure routes, the

Risk Assessment - HHRA of Exposure to PFAS in Royal Australian Air Force, Richmond Base

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