Role of Complexity of Project and Team Composition

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Role of Complexity of project and team composition
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Acknowledgement
I am very much glad and fortunate to work on such an interesting topic and I am sure that it is
one of the most enriching experience of my life. I have faced challenges like resource
management while doing this research. However, I was very much fortunate to be able to
resolve my issue with the help of my supervisor _ Please fill __ for the constant guidance. I
would love to thank my family and friends who have helped me to do this research in an
organized manner. Without the support of all these peoples this research pap would not have
completed.
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Executive Summary
There are diverse categories of challenges which ate directly associated with the most of the
software development projects such as managing the time required in each phase of the
project and managing the cost required for each of the resources who are involved in the
project. This research paper shall set out an overview of the complexities which are faced in
the software projects and the role of the complexity of the projects. The paper shall be having
numerous units and each unit will be very much beneficial to maintain the reliability of the
research. Data which will be collected for this research shall be analyzed from different
perceptions.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................5
2. Literature Review...................................................................................................................6
2.1 Delays in software projects..............................................................................................6
2.2 Addressing the delay in schedule.....................................................................................7
2.3 Role of Complexity of project..........................................................................................8
2.4 Project complexity models...............................................................................................9
2.5 Williams’s model...........................................................................................................10
2.6 Advantage of having a good team composition.............................................................10
2.7 Balanced team composition...........................................................................................11
2.8 Literature Gap................................................................................................................12
3. Methodology........................................................................................................................13
3.1 Investigation...................................................................................................................13
3.2 Collection of information...............................................................................................13
3.3 Sampling method...........................................................................................................14
3.4 Ethical concerns.............................................................................................................15
3.5 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................15
4. Results and findings.............................................................................................................16
5. Pure results...........................................................................................................................17
6. Discussion............................................................................................................................18
7. Recommendations and limitations.......................................................................................19
7.1 Recommendations..........................................................................................................19
7.2 Limitations.....................................................................................................................19
8. Conclusion............................................................................................................................19
9. Reference..............................................................................................................................22
10. Appendices.........................................................................................................................27

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1. Introduction
The successful completion of a project depends upon diverse categories of factors
such as the ability of the facility manager as well as the project manager to address the
complexities of the project such as cost management and time management. There are diverse
categories of complexities which are associated with software development projects as well
such as maintaining the quality of the products and the services or maintaining the safety of
the project team members in an adverse situation (Wu et al. 2016). Experience and the
qualifications of each of the project team members is very much essential to manage or deal
with the complexities of a project (Christensen and Limbach 2019). The selection of
resources is also one of the most significant success criteria of a complex software
development project.
Some of the complexities of a project are depended on the inter relationships with
some aspect of the project. Every project requires a wide variety of project team members so
that they can address most of the complications and the complexities which arrives on the
way (Woodside 2015). Strong influence of the project team members is very much required
to identify the most significant problems which are associated with complex projects.
This research is just the beginning of a thesis and will highlight each sections in an
organized manner. This research paper shall be having different sections and each of the
section will be very much useful to understand the effectiveness. This paper shall be having
literature review where ideas and concepts of reputed scholars will be considered. Papers
shall be selected from reputed and reliable source like Google Scholar. This research paper
shall also have a literature gap where gaps of each literature will be identified. This paper
shall also have a methodology section where the details of the data collection and data
analysis will be mentioned. The sampling technique of this research shall also be considered

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along findings of the data collection procedure. This research shall also have conclusions and
recommendations which will help to enhance the quality of this research paper. The ensuing
unit of this research paper is literature review where new journals will be considered to
analyze the selected topic of this research.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Delays in software projects
According to Wolfson and Mathieu (2017), there are diverse categories phases
associated with the development of a new software such as the planning phase, development
phase, testing phase and enactment phase. Each of these phases takes a considerable amount
of time, the role of each of the stakeholders is very much significant for the successful
completion of a software development project.
However, as mentioned by Watson (2015), there are diverse causes behind the delay
in a software development project in terms of the delay in documentation and delay in the
identification of the appropriate stakeholders required in the project. The paper suggested that
reasons like identification of the functional and the non-functional requirements is the other
reason behind the delay in software development project. Apart from this this journal
indicated that understanding the expectations of the consumers of these project can be one of
the other significant reason behind the delayed schedule in a software development project.
The paper highlighted that decision making is one of the other reason behind delayed
schedule in a software development project (Chen 2015). The investigators indicated that
adapting with new technologies is a huge challenge for each of the programmers who works
in a software development project. Addressing these challenge might take longer time than
expected which is again one of the prime factors behind the delays in software development

