Research Method - Chronic kidney disease

1. Phenomenon of interest a) Select a problem that has sufficient previous research to conduct a substantive review. My PICOT is: For Individuals with end stage renal disease (P), how effective is home hemodialysis (I) compared to in-center hemodialysis (C) in terms of survival and quality of life (O). b) Select a problem that is relevant to nursing practice, particularly supporting evidence-based practice, i.e., interventions that address nursing problems. c) Develop the PICOT question, which MUST be approved by class faculty 2) Significance of the problem/background a) Establish the importance of the topic using primary sources to support statements. b) Identify the current standard of practice. 3) Statement of purpose a) Clearly identify a purpose for the review that relates logically to the background, body of the paper, and conclusions. b) Include a brief summary (2 to 3 sentences) of the search criteria used and results of

Running head: RESEARCH METHOD
Research method
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Phenomenon of interest
Chronic kidney disease is a major health burden that affects almost 14% of the US
population and due to worsening of the condition, rate of end stage renal disease (ESRD) is
increasing at an average rate of 2.5% every year (Ho & Li, 2016). Hemodialysis is one of the
common treatment modality for this patient group. However, the challenge associated with this
treatment modality is that it worsens their physical health and lead to psychosocial and
psychological problems for patient too (Ho & Li, 2016). Thus, health related quality of life
(HRQOL) is seriously affected for people with ESRD. To address this problem, home dialysis
has been found as a solution to improve HRQOL and survival and mortality rate of ESRD patient
(Miller et al., 2018). However, as the use of home dialysis is low, it is necessary to evaluate
whether home dialysis is more effective compared to in-center hemodialysis in improving
survival and quality of life of individuals with ESRD or not.
The research question has been developed using the PICOT framework as it is a useful
approach to explore the effect of any therapy and the PICOT elements like population,
intervention, comparison, outcome and time helps in summarizing the research question in a
clear manner. The PICOT in response to the research topic is as follows:
For Individuals with ESRD(P), how effective is home hemodialysis (I) compared to in-
center hemodialysis (C) in terms of survival and quality of life (O)?
Significance of the problem/background:
The burden of ESRD in USA is evidenced from the fact that 120, 688 cases of ESRD
were reported in 2014. The prevalence of the disease continues to increase with about 21, 000
cases being reported every year. Hemodialysis is a treatment modality for at least 87.9% of the

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incident cases. However, one new development is that the use of home dialysis has recently
increased among patients. Despite the larger relative use compared to hemodialysis, the issue is
that overall use of home dialysis option is still low among patient as it accounted for only 11.6%
of all dialysis in 2014 (The United States Renal Data System, 2016). There is a need to increase
use of hemodialysis considering the positive effect of this treatment option on ESRD patients.
There are various evidences which have highlighted the benefits of home dialysis for ESRD
patients compared to hemodialysis. Ishani et al. (2019) reported about the advantage of home
based dialysis over in-center hemodialysis based on patient convenience, reduced fee basis cost,
improve quality of life and fewer hospitalizations. A qualitative study investigating about the
patient’s experience with home dialysis revealed that participants experienced normalization of
their life. However, they expressed lack of proper information about home based dialysis option
to take better treatment decisions (Rygh et al., 2012). Some evidence of positive results of home
based dialysis also suggest the need to get more details about the efficacy of home dialysis
compared to hemodialysis.. As the number of patient requiring dialysis is increasing, having
clear understanding about benefits and harms of each treatment is even more necessary.
The significance of this research topic is that the PICOT question will help to find answer
to the treatment modality which is more effective in improving quality of life of ESRD patient.
The outcome will help in increasing education efforts so that ESRD patients and their family
clearly understand the benefits and consequence of each treatment modality.
Statement of purpose:
The main purpose of the review is to achieve the following research objective:

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 To get clear idea about the efficacy of home dialysis compared to in-center dialysis for
ESRD patients
 To evaluate experiences of patient and identify actions needed to increase the uptake of
home dialysis
 To recommend strategies to support ESRD patients to take better decision regarding
treatment modalities.
The search for papers was done in PubMed and CINAHL. The keywords used for search
process included ‘home dialysis’, ‘in-center hemodialysis’, ‘quality of life’ and survival rate.
These keywords were combined with Boolean operators in different rate to get the outcome.
Total 45 articles were retrieved based on the PICOT question and total 6 papers were
selected as they gave clear answers to the research question.

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References:
Hajj, J. J., & Laudanski, K. (2017, December). Home Hemodialysis (HHD) Treatment as an
Effective yet Underutilized Treatment Modality in the United States. In Healthcare (Vol.
5, No. 4, p. 90). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5040090
Ho, Y. F., & Li, I. C. (2016). The influence of different dialysis modalities on the quality of life
of patients with end-stage renal disease: A systematic literature review. Psychology &
health, 31(12), 1435-1465. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edb&AN=118525806&site=eds-live. Accessed February 11, 2020.
Ishani, A., Slinin, Y., Greer, N., MacDonald, R., Messana, J., Rutks, I., & Wilt, T. J. (2015).
Comparative effectiveness of home-based kidney dialysis versus in-center or other
outpatient kidney dialysis locations—a systematic review. Washington, DC, Department
of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Develoipment Service, 1-153.
https://www.hsrd.research.va.gov/publications/esp/kidney-dialysis-REPORT.pdf
Miller, B. W., Himmele, R., Sawin, D. A., Kim, J., & Kossmann, R. J. (2018). Choosing home
hemodialysis: a critical review of patient outcomes. Blood purification, 45(1-3), 224-229.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000485159
Rygh, E., Arild, E., Johnsen, E., & Rumpsfeld, M. (2012). Choosing to live with home dialysis-
patients' experiences and potential for telemedicine support: a qualitative study. BMC
nephrology, 13(1), 13. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edb&AN=76340258&site=eds-live

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The United States Renal Data System. (2016). Incidence, Prevalence, Patient Characteristics,
and Treatment Modalities. Available online:
https://www.usrds.org/2016/view/v2_01.aspx