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RS70012W– Research
Methods

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Quantitative study.......................................................................................................................1
Qualitative study.........................................................................................................................3
PICO Framework........................................................................................................................5
Qualitative study.........................................................................................................................7
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.....................................................................................................10
RESULTS......................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Infant mortality is referred to as the death of the young aged children who are aged under 1.
This death in turn is dignified by the infant mortality rate1 (He and et.al., 2015). In England, it
has been evaluated that, the infant mortality rate is 3.9 deaths per 1000 births from the year 2013
to 2016. The infant mortality rate is considered to be high in United Kingdom. This study will
put emphasis on determining the key variables associated with the teenage pregnancy. It is very
prominent in determining social problems which has been faced by the teenage pregnant women.
Moreover, this study also tends to critically evaluate the appropriate intervention strategies to
reduce the rate of teenage pregnancy. This study will help in exploring why the teenage is
considered to be as one of the key social problem. It is also useful in investigating the teenage
pregnancy by examining their health and also finding the best possible intervention.
Scope of the study and Rationale
The subject topic is related with the infant mortality which in turn is considered to be as one
of the wide topic which in turn is very useful in the attainment of high degree of knowledge by
investigating both qualitative and quantitative sets of data. Another one of the key reason for
carrying out this study is mainly that the subject topic is associated with the academic as well as
the personal interest. The scope of the study is wide because it helps in gaining wider knowledge
related with the various interventions and programmes which helps in reducing the pregnancy
risk and mortality rate among the adolescent people.
MAIN BODY
Quantitative study
Impact of Two Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Interventions on Risky Sexual Behavior: A
Three-Arm Cluster Randomized Control Trial.
Objectives: One of the key objective of carrying out the study is mainly associated with the
testing of the efficiency of effectively reducing the risk.
Methods: The key 4 dependent variables were condom use, sex birth control use and number of
sexual partners within 3 and 6 months follow up. The researcher of the study will in turn
effectively use 3 arm cluster randomized controlled trial of around 1448 impoverished youths
who in turn are aged between 14 to 19 years. This was done within community based institution
in Louisville, Kentucky.
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Results: The above conducted study is considered to be very useful in comparing it with the
reducing the risk in turn rends to report that only fewer sexual partners in turn tends to use proper
contraceptives which helps in birth control (Santos and et.al., 2016). At the age of 6 months, the
participants tends to demonstrate that they tends to use high degree of birth controls such as
condoms which helps in controlling the condition of the pregnancy among the participants.
Conclusion: It has been concluded that, sex education in turn is considered to be as an effective
measure which helps in prevention of the violence and also helps in maintain the healthy
relationship among the partners.
Improving Malaysian adolescent sexual and reproductive health: An Internet-based health
promotion programme as a potential intervention.
Internet based health promotion programme in turn is considered to be as one of the most
promising and prominent approach which is very useful in fostering appropriate healthy sexual
behaviour among the women adolescents (Tavares, 2017). The researcher of the study is
considered to be very useful in critically evaluating the 209 young adolescents who are aged 12
years. Both pre test and post test design was used in order to effectively evaluate the Malaysian
Care for the adolescents. Moreover, this study is considered to be very useful as it helps in
effectively evaluating that, the usage of the internet based methodology helps in increasing the
mean knowledge score to 3.88. This programme in turn is considered to be very useful in
significantly improving the knowledge of the reproductive and sexual health among the
adolescents. Moreover, large number of students in turn tends to have access to internet which
helps in gaining online knowledge by effectively providing the alternative educational method
for making students understand about the reproductive and sexual health (Lindskog, 2016).
Long-Term Improvements in Knowledge and Psychosocial Factors of a Teen Pregnancy
Prevention Intervention Implemented in Group Homes.
One of the key purpose for carrying out the particular study is mainly linked with the
youth in the out of home care that tends to have high degree of pregnancy risk and sexual risk
behaviour when compared with the youth nationally (Reddy, Sewpaul, and Jonas, 2016). This
study is very useful in determining if the Power through choices is an effective prevention
program for youth in order to improve psychosocial and knowledge outcomes associated with
STI and HIV. This research study has been carried out using cluster randomized control trial
with 1036 diverse number of youths who are aged 13 to 18 years of age. The above conducted
2

study helps in largely evaluates that, Power through choices is an effective prevention program
which helps in improving the knowledge associated with the fertility and anatomy among youth
(Florescu, Temneanu and Mindru, 2016). The findings of the study, tends to critically evaluate
that, Power through choices intervention program tends to have high degree of long term positive
influence on the psychological and knowledge effects associated with the use of contraception
among youth in out of home care.
The use of educational strategies for promotion of knowledge, attitudes and contraceptive
practices among teenagers –A randomized clinical trial.
In the year 2012, Brazil out of 2,905,789 live births among which 19.28% were born
from the adolescent mothers. It has been considered the sexual activity among adolescents tends
to highly begin at a very early stage which eventually results in high degree of increased
frequency related with undesirable pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. This
eventually results in abortion. The adolescents in turn has the right to get access to the education
and information related with reproductive and sexual health. The researcher of the study in turn
has eventually carried randomized control clinical trial which has been conducted among
teenagers. Two different educational interventions has been carried out using problematization
and transmission. As a result, these two interventions in turn are considered to be as one of the
promoted positive changes in the practice, attitude and knowledge of an individual adolescent.
These two educational interventions in turn are considered to be as one of the most appropriate
measure as it is considered to be as the appropriate measure of teaching adolescents related with
condom use and pill. This in turn tends to have high degree of positive influence on the attitude,
practice and knowledge.
Qualitative study
Predictors of teenage pregnancy among girls aged 13–19 years in Uganda: a community based
case-control study.
Teenage pregnancy in turn is considered to be as one of the most serious social problem
and public health. The 95% of the cases in turn are largely occurring in the countries which are
developing. This study is carried out using primary set of data with the help of case control study
with the teenagers who are aged 13 to 19 years in Uganda. Complete structured questionnaire has
been carried out with the help of face to face interview from 495 participants (Predictors of
teenage pregnancy among girls aged 13–19 years in Uganda: a community based case-control
3