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projects (Wang et al. 2017). The performance of the third party vendors can also lead to
significant delay in these projects.
But, as illustrated by Teka, Dittrich and Kifle (2016), poor labor productivity,
inadequate planning of the entire project and shortage of resources are the prime reasons
behind the delay in software development projects. The paper stated that each of these factors
must be considered and the risks associated with these projects has to be identified in the first
place so that the entire project finishes within the time allocated. The investigators explained
some of the possible reasons behind the delay in the software development projects such as
changes in the deliverable or the scope of the project, slow mock up procedure is one of the
other reason behind the delay in each software development project (Sikka, Dhir and Hooda
2016). The paper highlighted that lack of resources such as time and money are the other
possible reasons behind the delays in software projects.
2.2 Addressing the delay in schedule
As discussed by Shmueli, Pliskin and Fink (2015), there are diverse categories of
methods which can be very much useful to identify the exact reasons behind the delay in
schedule of software development project. The paper highlighted that regular meetings must
be hold to discusses the deliverables of the projects along with the task completion rate of
each of the team members. Prioritization of schedules can be very much useful to deal with
the huge delays in these project as per the discussions of this paper (Sherif 2018). This paper
was very much useful to understand the significance of tracking the vigilantly of these
software development projects. The paper focused on the fact that recording the changes is
one of the prime factors by which the reasons behind the delay is identified in the IT projects.
Providing quick notification to the external stakeholders who are outsourced in the software

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development project is the other procedure to stop the delay or any sort of unwanted
disruptions.
However, as mentioned by Serebrenik and Mens (2015), paying lot of attention in the
planning phase and allocating task based on experience and team composition can be very
much useful to reduce the issue of delay in the software development projects (Qiu and Wang
2016). The paper focused on the fact that there are diverse categories of documents which are
related directly with the IT projects such System Requirement Specification document which
stores the entire requirement of the project along with the schedule of each of the project
team members, these essential documents must be stored in central work spaces so that each
of the stakeholders associated with this project can get the access to these files without any
sort of delay or disruptions as per the discussions of the paper.
On the contrary, as cited by Porru et al. (2017), automation of some of the project
practices can be very much useful to minimize the delays of the IT projects. The authors also
stated that each phase of the project must be tracked and monitored right from the initial days
of the projects as it can help to minimize the disruptions of these projects (Btl 2018). The
investigator of this data source provided a critical examination on how the complexities of the
IT projects are resolved if the composition of the project team members is in balance in
accordance with experience, agility and qualification.
2.3 Role of Complexity of project
As elaborated by Niazi et al. (2015), there are diverse categories of complications and
challenges which are directly associated with most of software development projects. The
complexities of the software development projects are the infrastructure issues due to the
involvement of diverse categories of software, volatility of the requirement of the project,

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selection of the best code practices, adjusting the current market trends of the IT industry and
maintaining quality standards after the successful completion of the project.
However, as stated by Mertens, Pugliese and Recker (2017), managing the designs of
the software is one of the prime complexities of the IT projects. The paper highlighted that
about the integration challenges associated with software development projects as well which
is a huge source of concern for the investors of this project (Acton et al. 2019). The paper
declared the challenges of the testing phase of the software projects due to the involvement of
the different categories of test combinations and selection of the diverse categories of testers
such as the white box testers and the black box testers (Markidis and Laure 2015). The paper
also revealed that lack of communication is the other limitation associated with the software
development projects. Test coverage is the other regular challenge which is related with most
of the software development projects. The paper provided in depth discussion of the diverse
categories of risks associated with software development projects such as management of the
schedule of the project, inflation of the requirements, management of the turnover of the
project team members, specific breakdown of the projects, and poor productivity of the
designers and programmers.
As instructed by Merson et al. (2018), performance of each of the stakeholders must
be identified on a daily basis in order to minimize the delay in the software development
projects. The investigator of this paper highlighted that usability and the effectiveness of the
chosen stakeholders must be identified in the first place to resolve the delay issues in the
software development projects. The paper highlighted that providing financial security is one
of the prime ways to address the delay issues of the IT projects (Lenberg, Feldt and Wallgren
2015). The paper was very much useful to understand the complications of the software

