Health and Nursing Research Literature Review

This assignment requires a critical review of research literature related to various aspects of health and nursing. Students are tasked with examining articles focusing on topics like central line-associated bloodstream infections, mental health in public settings, oral health care guidelines for long-term care, Ebola vaccine development, emotional labor in hospital nurses, tuberculosis incidence among HIV-positive individuals, global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers, social determinants of adolescent health, and the impact of Ebola on children. The review should delve into the research methods, findings, implications, and connections between these diverse healthcare challenges.

Role of Public health in Health and
Social Care

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 ................................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Role of W.H.O in identifying level of health and disease in communities................................3
1.2 Epidemiology of HIV and Breast Cancer in UK.......................................................................4
1.3 Effectiveness of different approaches and strategies used to control the incidence of
HIV/AIDS........................................................................................................................................5
and Breast cancer...........................................................................................................................5
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Determine current priorities and approaches to provision of services for people HIV and
Breast cancer....................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Relationship between the prevalence of HIV and Breast cancer in relation to the requirements
of......................................................................................................................................................6
health services to support individuals HIV and Breast cancer illness...........................................6
2.3 Impact of lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise and substance use have on future needs for.7
health and social care services........................................................................................................7
TASK 3.................................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Health and Well-being priorities in Westminster......................................................................8
3.2 Effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in health and social care...............................9
3.3 Changes that could be made to improve the health and well-being of individuals in a Health
and....................................................................................................................................................9
Social Care setting..........................................................................................................................9
3.4 Breast cancer screening programme in UK.............................................................................10
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Public health can be represented as the field of study that deals with the art of avoiding
disease, increasing life expectancy among all the citizens of world. It can be achieved by organising
a team of members foe providing health and social care (Atrash and Carpentier, 2012). There are
various healthcare agencies such as WHO, UNESCO and many more which focus on different
infectious and non-infectious diseases. These health agencies develop effective strategies to
overcome dangerous and life taking diseases which are widespread in England. Different services
such as treatment and prevention against the disease is provided to patients suffering form
infectious and non-infectious illness.
The report will focus on roles of different healthcare departments at local national and
international level which helps in eradicating communicable and non-communicable disease which
is common in England. It will also study the epidemiology of HIV which is a common infection in
England. The impact of various diseases on lifestyle of an individual will also be analysed in this
study.
TASK 1
1.1 Role of W.H.O in identifying level of health and disease in communities
There are various health agencies which operates to identify level of health and disease in
different countries and communities. They can be at local, national or international level. Local
authority are responsible for providing healthcare services in every country (Beyrer, Baral and
Brookmeyer, 2012). Several roles of W.H.O in identifying level of health and disease in
communities have been discussed below.
 When a local infectious disease outbreak takes place, W.H.O and its local healthcare
officials are the main healthcare providers along with other physicians and professionals.
 The roles of W.H.O includes nursing, discovering health measures and developing strategies
to analyse and find the main cause of spread of disease (De Cock, Jaffe and Curran, 2012).
 Department of Health functions by verifying different laboratory test, paying attention on
sick and infected people so that spreading of illness can be avoided.
 They also safeguards and encourage healthcare safety procedures during injuries, natural
disasters and various infections.
 WHO helps in generating a worldwide investigation and control system at universal level so

