Coal Mining Recovery Analysis

This assignment focuses on analyzing coal recovery percentages in underground mining operations. It presents data on different panel lengths and widths, alongside calculated volumes (Simpsons and panels), pillar volumes, remaining volumes, and ultimately the percentage of coal recovered. The analysis highlights how panel width impacts recovery rates – narrower panels lead to higher recovery percentages due to less material left behind. It also touches upon the relationship between panel dimensions and segment sizes used in mining.

Mining method and operations
Risks associated with mining methods and operations
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Mining method and operations
Answer 2
The risks associated with the mining methods and operations are as follows-
There are large numbers of risks to your well-being which can be connected to coal mining
operations. In spite of the fact that there are evident working environment dangers related with
working in a coal mine. Just living in the vicinity of a mine can really cause an assortment of
well-being concerns, and the two sorts of mining (profound and surface) represent their own
particular arrangement of issues.
Occupational risk of miners: Excavators confront a plenty of risks working in frequently
confined hazardous offices. The risk of damage is practically steady, mine workers regularly
being harmed from falling items, gear, and rooftop crumple. In spite of the fact that the danger of
physical damage is a genuine worry for some, this is by all account not the only risk that diggers
confront. Excavators likewise risk respiratory harm through the abnormal amounts of tidy and
other compound particulates display in profound coal mining offices. A portion of the clusters
caused by these particulates incorporate COPD, coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP, otherwise
called dark lung), and dynamic huge fibrosis (Jenkins, Christian, Mueller and Robbins, 2013).
The risk of harm to hearing is additionally a steady worry as the gear diggers work around is
very noisy.
Deep coal mining health community risk: The well-being results related with living in a
profound coal mining group are different. Everything from expanded rates of lung growth,
respiratory ailment, and low birth weight can be connected to groups that are situated close
mining offices. Some ailment and sickness rates (COPD and hypertension particularly) are
specifically connected to the quantity of huge amounts of coal that are extricated from mines.
These medical problems represent a huge hazard to all individuals situated inside closeness of
profound coal mining offices.
Surface mining health community risks: Groups situated inside closeness of peak mining
locales confront an expansive cluster of well-being worries because of a few elements. The
utilization of explosives at these destinations causes an extraordinary measure of clean which can
influence the respiratory soundness of close-by groups. These explosives are additionally made
from chemicals which have been connected to harming in the neighborhood. These blasts are

Mining method and operations
additionally fit for breaking underground water tables and prompt the sullying of drinking water
by substantial metals, mine seepage, and methane gas. Blasts have caused flying flotsam and
jetsam that have collided with homes causing basic harm and even death toll. Additionally, a few
of the sicknesses related with profound coal mining are likewise present in groups situated in the
vicinity of surface mining locales (Mahdevari, Shahriar and Esfahanipour, 2014).
Answer 3
The multiple mine design options are as follows-
Trimble Open Pit Design programming gives propelled altering abilities to configuration pits,
seats, streets and slopes quicker and less demanding and produces different outlines rapidly for
choices examination.
Dynamic design takes into account quick control of pit outline and diminishes configuration
time essentially. Parameters can be changed effortlessly for quick setup and reconfiguration to
consider different ways to deal with pit shape, seat sizes, and street and slope areas. Mine
architects can rapidly and effectively create exchange plans for pit development utilized for
investigation and advancement.
The easy to use interface and streamlined menus require negligible preparing.
The product utilizes standard industry geographical information from monetary shells and piece
models alongside client characterized plan parameters, including seat and street criteria, to create
upgraded outlines (Mark and Gauna, 2016).
Poor pit configuration can have genuine results for productivity, cost overruns, and future mine
advancement. Basic time requirements consolidated with a restricted workforce can bring about
not as much as an ideal plan. Trimble Open Pit Design programming produces dynamic
outcomes for speedier pit arrangement configuration so mine architects can invest more energy
in alternatives examination to make an ideal outline.

Mining method and operations
Block design
 Store and utilize data by means of standard cells, subcells, and different factors.
 Direct opposite separation review estimation.
 Bolster vast number of squares - include, erase or change factors progressively.
 Make custom save reports, including grade-tonnage outlines.
Grid design
 Assortment of intense displaying strategies to construct lattice surfaces.
 Perform complex lattice to framework operations.
 Make stratigraphic, auxiliary and grade/quality lattice models utilizing a mechanized
demonstrating process.
 Produce and examine saves by overlaying polygons onto frameworks to make safe limits.
Answer 4
The complex design and decision making process can be explained as-
Method of mining
Long wall mining is an extremely beneficial underground coal mining strategy. Long wall
mining machines contain different coal shearers mounted on a movement of self-advancing
water fueled rooftop supports. The entire technique is mechanized. Long wall mining machines
are around 800 feet in width and 5 to 10 feet tall. Long wall diggers isolate "sheets" - rectangular
bits of coal as wide as the mining equipment and as long as 12,000 feet. Massive shearers cut
coal from a wall go up against, which falls onto a vehicle line for clearing. As a long wall
excavator advances along a board, the housetop behind the digger's way is allowed to fall.
Fiscally, the hypothesis costs are twice higher for Multi Slice Long wall system when appeared
differently in relation to Long wall top coal collapsing technique. Appeared differently in
relation to the Multi-Slice Long wall system, the Long wall Top Coal Caving strategy is more
fruitful as it is calmer as it requires less work and outfit and can be associated with thicker