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development project which arises due to unreasonable expectations and schedules must be
stopped with the help of the collective effort of the team members.
2.4 Project complexity models
As elaborated by LaToza and Van Der Hoek (2015), goals and methods is very much
useful to understand how the complexities of the project is avoided in the software
development projects. The investigator of this paper highlighted the role of the project
manager who can use this model to address the complexities of an IT project and form a team
based on experience and qualification. The degree of uncertainties can be enhanced in the
first place using this model (Brown and Power 2019). Using this model the complexities of
the contractual agreements can be resolved. All the negotiations with the consumers can also
be addressed using this model.
2.5 Williams’s model
Kumar, Khan and Khan (2016), highlighted that most of the inter dependencies can be
a huge source of concern for the project managers of the software development projects. This
model is very much useful to understand the complexities of a project which occurs due to
the incompetency of the project team members.
2.6 Advantage of having a good team composition
As mentioned by Kumar, Krishna and Manjula (2016), team composition can be
defined as the overall mixture of a team who interacts independently to achieve a common
objective in a project which is to deliver high quality products or service to the end users. The
individual attribute of each of the project team members must be considered while selecting a
new team (Johnston 2017). The paper is very much useful to understand that group cohesion
and issues such as absenteeism which is one main reason behind the delay in the software
development projects. The paper focused on different attributes of a good team such as the

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size of the team, fault lines of each of the teams, demographic traits of the project team
members, age of the project team members, gender of the project team members, and KSA
(Knowledge, skills and abilities). The paper focused on the fact that operationalization of the
software development can be enhanced in the first place if the team have an excellent
combination. The paper highlighted that the mean score of the project team members has to
be calculated in the first place so that the disruptions are resolved without much effort
(Behutiye et al. 2017). The investigator of this paper highlighted that an excellent team
composition can enhance the adaptive performance of the project team members (Albers
2017). The papers helps in understanding that the hiring process of the project team members
must be aligning with the skill set of the project team members.
According to Jin et al. (2017), having a good team composition can be very much
useful to address the complexities of the software development projects. The paper was very
much useful to improve the productivity of the project team members who works in the
software development projects. The investigators of this paper highlighted that management
of the work load of the project manager, designer and the programmers of the software
projects. The paper highlighted that project team members must be selected in the basis of
strength and expertise of each concept of software development (Ilyas and Khan 2017). The
task completion rate of the software projects can be boosted if a good and balanced team is
allocated as discussed by the investigators of this paper. This paper helps understanding the
usefulness of having a balanced team in the software development projects.
2.7 Balanced team composition
On the contrary, as cited by Hao et al. (2017), the opportunity to learn from each
other is one of the prime contribution of having a balanced team. The paper also helped in
understanding that flexibility in the development procedure of a software can be enhanced in

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the first place if the entire team is balanced with junior and senior employees. The paper
guides the readers to understand that synergetic combinations can be very much useful to
identify new ideas which can be very much useful to address the complexities of the software
projects. The paper highlighted that new approaches can be created and enacted if the project
team members are properly balanced (Andrejczuk et al. 2019). The major contribution of
having a balanced team in the software development projects is social facilitation and getting
the support of the team members in adverse project conditions (Gousios, Storey and Bacchelli
2016). The paper acknowledged that there are very less communication errors in the project
is there is a balance in the entire team. The co-operation among the team members can get
improved due to composed team. Higher team composition can be very much useful to
maintain the flow of a software development project as discussed by the researcher (Goertzen
2017). The concept of acceptance can also be promoted if high standards are maintained
among the project team members. Greater autonomy is one of the other contribution of
having high team composition. Feedback coming from the consumers is the other advantage
of having a higher team composition in the software Commitment of the project team
members can also be enhanced in the first place with the help of higher team composition
(Al-Rousan 2015). Thus, this paper helps in understanding how the complexities of the
software development are resolved using a balanced team composition.
2.8 Literature Gap
The above discussions were very much useful to understand how the complexities of
the software development projects are addressed using a composed team. However, there are
few drawbacks associated with the concept of having a balanced and composed team as well.
The mission and the vision of the projects must be understood by each of the project team
members as a result there are may be security issues in these projects. None of the paper
highlighted about the complexity of hiring the appropriate resources in these project so that