that different communicable and non-communicable diseases can be eradicated effectively
(Deeks, Lewin and Havlir, 2013).
 A large number of illness control centres and local healthcare agencies have been
established by Local Authorities in England.
 They provide necessary information on ways to treat and prevent several dangerous diseases
like HIV, Ebola, Cancer and Diabetes. It is very important develop measures to eliminate
these diseases as some of them are infectious disease and can cause death at advanced level
(Drummond, Sculpher and Torrance, 2015).
1.2 Epidemiology of HIV and Breast Cancer in UK
Epidemiology can be defined as learning and identifying different causes behind health
related problems which are common in UK. Numerous approaches have been designed to perform
epidemiological research and investigation so that HIV and Breast Cancer can be effectively
eradicated from UK (Fiorillo, Luciano and Maj, 2013).
Country People
Infected
with
HIV/AIDS
Adults
(16-50)
Prevalence
%
Females
with
HIV/AIDS
Children
with
HIV/AIDS
AIDS deaths Orphanage
deaths due to
AIDS
United
Kingdom
3000000 13.00% 1500000 250000 120000 1500000
Table 1: HIV/AIDS Victims in United Kingdom in 2014
Country Females
infected with
Breast Cancer
Prevalence
%
Deaths
due to
Breast
Cancer.
United
Kingdo
m.
950000 16.00% 800000
Table 2: Breast Cancer infected Females in United Kingdom in 2014.
 Overall more than 30 million individual in UK are infected with HIV/AIDS and 16% with
Breast Cancer which constitute to about 48% and 21% in UK.

 Apart from African countries, UK is the second largest country which is affected by HIV
(Gulliford and Morgan, 2013).
 Major percentage of adolescents are infected with AIDS which is about 13% of total
population in UK. Apart from teenagers,death toll of orphanages infected with AIDS have
increased drastically form 16% to 19.5% in 2014 (Atrash and Carpentier, 2012).
 A prevalence rate of 16% of women infected with Breast cancer have been reported in the
year 2014.
 Various other illness such as spreading of Ebola virus, type 2 diabetes, and cancer have
increased in recent years in UK (Idele, Porth and Luo, 2014). The reason behind all the
infectious diseases which are prevailing in UK is change in environmental conditions and
unhealthy lifestyles.
1.3 Effectiveness of different approaches and strategies used to control the incidence of HIV/AIDS
and Breast cancer
There are different approaches and strategies that can be adopted to control the spread of
HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer. These have been categorized below.
 Ways to detect epidemics: The most important strategy for controlling the spread of these
infectious disease is to identify the causes. Analysing reasons can help in developing ways
to treat and prevent these diseases effectively (Khatib, Yusuf and Mente, 2014) Different
ways can be implemented by healthcare centres in UK to increase the safety of people
residing in underdeveloped communities. A proper medical care and facilities should be
provided to citizens of UK so that HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer do not spread easily. It can
be achieved by establishing various healthcare camps and training centres which provide
necessary information on prevention of HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer (Pisaniello, Winefield
and Delfabbro, 2012).
 Check for local areas and communities. The local area and communities of UK should be
examined properly so that a major percentage of population remains non infected. Hygiene
and sanitary conditions in local areas should not be compromised because unhygienic
conditions are most favourable for spreading various infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Training for maintaining health and hygiene should be given to local residents of UK who
are at greater risk of getting infected with HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer (Marschall and
Yokoe, 2014).

 Training programs and camps: Organizing medical camps and training programs will help
in increasing awareness among local residents in UK. A greater percentage of people are
infected with HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer. Hence, it is necessary to provide basic
information about prevention and treatment of these infectious diseases (Mehta, Croudace
and Davies, 2015).
TASK 2
2.1 Determine current priorities and approaches to provision of services for people HIV and Breast
cancer
Current priorities and approaches for people suffering from HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer
have been adopted by various healthcare centres in UK. They have been discussed below.
 Disease prevention: Disease prevention is necessary to avoid spreading of infectious illness
among the citizens of UK (Olai, Eldh and Jönsson, 2015). Various research is carried out for
analysing the reasons which are responsible for increasing the rate of infected people with
HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer in UK. Physical, social-economic and behavioural
determinants also contribute in increasing ratio of communicable diseases in local
communities.
 Treatment: Treatment leads to development of new methods and strategies to prevent
HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer in UK. Different anti retro viral injections, vaccinations and
drugs are being provided to patients suffering from viral and oncogene infections. It is very
necessary to treat viral illness as these infections are communicable (Rice, Elford and
Delpech, 2013). They spread from one individual to another with physical contact like
shaking hands, through nasal droplets and while talking to other people.
 Palliative care: This care is different from the attention which is provided by different
hospitals and healthcare centres. They do not focus on reducing the pain of patients who are
suffering from various infections and diseases. There main aim is to pay proper attention on
those patients who have stopped responding to different medicines and injections. This is
seen in the cases where the individual is suffering from Breast cancer (Shannon, Strathdee
and Boily, 2015).
 Alterative care: Alterative or remedial care is generally provided teenager patients who are
suffering form HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer. It includes proper maintenance of health,
prevention and treatment of the infection (Viner, Ozer and Currie, 2012).
2.2 Relationship between the prevalence of HIV and Breast cancer in relation to the requirements of