Mining method and operations
wrinkles more viable. Made by the French in their coal mining industry, the Long wall top coal
giving in methodology has one face of the wrinkle took a shot at the base while the coal that is
left on top is taken from the window through the house top reinforce (Zhang, Peterson, Neilans,
Wade, McGrady and Pugh, 2016).
Pillar sizes
Pillar sizes in mining are a non-subsidence for a mine, shielding the important farmland above. It
is among the most secure and a champion among the most naturally altruistic approaches to
manage mining coal today, making a non-subsidence condition and keeping up clean water
standards. The degree of the column depends upon the nature of the coal wrinkles, the nature of
the housetop and the hardness floor of the mine, the effect of the gasses open noticeable all
around and to what degree the segments should reinforce the coal wrinkle, likewise called the
time subordinate strain. Right when the coal is strong, the mining operation will require
segments with lesser width. The segment edges will be impacted by the nature of the housetop; if
the roof is strong, the edges will be pummeled.
The strain on the sections increases with the movement of time while the store passed on remains
unfaltering. Along these lines, if the section is not satisfactory in assets, it may miss the mark
paying little heed to be enduring at the outset times. Camp avows that segments are fundamental
for the security of the workers in the mines along these lines the standard inspiration driving the
segments that are set to the head gateway segment and the last part section is supporting the
overlying strata. The head passage is used for transporting the excavators, coal and the
arrangements while the tail area is used for ventilating the mine from clean. The measure of the
segments to be used depends on the thickness of the wrinkles, the rigging being used and the
significance at which the mining is to be finished. Right, when the segment is too thick, there are
disasters made since the coal at the section is not mined. Regardless of the way that there is
likelihood to mine the coal at the section as the mining drives, there is still coal setback by an
insignificant rate when pull back mining is associated. Right when the section is too thin, there is
the probability that the coal housetop will fold into the mining district. The fold will provoke
pros being harmed, backing off the strategy in light of intrusion of the common stream of work,

Mining method and operations
and lost a level of the coal that ought to have been mined due to disturbance to the strata and the
mix-up with perfect and other undesirable parts. A normal segment measures six to forty-five
meters in width and six to twelve meters in length. To help the assistance of the segments,
additional assistance is given by housetop shooting.
Best sequence for long wall mining
There are two strategies for mining coal beneficially: Mining and advance Long divider
procedures. Exactly when the coal is less than six meters significant, the best methodology is to
use the single cut Long divider procedure. While if the coal mine will be more than 6 meters, the
monetary issues security and trustworthiness of the procedure should be seen as. For instance if
the mining significance is 20m, the multi-cut method can be used 5 times for wrinkle thicknesses
of 4 m or the Long divider top coal giving in methodology can be used to remove a layer at the
base of say 4m and the rest can be allowed to crumple with a particular ultimate objective to
contemplate the recovery of the coal wrinkle that breakdown. Of the two, the Long divider top
coal system is best as it diminishes the cost of the operation.
The measure of coal lost in the rubble in the midst of the fold is insignificant and can be defamed
by the focal points gathered when appeared differently in relation to the advantages that would
have been spent unearthing the 4 layers using the multi-cut procedure. The philosophy used in
the midst of the mining strategy is process is either pull back or advance. For the pull back
strategy, the entries are used to impede the Long divider board and once this is done, the
extraction of the coal from the wrinkles begins from the complete of the board and advances
towards the front and key segment of the coal mine. In the movie system, regardless, the mining
begins at the basic section and moves towards the completion of the board. As the coal is
cleared, water driven structures and control systems are started to empower the vehicle to
progress and transport the coal to the allocated territory. Steady change on the two sections on
each side that is in every way that really matters dead work is disadvantageous in the advance
long divider system. This is in order to ensure that the segments are both open due to the gob
encircled when the hollows fold. The ventilation of the mine is also excited while using the
advance Long divider strategy. The pull back methodology is supported as it expels coal from

Mining method and operations
the wrinkles and the ventilation work is extensively less and there is no necessity for extra dead
work in the midst of the system.
Panel width choice while mining
Gob trim incorporates setting specific material into the mining an area with the ultimate
objective of supporting overburden. For long divider mining, gob decorate is in like manner
called complete trim. Usually, there are three basic difficulties for coal mines to execute trim, of
which one is that the low productivity with decorating can't encourage the high mining creation.
With everything taken into account, the coal gainfulness of 1 million tons for consistently can't
be gotten for a whole refilling long divider stand up to, which is far from the necessities of a
high-capable current coal mine.