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the complexities of these projects are addressed without any difficulty. The papers failed to
discuss that separate investments are required from the investors to monitor the performance
of each of the stakeholders working in these software development projects. Maintaining an
organized structure is not possible in the complex software development project and these
ideas were not discussed in the above literature review. The investigators of the papers failed
to discuss what it means to have a composed and dedicated team which can help to meet the
expectations of the consumers. The limitations of the project complexity models were not
discussed in this paper as well.
3. Methodology
There are diverse categories of techniques which are used in this research paper such
as collection of information, analyzing of the collected data, and sampling the data. Each of
these discussions will be discussed in this unit of the paper in a detailed manner. The
reliability and the validity of the data collected for this research can be reviewed using this
unit of the research.
3.1 Investigation
There are numerous types of investigation procedures which are considered in
research papers like exploratory and descriptive investigation (Drury-Grogan, Conboy and
Acton 2017). Considering the nature of this project it can be said that not much research has
been conducted on this topic as a result the selection of the descriptive investigation is very
much suited for this research paper.
Justification: There are two types of theories which were considered in the literature
review unit of the paper and those theories are aligned directly with the concept of the
selected project. All the discussions of the theory which was discussed in this paper can be
studied in an organized manner using the descriptive investigation.

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3.2 Collection of information
Two types of procedures are selected in the research papers while collecting reliable
data like the primary data collection where data is collected from primary sources in the form
of interview, questionnaires, online survey and focus groups and also from secondary sources
like official websites, government databases and reliable data libraries like Google Scholar
where peer reviewed journals can be obtained free of cost.
Justification: This research paper has to be completed within a very limited budget
and huge amount of resources like time and money is required to gather data from primary
sources, as a result the secondary data collection type was considered in this research. Most
of the peer reviewed papers are taken from Google Scholar as it provided a critical analysis of
the topic which was selected in this research paper. Less effort is required for this data
collection procedure, at the same time primary data collection requires much time which is
also one of the main reason behind the selection of secondary data in this research. The gaps
and deficiencies of the information associated with the selected topic can also be identified
using this data collection procedure.
3.3 Sampling method
Inferring of the information which is collected from either the secondary or primary
source can be defined as the sampling method in a project. This is a practice which is
considered after the data collection procedure. The result is based on the subset of the
population. There are primarily two categories of sampling procedures like the non-
probabilistic sampling method and the probabilistic sampling method (Doss and Kelly 2016).
The selection of the sampling method depends directly on the types of products which was
considered while collecting data.

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Justification: There was a very limited budget which was there for this research, as a
result the non-probabilistic sampling method was selected on this research paper. This
sampling method is very much cheap as compared with the other sampling methods. On the
other hand, it can also be said that this sampling method takes least amount of time as
compared with the remaining sampling methods. The population of this research is also very
much on the smaller side which suits the characteristic features of this sampling method.
3.4 Ethical concerns
There are diverse categories of ethical norms which has to be followed if data is
collected from external resources like maintaining the Data Protection Act of 1998. The data
which was collected from secondary sources has to be kept secret and cannot be used for any
other purposes. Any sort of breaching the privacy of the data can lead to heavy penalization.
The honesty and integrity of the researchers whose works were considered in this paper has
to be maintained (Ciric et al. 2018). One of the most ethical consideration of this research is
maintaining the confidentiality of the data collected from secondary sources even after the
completion of the research. The year as well as the date of publication has to be provided in
the in text references of this project. Thus, providing acknowledge to each of the researchers
who have stated their opinion about the selected topic is the primary ethical concerns of this
research.
3.5 Data Analysis
The data which is collected from the secondary sources has to be analyzed using
effective data analysis procedures. There are two categories of data analysis procedures
which are considered in most of the academic research paper such as the quantitative and
qualitative data analysis. The section of the data analysis procedure depends upon the
selection of the data collection. The evaluation of the data depends upon the type of data

