Roles of HbA1c in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

ROLES OF HbA1c IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 1
Role of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
Students name:
Instructors name:
University affiliated:
Telephone number:
Email:
Date:

ROLES OF HbA1c IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 2
(GLYCATED HAEMOGLOBIN) HbA1C
ABSTRACT
Glycated hemoglobin has campaigned for the diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes.
HbAc1 performance has been generally assed in confirmation with high Fasting Plasma Glucose
(FPG) but not the mixture of FPG and 2-hr glucose assessment that was recommended by the
ICMJE. The word diabetes mellitus mainly explains metabolic disarray with heterogenous
aetiologies that have been illustrated by chronic hyperglycemia and disorder of carbohydrate.
The long-term consequence of diabetes consists of growth in retinopathy and neuropathy.
Individuals who are affected by this disorder have high chances of getting influenced by cardiac,
peripheral arterial and cerebrovascular illness.
Diabetes and smaller structure of glucose intolerance is found in many individuals around
the world majorly in Australians. However, epidemiological support recommends that, without
helpful strategies of preventing and controlling the programs, the burden of diabetes might tend
to increase worldwide which was recommended by the Association of Clinical Biochemists
(AACB).
Diabetes and the difficulties in it have been the main foundation of mortality and
morbidity worldwide and mainly in the US. This has activated more alerted efforts to determine
and apply optimal advances and criteria that might assist in determining high-risk patients who
are affected with prediabetes and exact diagnosis for patients with diabetes. The concentration of
FPG and the 2-hr glucose that occurs during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) comprises the
customary bases of diagnosis, that are based on the stage that foresee progressive weakening in
glucose tolerance and growth in vascular difficulties. In addition, OGTT usual use as a measure
of chronic HbA1C has been believed for the diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes, on the
foundation of OGTT relationship to FPG and observed relations between HbA1c and
microvascular and macrovascular difficulties.
INTRODUCTION
HbA1c has been supposed to have benefits over FPG and 2-hr glucose stages due to
advanced convenience and reproducibility, with measurements given that they may be the
measurement can be attained in the non fasted position (BRUNZELL JD, ROBERTSON RP,
LERNER RL, HAZZARD WR, ENSINCK JW, BIERMAN EL2, et al., 2016). These suggestions

ROLES OF HbA1c IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 3
were mainly founded on the assessment of information that was obtained from the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). However, sensitivity while using HbA1c
as a diagnostic experiment was not best and the observation was concluded that non-Hispanic
blacks have advanced stages than the non-Hispanic whites when FPG stages were similar
(d’Emden MC, Shaw JE, Colman PG, Colagiuri S, Twigg SM, Jones GR4 ea at., 2016). The
result justifies a closer theory test of the connection linking HbA1 and the traditional diagnostic
bounds, FPG, and 2-hr OGTT glucose, together with an examination of Recipient Operating
Characteristics (ROC) curves in the gender, traditions, and age sets. In particular, the initial
assessment evaluating the value of HbA1c was contrasted with diagnoses created by FPG and
not a mixture of FPG and 2-hr glucose stages.
Figure 1.1
SOURCE: Australian association
HbA1c is an expression that is mainly used in hospitals in relation to diabetes. It can
develop once a protein that exists in red blood cells that assist in the transport of oxygen in the
body and hemoglobin, joins together with glucose in the blood wherein result they become
"glycated" (Huangfu P, Laurence YV, Alisjahbana B, Ugarte-Gil C, Riza AL, Walzl G3, eat al.,
2019) Clinicians are able to find a general image of the average blood sugar level in the body
when they measure HbA1c. Those who are affected by diabetes, this taste is significant since
when HbA1c increase the risk of developing diabetes-related difficulties is higher.

ROLES OF HbA1c IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 4
HbA1c in diagnosis
In diagnosis, 48 mmol/mol (6.5) is a general target that everyone should be targeting. On
the other hand, people diabetes should be given their own target. Below is a table clearly
showing how HbA1c may specify either those with diabetes or prediabetes.
Table 1.2
Diagnosis and monitoring diabetes
Diabetes mellitus has been a common division of metabolic disorder that has a global
occurrence of 8.5% in 2004 0r around 422 million people who have been affected. Distinguished
by common episodes of uncontrolled hyperglycemia, this disorder is divided into two major
types that are either type 1 or 2. Type one of his disorder is distinguished by a deficiency of
insulin production from the pancreas that may lead to uncontrolled blood glucose levels in the
body (World Health Organization, 2016). On the contrary, type 2 diabetes is familiar to people
that entails insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or cells in the body struggling to
acquire the action of insulin.
Table 1.3
Diagnostic measure for diabetes mellitus
Diagnostic Test Cut off remarks
AIC ≥7.5 ....
Fasting plasma glucose ≥127mg For less that 8hrs there is no intake
2-hr plasma glucose ≥201mg Glucose in H2O after every 75g
Random plasma glucose ≥201mg Majorly appear in individuals with signs
HbA1c mmol/mol
percentage (%)
Normal 42 and below
6.0 and below
Prediabetes 42-47
6.0-6.4
Diabetes 48 and above
over 6.5