Risk Assessment - HHRA of Exposure to PFAS in Royal Australian Air Force, Richmond Base
Added on 2022-09-07
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Running head: RISK ASSESSMENT 1
HHRA of Exposure to PFAS in Royal Australian Air Force, Richmond Base
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
HHRA of Exposure to PFAS in Royal Australian Air Force, Richmond Base
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note
RISK ASSESSMENT 2
HHRA of Exposure to PFAS in Royal Australian Air Force, Richmond Base
Human Health Risk Assessment is a crucial process in any organisation, to aid in the
reviewing of the operations in the organisation and potential risks to the workforce. Such
assessment includes the evaluation of the probability of adverse health effects and the
estimation of its nature for the workforce.
Issue Identification
The rationale for undertaking the HHRA is the identification of the presence of PFAS
in groundwater of the study region. According to the report, the presence of PFAS (per- and
poly-fluoroalkyl substances) in groundwater of the study area. Furthermore, the potential
risks associated with PFAS in groundwater has not been recognised in previous HHRAs, and
thus, higher tiers of assessment needs to be conducted (Reade et al., 2019).
The major stakeholders in the HHRA include the people undertaking recreational
activities, the defence people, the employees, and the residents living within the study area.
Other stakeholders include the local government, that is, Hawesbury City Council,
Commonwealth government, utility providers such as Sydney Water and the NSW regulatory
authorities and state government. The HHRA objective includes identification of potential
sources of exposures, source-pathway-receptor linkages, and summaries the chemical,
toxicological and physical data for the chemicals of potential concern (PFAS) (Please refer to
Appendix Figure 1).
Hazard Identification
Per-and poly-fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are pervasive in the natural grid, and
their eco-toxicity on extended life and wellbeing dangers on people emerging concerns.
PFAS exposure poses significant potential health hazards to humans and may lead to
hormone suppression, obesity, high cholesterol, decreased fertility, thyroid disease, liver
HHRA of Exposure to PFAS in Royal Australian Air Force, Richmond Base
Human Health Risk Assessment is a crucial process in any organisation, to aid in the
reviewing of the operations in the organisation and potential risks to the workforce. Such
assessment includes the evaluation of the probability of adverse health effects and the
estimation of its nature for the workforce.
Issue Identification
The rationale for undertaking the HHRA is the identification of the presence of PFAS
in groundwater of the study region. According to the report, the presence of PFAS (per- and
poly-fluoroalkyl substances) in groundwater of the study area. Furthermore, the potential
risks associated with PFAS in groundwater has not been recognised in previous HHRAs, and
thus, higher tiers of assessment needs to be conducted (Reade et al., 2019).
The major stakeholders in the HHRA include the people undertaking recreational
activities, the defence people, the employees, and the residents living within the study area.
Other stakeholders include the local government, that is, Hawesbury City Council,
Commonwealth government, utility providers such as Sydney Water and the NSW regulatory
authorities and state government. The HHRA objective includes identification of potential
sources of exposures, source-pathway-receptor linkages, and summaries the chemical,
toxicological and physical data for the chemicals of potential concern (PFAS) (Please refer to
Appendix Figure 1).
Hazard Identification
Per-and poly-fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are pervasive in the natural grid, and
their eco-toxicity on extended life and wellbeing dangers on people emerging concerns.
PFAS exposure poses significant potential health hazards to humans and may lead to
hormone suppression, obesity, high cholesterol, decreased fertility, thyroid disease, liver
RISK ASSESSMENT 3
damage, and even cancer (Anderko & Pennea, 2020). Toxicity assessment were performed to
derive the quantitative estimates that pose potential risk to the stakeholders. PFAS has been
identified to be linked with threshold dose-response relationship. The threshold level
determines the tolerable daily intake of the chemical at which the chemical will not risk in
adverse health outcomes of the stakeholders (Winquist & Steenland, 2014). According to
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2017), the adopted tolerated daily intake for PFOS is
20 ng/kg bw/day. The potential effects of getting exposed to PFOS has been reviewed based
on this health based guideline value determined by FSANZ.
Exposure Assessment
An exposure assessment is an approach to see whether individuals in a community
may have been exposed to a specific kind of substance in their condition. Individuals are tried
to see whether they have been uncovered and answer inquiries to help distinguish potential
sources. Utilizing this data, general wellbeing experts give direction to assist individuals with
lessening or stop exposure. An exposure assessment does not see what kinds of medical
issues the exposure may cause (Caplin et al., 2019).
The dose response values published by different health boards for PFOS range from
20 ng/kg bw/day to 300 ng/kg bw/day. The FSANZ and USEPA indicate the same health
base guideline value of 20 ng/kg bw/day and the ATSDR and Danish EPA report the value of
30 ng/kg bw/day. The highest reported Tolerated Daily-intake value on which threshold dose
response criteria has been developed is of 300 ng/kg bw/day by UKCOT in 2006 (Please
refer to Appendix Figure 2). The standard test for carcinogenicity has been negative and it is
not implied that adverse health outcomes will occur when one exceeds the threshold dose
response.
The HHRA preparation was facilitated by conceptual site model which aids in
identifying the critical sources and mechanism of chemical release, the exposure routes, the
damage, and even cancer (Anderko & Pennea, 2020). Toxicity assessment were performed to
derive the quantitative estimates that pose potential risk to the stakeholders. PFAS has been
identified to be linked with threshold dose-response relationship. The threshold level
determines the tolerable daily intake of the chemical at which the chemical will not risk in
adverse health outcomes of the stakeholders (Winquist & Steenland, 2014). According to
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2017), the adopted tolerated daily intake for PFOS is
20 ng/kg bw/day. The potential effects of getting exposed to PFOS has been reviewed based
on this health based guideline value determined by FSANZ.
Exposure Assessment
An exposure assessment is an approach to see whether individuals in a community
may have been exposed to a specific kind of substance in their condition. Individuals are tried
to see whether they have been uncovered and answer inquiries to help distinguish potential
sources. Utilizing this data, general wellbeing experts give direction to assist individuals with
lessening or stop exposure. An exposure assessment does not see what kinds of medical
issues the exposure may cause (Caplin et al., 2019).
The dose response values published by different health boards for PFOS range from
20 ng/kg bw/day to 300 ng/kg bw/day. The FSANZ and USEPA indicate the same health
base guideline value of 20 ng/kg bw/day and the ATSDR and Danish EPA report the value of
30 ng/kg bw/day. The highest reported Tolerated Daily-intake value on which threshold dose
response criteria has been developed is of 300 ng/kg bw/day by UKCOT in 2006 (Please
refer to Appendix Figure 2). The standard test for carcinogenicity has been negative and it is
not implied that adverse health outcomes will occur when one exceeds the threshold dose
response.
The HHRA preparation was facilitated by conceptual site model which aids in
identifying the critical sources and mechanism of chemical release, the exposure routes, the
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