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analysis which was considered in this research project (Curtis and Allen 2018). Most of the
numerical data which are collected from the primary sources can be analyzed in the first
place with the help of the quantitative analysis. The data which are collected from the
secondary sources do not have any sort of numerical value and can be analyzed in the first
place with the help of the quantitative data analysis procedure. Both the above two types of
data analysis procedures can be subdivided into numerous categories a well.
Justification: The data which was collected in this research is secondary data which
was collected from peer reviewed journals, hence there are no real mathematical values
associated with the secondary data. Thus, quantitative data analysis will be selected to
analyze the data. This data analysis procedure can be very much useful as it can provided an
in depth idea about the complex projects which can be addressed using a composed team. All
the criteria analysis of the discussions of the secondary data can be analyzed in the first place
using this data analysis procedure as well. The feeling as well as the behavior of each of the
researchers whose works were considered in this paper can be understood in an organized
manner using this data collection procedure as well. Creation of the openness is the other
significant advantage of selecting this data analysis technique. New topics and new ideas can
also be learned from the data collected from secondary sources with the help of this analysis
technique.
4. Results and findings
Based on the data which was collected from secondary sources it can be said that
there are diverse categories of disruptions which are faced in most of the software
development projects like selection of the appropriate resources, management of the time
required in each phase of the software development projects, delay in the documentation
phase of the project. The papers which were considered in this research helped in understand

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some of the possible reasons behind the delays in the software development project which
can be due to the changing expectation of the consumers and huge time required in decision
making. One of the prime findings of the paper are the impacts of the complexities of the
software development projects in terms of low productivity, and shortage of resources. The
data collected from the journal highlighted that the exact reason behind the delay in software
development projects and need for addressing the delay in the schedule. The paper were very
much useful to understand that each phase of these project has to be monitored in the first
place so that the growth of the IT industry is achieved. The significance of maintaining the
documentation throughout each phase of a software development was highlighted by most of
the researchers from the secondary resources. The researchers was successfully helped in
understanding the possible complexities related with the software development projects. The
prime findings of the secondary data are the two types of project complexity models which
are very much useful to address the complexities of the software development projects and
identify the impact of team composition to address the complexities of the software
development projects such as the Williams’s model and project complexity model. The
advantage of having a good team composition in the software development project was the
other learning lesson from the peer reviewed journals. Most of the researchers mentioned that
having a balanced team is very much essential to address the delay issue of the software
development projects. Those paper found out that the communication issue in the software
development projects can be resolved if a balanced team works as a unit, at the same the data
collected from the secondary sources indicated that a good team composition can be very
much useful to maintain a good relationship with the end users of the software development
projects. So, most of the peer reviewed journals found out that the complexities of the
software development projects can be addressed using the help of a composed and balanced
team.

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5. Pure results
There are diverse categories of stakeholders who usually works in the software
development projects like the project manager who identifies the resources which are
required in the project, project planner who plans the entire schedule of the project right from
the conception phase to the maintenance phase, designers who designs the user interface of
the software according to the future market trends, programmers who uses diverse categories
of programming language to make the backend codes, DBA or the database administrator
who designs the database of the software, and the testers who tests the quality of the software.
Conflict of interest and difference in ideologies are the prime reasons behind the increasing
complexity in the software development projects. These issues can have a huge impact on the
completion of these project which is the main reason behind the need of a team with good
composition. The result which can be concluded from the above data collection procedure is
that the complexities associated with the software development projects can be addressed if a
team is created on the basis of both experiences of working in similar project and educational
qualifications. On the other hand, it was also found that both youth as well as senior project
team must be working together so that the complexities of the software development projects
are addressed.
6. Discussion
Based on the data which was obtained from peer reviewed journals, it can be said that
having a good team composition is very much useful in the software development projects as
it can boost the productivity of each of the stakeholders who works in these projects. It can
also be said that the skill set as well as the strength of the programmers and the designers of
the software can get enhanced they are made to work in a composed unit. Supporting the
discussions, it can be said that if a composed team is allowed to work in the software