health services to support individuals HIV and Breast cancer illness
 Prevalence of HIV is the magnitude of all new and old circumstances of illness or
incidences that has occurred during a specific period of time (Walker, 2014).
 It can also be measured by considering the ratio of individuals suffering from HIV/AIDS in
a definite gap which is indicated by proportions of population in UK.
 In order to provide better healthcare services to patients suffering form contagious illness
prevalence is important.
 It helps in setting an appropriate plan to meet the basic health and medical requirements of
the patients (Dowall, Bosworth and Hewson, 2015).
 Prevalence is a more suitable degree than occurrence when measuring the effect of a Breast
Cancer patients in UK.
 It aids in evaluating successive desires and requirements needed to treat females infected
with oncology problems.
 It is necessary to develop a proper relationship between prevalence of HIV/AIDS and Breast
Cancer and suitable requirements to treat individuals with these illness (Osterholm and
Moore, 2016).
 When different strategies are adopted to provide essential care to HIV and Cancer patients, it
is important to rely on prevalence data because it is more beneficial.
 It identify the areas which demand more attention and care (Geist, 2013.).
 Positive consequences and increase in health of patients with HIV and Breast Cancer all the
results of prevalence.
 It further helps in delivering advance medication and healthcare facilities in different areas
and communities (Chowell and Nishiura, 2014).
2.3 Impact of lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise and substance use have on future needs for
health and social care services.
A major impact of lifestyle and current trends have been noticed in health and social care
services (Beyrer, Baral and Brookmeyer, 2012). The current manner of living by individuals will
affect the future needs in many ways. Different consequences of change in lifestyle have been
discussed below.
 Cigarette smoking among the present generation is one of the most dangerous issue which is
changing the lifestyle choices of an individual.

 A greater percentage of females and teenager have been found smoking cigarette in UK. It
has serious consequences on diet habits, exercise and addiction to various substances
(Deeks, Lewin and Havlir, 2013).
 Excessive consumption of alcohol is also one of the main problem which has life threatening
impacts on lives of people in UK.
 Increased intake of alcohol and cigarettes decreases the muscular activity which in turn lead
to develop various chronic disorders.
 It also has different results on daily diet habits. A larger percentage of patients with gastric
and kidney problems have been recorded in recent years because of tobacco smoking and
alcohol intake.
 It has been estimated that a larger number of individuals with cancer and breathing problems
will be reported due to smoking and alcohol beverages (Olai, Eldh and Jönsson, 2015).
 To reduce cancer patients various cancer awareness programs should be organised so that
smokes can be aware of harmful consequences of tobacco.
TASK 3
3.1 Health and Well-being priorities in Westminster.
There are various types of health and well-being priorities which should be implemented by
different healthcare organizations in order to promote better healthcare facilities to individuals in
Westminster. Some priorities for improving health services have been discussed below.
 Introducing a better health-care plan and diet chart can help in promoting healthier life in
people of Westminster (Chowell and Nishiura, 2014).
 As it is one of the most poorly developed area, the organization should maintain better
sanitation and cleanliness facilities so that chances of spreading infectious diseases are
reduced.
 Due to busy schedules and life style, the individuals of Westminster are not able to pay
proper attention on different daily exercise and gym.
 It is necessary to exercise because it helps in increasing the blood circulation and muscle
movements. Hence, for promoting better healthcare services various medical organizations
should introduce home based exercises so that they can relax themselves at home anytime
(Beyrer, Baral and Brookmeyer, 2012).
 Hygiene and sanitation is one of the most important health and well-being priorities It is

