Introduction to motivation theory

ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE 21 ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE Name of the student Name of the University Author Note Introduction 2 Discussion 3 Motivation 3 Theories of motivation 3 Maslow’s need hierarchy theory 3 Herzberg’s theory of Motivation 5 Vroom’s Expectancy theory 6 Hygiene framework 7 Reward 7 Why rewards are important 8 Effective Reward systems 9 Types of rewards

Running head: ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Name of the student
Name of the University
Author Note

1ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Discussion..................................................................................................................................3
Motivation..............................................................................................................................3
Theories of motivation...........................................................................................................3
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory........................................................................................3
Herzberg’s theory of Motivation........................................................................................5
Vroom’s Expectancy theory...............................................................................................6
Theoretical framework...........................................................................................................7
Reward...................................................................................................................................7
Why rewards are important....................................................................................................8
Effective Reward systems......................................................................................................9
Types of rewards....................................................................................................................9
Intrinsic reward..................................................................................................................9
Extrinsic Reward..............................................................................................................10
Extrinsic Reward..............................................................................................................11
Social Rewards.....................................................................................................................12
Role of reward in employee’s motivation............................................................................12
Conclusion................................................................................................................................14
References................................................................................................................................15

2ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Introduction
Staff motivation refers to the level of energy, enthusiasm, commitment and the
creativity that a worker brings to the organization every day. Motivated staffs are crucial to
the success of any organization. When staffs are inspired to work at higher levels of
performance, then the organization operates its business successfully (Uzonna, 2013). So,
employee motivation plays a significant role in improving the performance of an
organization. A reward defines positive outcomes which are earned as a result of a staff’s
performance. Rewards are aligned with goal of the organization (Muogbo, 2013). The factors
which are act as a motivator and affects workers performance that’s are- Job-satisfaction, job
security, working environment, relationship with co-workers, recognition, organizations
policy, compensation, promotion, training and development and rewards. Among all of this
motivational factor, the reward is the most significant factor, which increases the outstanding
contribution of workers. This report describes how the reward system helps to motivate
working staffs in an organization.

3ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Discussion
Motivation
Motivation is defined as a process of enhancing, stimulating and inducing the workers
to act effectively to obtain the certain goal of an organization. The term motivation originated
from the Latin word “mover” that means to move. It is a complex force starting a person to
work in an organization and continues him in the course of action already initiated (Jeffrey,
2019). It is a goal-oriented behavior.
Theories of motivation
Motivation theories are based on the needs of every individual. These theories
explain- motivation is an internal drive which encourages people to move toward the
satisfaction of needs.
Maslow’s need hierarchy theory
Maslow proposes that needs have an effective precedence. As the fundamental
requirements are fulfilled, then an individual seeks to meet higher-order needs.
Physiological needs
Physiological needs are the most powerful but basic needs that are necessary for
survival. An organization provides a salary or financial rewards to their employees. And this
way helps to satisfy an individual’s basic needs.
Safety needs
Safety needs reflect the desire for security. When physiological needs become
relatively satisfied, the security of safety needs begins to manifest and dominate human

4ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
behavior. Safety needs include protection from economic security, physical danger, health
insurance, desire for a safe environment.
Social needs
Each and every individual wants to get associated with others. It reflects the
individual desire for love and affection (Jeffrey, 2019). These all come under the category of
social needs. The organization fulfilled its employee’s social needs through parties and
celebrations. The management of the organization can help to motivate and satisfy their
worker's social needs by showing direct care and concern for workers.
Self-esteem needs
The esteems needs are concerned with self-confident, competence, achievement, self-
respect, need for status, knowledge, recognition and respect. These needs are not stable,
which are rarely satisfied. Neglecting of these needs cause – weakness, helplessness, feeling
of inferiority and worthlessness. And the fulfillment of these requirements produces feelings
of strength, control and self-confident. An organization fulfils its employee's self-esteem
needs by providing recognition (Taormina & Gao, 2013).
Self-actualization needs
Self-actualization refers to the growth and self-fulfillment of an individual. This
process is different for every individual. By assigning works that challenge workers mind and
motivating their aptitude, in this way an organization fulfill their worker's self-actualization
needs.
Abraham Maslow suggested that various levels of needs are independent and overlapping.
Each higher-order needs emerging before lower-order needs have been completely satisfied.

5ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Herzberg’s theory of Motivation
Herzberg two factor model argues that there are two types of job factors, one factor that
results in employee’s satisfaction and another factor that result in dissatisfaction.
Hygiene factor
Hygiene factor refers to job condition which operates primarily to dissatisfied workers
when these are absent. But in the presence of these factors does not motivate employees in a
strong way. Hygiene factors are one type of supporting factors, which are required to
maintain a minimum level of productivity of workers (Yusoff, Kiran & Idris, 2013). If these
factors are absent then workers will be dissatisfied that means they will not motivate.
Motivational factors
These factors have a substantial effect on job satisfaction. Those are success,
achievement, recognition, advancement, growth, work itself, responsibility. Motivating
factors are those which can influence workers to work harder. A different employee poses
different personality and their requirements are also different. Some employees are
motivation seekers who search for self-improvement and personal growth. Other employees
are maintenance seekers, who are more concern with a working condition like – types of
management and wages (Dobre, 2013).
Hygiene Factors Motivational factors
 Organization policy
 Relationship with co-workers
 Security
 Salary
 Personal life
 Relationship with supervisor
 Supervision
 Status
 Work condition
 Relationship with peers
 Achievement
 Growth
 Advancement
 Work itself
 recognition
 Responsibility

6ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Vroom’s Expectancy theory
Workers are motivated by attractive incentive or reward as a result of the outcome (Nimri,
Bdair & Al Bitar, 2015). According to Vroom’s,
Motivation = Valency X Expectancy X Instrumentality
Valence represents the rewards that the worker expects to receive from his/her performance.
If it is positive rewards motivates workers
If it is Negative rewards result in dissatisfaction
If it is zero, the reward does not affect workers behavior.
Expectancy represents the relation between the given level of effort and the expected
outcome. Zero efforts are unsuccessful, and if it is one then efforts are rewarding.
The implication of Vroom’s theory
o It emphasis performance payoff
o It emphasis expected behaviors
o The reward should be equitable
o Reward should be tried to performance
All of the above arguments clearly represent what the employee’s basic needs and
motivational factors are.
Effort Performanc
e
Expectancy of outcome Valency of rewards
Reward 1
Reward 2
Reward 3

7ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Bonus and incentives
Attractive salary packages
Fringe Benefits
Promotion & Recognition
Job freedom
Staff’s Motivation
Theoretical framework
Independent variable independent variable
Reward
The term reward implies the benefits that staffs receive from their jobs. In an
organization, rewards play a significant role in building and sustaining the commitment
among staffs that ensures a high level of performance and constancy (Malik, Butt & Choi,
2015). A supervisor can encourage staff to work harder and better, but it is not enough. The
reward is the only motivational factor that influences a staff to work at a higher level of
productivity. Rewards can be the major element in identifying the lower level need of
employees. Providing rewards, both tangible and intangible, can make staffs happier (Jeffrey,
2019). Satisfied staffs often perform better in their job. The reward is a promise for better
action. Therefore, a bonus is the most powerful incentive that motivates employee to work
better. Besides the monetary reward, there are few other non- financial rewards which can
drive an individual for better performance. These are- job promotion, job security etc.

8ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Why rewards are important
In the current scenario, the majority of the company’s value comes from its working
staffs. A reward defines positive outcomes which are earned as a result of a staff’s
performance (Hofmans, De Gieter & Pepermans, 2013). The success of any organization
depends on its staff’s performance. Therefore staffs motivation is very important for
organizational success.
Few advantages of implementing a reward system
 Reward helps to improve the effectiveness of an organization by attaining strategies
and goals necessary to maintain other competitive advantages (Jeffrey, 2019).
 It helps to encourage workers to obtain high quality performance
 It enables to attract and retain well-skilled workers
 It helps to improve co-operation among the workers at all level
 It helps to increase competence and also encourage personal development
 It promotes fairness by rewarded workers according to their effort, contribution and
hard work to the organization.
Rewards
Improve staff’s
morale
Decrease
employee turn
over
Boost worker’s job
satisfaction
High level of
performance

9ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Praise from supervisor
RecognitionJob freedom
Taking pride from job
Effective Reward systems
For organizational success, a motivated workforce is a crucial factor. Reward system
is a process used to determine how workers should be rewarded. It is mainly based on
worker’s job performance, but in several instances, the reward system is based on other few
criteria such as- seniority, experience or years of service.
Types of rewards
There are three different types of rewards that motivate employee, and these are- intrinsic
reward, extrinsic reward and social reward.
Intrinsic reward
Intrinsic rewards are something that comes from within the staffs. It is basically a
non-monetary reward which cannot be touched or seen, but it is emotionally connected with
the staffs (Khan et al., 2013). It is directly related to work performance. If the success rate is
higher, then the employee will receive a higher rate of intrinsic reward (Ajmal et al., 2015).
Different people pose different perception, and thus there are different forms of intrinsic
reward.
Intrinsic Reward

10ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Praise from supervisor
Staffs become happier when their supervisor or seniors speak some words of
appreciation for them in front of their peers.
Recognition
Every employee in an organization wants to receive recognition for their effort and
hard work (Dweck, 2013). Positive feedback and proper recognition can have a more
significant impact on employee’s motivation.
Job freedom
When workers continuously make better output, the manager may bother less to manage
them. The work freedom that workers receive to make their own decision and work according
to their schedule is also one type of intrinsic reward. That also helps to motivate employee.
Workers feel relaxed when they get freedom in their workplace. When workers are given
freedom, along with autonomy, their job satisfaction increases. Workplace freedom also helps
to decrease employee turnover rate (Terera & Ngirande, 2014). Job freedom means- Job
rotation, flex time, shorter work week and more.
Taking pride from the Job
The employee feels proud when their job is perfectly done. Such feeling plays a
significant role in encouraging them to give continuity to make a better performance.
Extrinsic Reward
An extrinsic reward refers to the physical benefits, which is provided by the
organization. This will includes- salary, bonus, gift, promotion, money and fringe benefit.

11ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Extrinsic
Reward
Attractive payment
Gifts and other rewards
Fringe Benefits Bonus or incentives
Pay
An organization can design attractive payment for the workers as the remuneration for
contributing their valuable time energy in acquiring the organizational goals. An attractive
payment is one of the motivational factors that affect an employee’s job satisfaction.
Bonus or incentive
When an organization gets profit due to the efforts of employees, the organization
should appreciate their effort and contribution by giving them extra payment as a commission
or bonus (Jeffrey, 2019). Financial rewards are always more valuable for every people.
Fringe benefits
Fringe benefit refers to the additional benefit provided by the workers or employees in
addition to their total salary. It includes- the company’s car, life or health insurance, rent,
security, pension plan etc. It’s also a good motivating factor for employees.
Gifts
A gift refers to a short-term reward provided by the employees for helping the
company reach a desired goal.

12ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Social Rewards
In many organizations, social reward or recognition can be a more significant
motivating factor than other financial incentives. Social rewards arise from effective
interaction with other staffs in the organization and may include having good relationships
with manger and co-workers. A good relationship with the supervisor and other office staffs
creates self-confidence as well as job satisfaction. So, social recognition or reward is an
essential factor for any organization, which helps to create employees motivation.
Role of reward in employee’s motivation
Rewards in the organization have benefits for both employers and employees.
Through rewards, both workers and employers enjoy a positive and productive job
environment (Maduka & Okafor, 2014). Reward represents the staff's efforts and contribution
to organizational success.
Rewards make happier employees
Most of the management wants their workers to be happy. Because satisfied workers
are generally more productive, and happy workers contribute to higher effort and morale.
When morale and effort are high, employee turnover is low, and the organization has a better
chance of being successful and hitting expected revenue targets. From the industry research,
it can be shown that when workers are happy, then they are at least twelve per cent more
productive (Bao & Lyubomirsky, 2013).
Happy workers are more productive

13ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Motivated workers contribute more effort in their work. Organizations with engaged
workers have greater revenue than those organization that don’t. Profitability and income also
increase with worker engagement. If workers are happy and highly motivated, then they
contribute greater efficiency in their work, and therefore, organizational productivity also
increases (Graziotin, Wang & Abrahamsson, 2013). Thus rewards play a significant role in
improving the productivity of an organization.
Recognition increases the trust of employees
Recognition also plays a vital role in increasing the employee's trust in the workplace.
Rewarding and recognizing workers exhibit both an appreciation and respect for their hard
works (Bradler et al., 2016). It shows the workers trust that they are doing their work
effectively.
Some rewards are a powerful motivator
Different people have different needs, wants and desire. For every individual, it is
very difficult to determine what is their actual needs and desire and which factors motivate
them more. Money is one of the most powerful motivators for many people. Extra money
encourages an employee to work harder (Shields et al., 2015). Money motivates workers
more because it is a generalized reinforcer. Money is always acceptable to everybody
anywhere and at all times. Money sometimes motivates peoples, but not always. For those
workers who are very well paid, money is not motivated them properly (Pascual-Ezama,
Prelec & Dunfield, 2013). For those people, other rewards like fringe benefits, recognition,
and promotion are high motivating factor.

14ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
Intrinsic Rewards
Delegation
Empowerment
Recognition
Job freedom
Intrinsic Rewards
Pay/salary
Bonus
Fringe benefits
Promotion
Job Satisfaction Staff’s performance
Rewards are better than punishment
Rewards are always better than punishment. A staff of an organization is motivated to learn
new activities if there is a chance to achieve incentive. Thus, a reward is the best way of
expressing appreciation of other people in a positive light. Rewards presented not only for
behavior modification, it also leads to creation of values and motivation (Alexander, 2014).
Punishment in an organization includes puzzling a worker to complete their given task.
Punishment is one type of mental torture, which can be demotivated the workers. It is not a
big matter how hard they work. If the employee still gets negative feedback from their
supervisor, then they might lose exertion to work.
Conceptual Frame work
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be delivered that reward and recognition is an essential tool that
organization can use to motivate their employee. Not only monetary rewards employees’
motivation depends on various factors. To ensure competitiveness, the employees who are
working for the company should be encouraged by providing attractive reward and benefits

15ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
system. Income level and intrinsic rewards become a significant factor for workers
motivation. Positive feedback and recognition also a crucial factor for employees motivation.
Recognizing workers exhibit both an appreciation and respect for their hard works. It shows
the workers trust that they doing their work effectively. The motivation of workers can lead
to the success of an organization. So, the organization should provide an attractive reward
that can encourage their staffs. Compensation should be increased according to their job
nature. Other motivating factors such as- working environment, opportunities, promotion, job
freedom, fringe benefits also affect the motivation of workers, so every organization should
consider these factors very well.

16ROLE OF REWARDS IN MOTIVATING STAFF PERFORMANCE
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