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development projects then the quality of the end products can be enhanced. The
brainstorming procedure can be practiced if the entire team works as a unit. Creativity of the
testers and the designers can also get boosted due if a good team composition is maintained in
each phase of the project. Supporting to the data collected from the secondary sources, it can
be said that flexibility in the software development procures can be the other advantage of
having a good team composition.
7. Recommendations and limitations
7.1 Recommendations
The list of recommendations regarding the introduction of a composed team for the
addressing the challenges of the software development projects are as followings:
 Experience of the project team members must be identified.
 Diverse categories of training schedules must be practiced throughout the software
development projects.
 Each project team member must be knowing the deliverable of the project and the
quality of work they have to maintain.
7.2 Limitations
There were two prime drawback which are directly related with this research paper
like the shortage of time and shortage of money. Apart from these two drawbacks the smaller
sample size is the other limitation associated with this research project. Along with all these
facts, it can be said that there are no real flaws related with this research.
Considering the procedure of the collection of data it can be said that the generalized
contents of the peer reviewed journals has to be sorted and new content has to be presented in

19ROLE OF COMPLEXITY OF PROJECT AND TEAM COMPOSITION
this research. There is a low level of control related with quantitative data analysis which can
also be considered as one of the indirect limitation of this research.
8. Conclusion
There are diverse categories of complications relayed with most of the software
developments project like managing the time required in each phase of the project,
identification of the exact stakeholders who can satisfy the needs and expectations of the end
users. Apart from these there are diverse complicated situations which are faced by the
project team members of the software development projects like the changing scope of the
project and the difference in perception of the project team members. There are numerous
delays in the software development projects like the identification of the requirements of the
software, time required to adapt with new technologies, and the unprofessional performance
of the third party vendors. Each of these complexities can have significant impact on the
quality of the end product as well as the productivity if the software development team as a
whole.
Lack of resources in the mid-way of the projects is one of the prime drawback of
these projects as well. This research paper have conducted secondary data collection
procedure which helped in understanding that attention must be given in each phase of the
project in order to minimize the disruptions as well as the delays in these projects. The
complexity models such as the Williams model can be very much useful to address and
understand the complexities associated with software development. This research paper was
very much useful to identify that most of the reasons behind the delay can be minimized if a
good team composition is maintained. The productivity of each of the project team members
can be enhanced if they are allowed to work with a good team with good composition. It can
be concluded that both juniors and seniors must be working on a collaborative manner in

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order to maintain a balance team composition. The research paper can also be very much
useful to identify that enhanced customer satisfaction and enhanced commitment are the two
significant contributions of have a composed team and it can successful delay and address the
delays in software projects. However, there are few areas which were not covered in the data
collection procedure like the privacy issues of the software development projects if each of
the stakeholders gets the access of SRS.
The other limitation of having a composed team is that separate investments are
required for it from the investors of the project, at the same time it can also be said that
training sessions are there to help the project team members to understand the value of having
a composed team to examine and address the delay issues in software projects.

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challenges. International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing (IJCAC), 5(1),
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Andrejczuk, E., Bistaffa, F., Blum, C., Rodriguez-Aguilar, J.A. and Sierra, C., 2019.
Synergistic team composition: A computational approach to foster diversity in
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Behutiye, W., Karhapää, P., Costal, D., Oivo, M. and Franch, X., 2017, November. Non-
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experimental study of multi-team systems.
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10. Appendices
Figure 1: Types of data collection
Figure 2: Types of sampling method
DATA COLLECTION METHOD
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Method of sample
Non-probabilityProbability

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Figure 3: Project complexity model
(Source: Watson 2015)
Figure 4: Advantage of a composed team in software projects
(Source: Wu et al. 2016)