very essential to develop healthy environment which is free of germs, insects and other
rodents which are responsible for spreading harmful illness.
 Different contagious and non-contagious diseases are the result of improper hygiene and
sanitation in Westminster.
 It is very necessary to promote proper cleanliness and healthy environment so that the
quality of health is improved (Deeks, Lewin and Havlir, 2013).
 It can be achieved by organizing different training programs which helps in suggesting
ways to improve sanitation and hygiene.
3.2 Effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in health and social care.
Different methods are adopted by health and care organizations to enhance the quality of
services they provide to their customers. If they are implemented effectively better results can be
produced which will increase the reputation of any healthcare organization in UK. If proper
cleanliness and tidy atmosphere is maintained the patients and customers will automatically be
attracted towards the healthcare centre (Olai, Eldh and Jönsson, 2015). Proper management and
coordination is also compulsory for effective functioning of various organizations across UK.
Providing better medical care and attention to patients will also enhance the reputation of hospitals
and healthcare professionals working there (Beyrer, Baral and Brookmeyer, 2012).
In order to increase the effectiveness of policies and strategies it is necessary to develop
proper communication between different staff members, patients, stakeholders and management
team. Different medical camps and individual health care centres can also be established in rural
and underdeveloped areas of UK to promote better health care services to patients (Idele, Porth and
Luo, 2014). Utilization of substances that causes cancer and other breathing problems should be
banned so that individuals do not consume alcohol and cigarettes at an increased rate. Proper
guidance about hazardous consequences should be given to all the individuals whose tobacco
chewing and alcohol intake is higher than normal.
3.3 Changes that could be made to improve the health and well-being of individuals in a Health and
Social Care setting
There is a greater need to bring changes at different level to improve health and well-being
in UK. It can be achieved by various steps.
 It is very necessary to a develop behavioural and attitude changes in every individual so that
the level of healthcare services are improved (Atrash and Carpentier, 2012).
 The healthcare professionals who are attending old age patients and children should pay
more attention towards them due to their age factor.

 At old age, various health issue arises which makes and elderly individual incapable of
handling those situations alone. Hence, more effective strategies should be developed to
treat senior citizens (Chowell and Nishiura, 2014).
 If the environmental condition of healthcare centre is affected by improper sanitation and
drainage system, it will ultimately lead to develop various communicable diseases which are
harmful for individuals residing in that particular area (Deeks, Lewin and Havlir, 2013).
 It is very necessary to develop proper waste evacuation system and healthy environment so
that the chances of spreading dangerous infections is are minimised.
 If a communication gap is present between the hospital staff and patients, effective care will
not be provided because of unawareness of problems and issues faced by patients.
 Therefore, it is very important to develop proper communication between all the physicians
and individuals so that proper healthcare and attention is given by care providers (Olai, Eldh
and Jönsson, 2015).
3.4 Breast cancer screening programme in UK.
A Breast cancer screening programme was organised in 2015 by collaborative healthcare
agencies of UK to increase awareness of breast cancer symptoms, causes, prevention and treatment
of the same.
 The screening test involves two mammograms of each breast which are taken to detect if
any abnormal symptoms are present in breast.
 The results are declared within two weeks of screening. It is generally noticed that 8 out of
1000 women are detected with breast cancer every year with abnormal lump formation and
calcification in breast area (Breast Cancer Screening programmes, 2015)
 There are various benefits of breast screening. Women who are diagnosed with breast cancer
at the previous or initial stages of cancer have 95% chances of survival for the nest 4-5 years
after diagnosis.
 Diagnosis of breast cancer through screening depicts that the disease is in its early stages
hence, it can be treated effectively.
 Apart from benefits there are some drawbacks of breast cancer screening which have been
reported in recent years.
 Screening do not detect breast cancer every time hence, some cases with cancer are missed
and further results in life threatening consequences (Olai, Eldh and Jönsson, 2015).
 Sometimes the screening test produces false positive results. It detects cancer in some
individuals even if the person is not suffering from that abnormality. It results in anxiety and
medical trauma in various individuals.