Pit Floor
Down Dip (7 degrees)
7.2 km
6.1 km
Mining method and operations
Coal seam reservation
The given values for the above geometry are as follows
 Pit Pillar (100 m)
 Seam thickness (3.6 m)
 Main gate development dimensions
o 4 headings (3.6 m x 4.5 m)
o 3 pillars (8.0 m wide)
 Main gate pillar width (50 m)
 Head and Tail gate development dimensions
o 2 headings (3.6 m x 4.5 m)
 1 pillar (8.0 m wide)
The given diagram of the geometry is as follows-
Now applying the Simpsons rule for the given geometry as-

Mining method and operations
Area of the above geometry can be analyzed as-
Area= h
3 ( f 0+ 4 f 1 +f 2 )
Now the volume of the coal mine (L = 1000) will be-
Step 1- Volume of coal mine
Volume of coal mine L= 1000
Width Length Height Volume
1100 3100 3.6 12276000
1100 3050 3.6 12078000
1100 3000 3.6 11880000
1100 2950 3.6 11682000
1100 2850 3.6 11286000
1100 2750 3.6 10890000
1100 2750 3.6 10890000
1100 2950 3.6 11682000
1100 2650 3.6 10494000
1100 2450 3.6 9702000
1100 1450 3.6 5742000
1100 1300 3.6 5148000
total 123750000
Step 2- Volume calculation using Simpson’s rule
x f(x) h/3 area volume f(x)i
i
h/3 area volume
0 3200 400 2800 400
1200 3100 400 3100 400
2400 3100 400 7710000 27109000 2900 400 7211000 22978000
3600 3000 400 0 2500 400 0

Mining method and operations
4800 2800 400 7301000 27904000 1400 400 5876000 21392000
6000 2900 400 0 1300 400 0
7200 2500 400 6804000 25028000 800 400 3023000 11134000
20840000 76182000 16830000 57864000
Total Volume 156223000
Step 3- Pillar volume
Pillar volumes
Type of pillar Length Widt
h
Height Volume
Pit pillar 100 100 3.6 36000
Main gate 50 50 3.6 9000
3 Pillars 8 8 3.6 230.8
8 8 3.6 230.8
8 8 3.6 230.8
Total volume 45692.4
Step 4- Volume of seam coal
Volume Of Seam Coal Using Panel Length As 1400M
2400 2900 3.6 25056000
2400 3000 3.6 25920000
2400 2800 3.6 24192000
2400 3000 3.6 25920000
2400 2900 3.6 25056000
2400 1300 3.6 11232000
total 137376000

Mining method and operations
Step 5- Volume using Simpson’s rule
x f(x) h/3 area volume f(x)ii h/3 area volume
0 3100 600 2700 600
1800 3000 600 3050 600
3600 2800 600 1074000
0
39564000 2850 600 1058000
0
3829000
0
5400 2700 600 1900 600
7200 2500 600 9900000 38620000 700 600 6736000 2413400
0
2064000
0
76834000 1741000
0
6251400
0
total volume 137927000
Step 7- Coal recovery
Coal recovered percentages will be-
length of panel volume
(Simpsons)
volume
(panels)
pillar
volume
volume
remaining
% of coal
recovered
1150 136453000 127851000 45702 7787000 6.5%
2300 135902000 132904000 45702 5079000 4.2%
The examination then of the above estimations is that when the sheets are greater, more coal is
mined from the wrinkles and thusly the whole recovered is fundamentally less, at 4.2% while
with sheets of lesser width, more coal stays thusly the entirety recovered is 6.5%. The segment
sizes in like manner change as showed by the board width due to the store they pass on. Sheets
with lesser width require sheets that have lesser estimations.

Mining method and operations
References
Jenkins, W.D., Christian, W.J., Mueller, G. and Robbins, K.T., 2013. Population cancer risks
associated with coal mining: a systematic review. PloS one, 8(8), p.e71312.
Mahdevari, S., Shahriar, K. and Esfahanipour, A., 2014. Human health and safety risks
management in underground coal mines using fuzzy TOPSIS. Science of the Total
Environment, 488, pp.85-99.
Mark, C. and Gauna, M., 2016. Evaluating the risk of coal bursts in underground coal
mines. International journal of mining science and technology, 26(1), pp.47-52.
Zhang, P., Peterson, S., Neilans, D., Wade, S., McGrady, R. and Pugh, J., 2016. Geotechnical
risk management to prevent coal outburst in room-and-pillar mining. International journal of
mining science and technology, 26(1), pp.9-18.