 The radiations which are emitted by X-rays and mammograms are likely to cause breast
cancer in 6 out of 1000 females in future. Hence excessive exposure to radiations can lead to
serious health problems Dowall, Bosworth and Hewson, 2015).
CONCLUSION
The above report focussed on roles of different healthcare departments such as WHO,
Department of health in England and local bodies which are responsible for eradication of various
infectious and non-infectious diseases in UK. A statistical data about patients suffering from
HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer was also presented in the report. It also explored and evaluated the
effectiveness of implementing different strategies and policies to improve healthcare services in
UK. The major areas of study included relationship between prevalence and requirements needed to
treat HIV/AIDS and Breast cancer among individuals of UK. Impact of lifestyle choices such as
diet, exercise and substance use on future needs for health and social care services was also
analysed in the report. Different changes which are important to improve the healthcare services
were also suggested in the above document. It also included various benefits and disadvantages of
breast screening programmes which is organized by collaborative healthcare organizations in UK.

REFERENCE
Books and Journals
Atrash, K. and Carpentier, R., 2012. The evolving role of public health in the delivery of health
care. Revista brasileira de crescimento e desenvolvimento humano. 22(3). pp.396-399.
Beyrer, C., Baral, S.D. and Brookmeyer, R., 2012. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men
who have sex with men. The Lancet. 380(9839). pp.367-377.
Chowell, G. and Nishiura, H., 2014. Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease
(EVD): a review. BMC medicine. 12(1). pp.196-200.
De Cock, K.M., Jaffe, H.W. and Curran, J.W., 2012. The evolving epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.
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Deeks, S.G., Lewin, S.R. and Havlir, D.V., 2013. The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic
disease. The Lancet. 382(9903). pp.1525-1533.
Dowall, S.D., Bosworth, A. and Hewson, R., 2015. Chloroquine inhibited Ebola virus replication in
vitro but failed to protect against infection and disease in the in vivo guinea pig model.
Journal of General Virology. 96(12). pp.3484-3492.
Drummond, M.F., Sculpher, M.J. and Torrance, G.W., 2015. Methods for the economic evaluation
of health care programmes. Oxford university press.
Fiorillo, A., Luciano, M. and Maj, M., 2013. Priorities for mental health research in Europe: A
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Geist, V., 2013. Life strategies, human evolution, environmental design: toward a biological theory
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Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M., 2013. Access to health care. Routledge.
Idele, P., Porth, T. and Luo, C., 2014. Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among adolescents: current
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Khatib, R., Yusuf, S. and Mente, A., 2014. Impact of lifestyle factors on fracture risk in older
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Marschall, J. and Yokoe, D.S., 2014. Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream
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Olai, L., Eldh, A.C. and Jönsson, B., 2015. Implementing oral health-care guidelines in long-term-
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Osterholm, M. and Moore, K., 2016. The Ebola Vaccine Team B: a model for promoting the rapid
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Pisaniello, S.L., Winefield, H.R. and Delfabbro, P.H., 2012. The influence of emotional labour and
emotional work on the occupational health and well-being of South Australian hospital nurses.
Journal of Vocational behaviour. 80(3). pp.579-591.

Rice, B., Elford, J. and Delpech, V., 2013. Decreasing incidence of tuberculosis among
heterosexuals living with diagnosed HIV in England and Wales. The Lancet. 27(7). pp.1151-
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Shannon, K., Strathdee, S.A. and Boily, M.C., 2015. Global epidemiology of HIV among female
sex workers: influence of structural determinants. The Lancet. 385(9962). pp.55-71.
Viner, R.M., Ozer, E.M. and Currie, C., 2012. Adolescence and the social determinants of health.
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