study, 2019). This study tends to demonstrate that, there are range of behavioural factors such as
frequent sex, having large number of sex partners, irregular use of the contraceptives, etc. are
considered to be as the key factors which eventually results in high degree of increased
likelihood associated with the teenage pregnancy. Moreover, there are various range of familial
factors such marriage in turn is a most prominent factor which leads to increased possibility of
the teenage pregnancy. Moreover, there are various sets of psychological factors such as sexual
abuse, lack of control and peer pressure which in turn helps in largely increasing the possibility
of the teenage pregnancy among the young teenagers (Weldearegawi and et.al., 2015). However,
Demographic, social, behavioural and familial factors are important predictors associated with
teenage pregnancy in Lira District. The key interventions are improving access to the
information related with the contraceptive use, improvement in the social and economic status,
law enforcement associated with the sexual abuse, etc. are considered to be as one of the
appropriate intervention which helps in effectively improving the adolescents health and sexual
services.
Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: needs, barriers, and
access.’
It has been critically estimated and evaluated that, the 16 million adolescents who in turn are
aged between the age group of 15 year to 19 years tends to give birth to the children every year.
High degree of complications from the pregnancy in turn largely results in death of the girls.
Almost 3 million abortions tends to occur every year. Moreover, the perinatal deaths are
considered to be very common in the babies who are born from the adolescent mothers. The
researcher of the study has collected data from Demographic and health surveys. The researcher
also tends to carry out the systematic review related with the qualitative study. Complying with
the WHO issued guidelines is considered to be as an effective intervention to prevent poor
reproductive outcomes and pregnancy. Increased use of contraceptives such as condoms, EC and
hormonal contraceptives in turn is considered to be as one of the most prominent measure which
helps in the prevention of poor reproductive outcomes and pregnancy. Mass media, peer-
education and interpersonal communication, information education communication materials
have been used successfully in order to communicate various sets of health information to
adolescents (Biks and et.al., 2015). Moreover, a curriculum based sexuality education in turn is
4

considered to be very prominent as it helps in gaining appropriate set of information associated
with the subject matter.
Positive experiences of teenage motherhood: a qualitative study.
There seems to be high degree of inter connectedness related with the impact on the key
children and maternal deaths. Teenage pregnancy in turn is considered to be as one of the main
concern within the United Kingdom. The researcher of the study will in turn tends to carry out
qualitative study where 9 women conceive first child while carrying out the semi structured
interview. The women in turn has varied out a positive attitude among the mothers (Lorenz and
et.al., 2016). Having a child at an early stage hence does not mean that the career and the future
of the teenager will be over. The rate associated with the teenage pregnancy in turn is considered
to be much higher when compared with the countries. One of the key initiative and motive of the
government in turn was to reduce the rate of the teenage pregnancy by educating them and help
them learn key importance of various early learning on sex education. Women who in turn tends
to get pregnant at an early age has their education interrupted.
PICO Framework.
Impact of Two Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Interventions on Risky Sexual Behavior: A
Three-Arm Cluster Randomized Control Trial.
P (Population) The researcher of the study will in turn effectively use
3 arm cluster randomized controlled trial of around
1448 impoverished youths who in turn are aged
between 14 to 19 years.
I (Intervention) Use of birth controls are considered to be as an
effective intervention.
C (Comparison) No comparison
O (Outcome) Sex education is considered to be as an effective
measure which helps in prevention of the violence and
also helps in maintain the healthy relationship among
the partners.
5

Improving Malaysian adolescent sexual and reproductive health: An Internet-based health
promotion programme as a potential intervention.
P (Population) The researcher of the study is considered to be very
useful in critically evaluating the 209 young
adolescents who are aged 12 years.
I (Intervention) Improving the knowledge of the reproductive and
sexual health and access to the internet to gain better
learning and knowledge.
C (Comparison) No comparison
O (Outcome) The usage of the internet based methodology helps in
increasing the mean knowledge score to 3.88.
Long-Term Improvements in Knowledge and Psychosocial Factors of a Teen Pregnancy
Prevention Intervention Implemented in Group Homes.
P (Population) Using cluster randomized control trial with 1036
diverse number of youths who are aged 13 to 18 years
of age
I (Intervention) Power through choices is an effective prevention
program which helps in improving the knowledge
associated with the fertility and anatomy among youth.
6

C (Comparison) No comparison
O (Outcome) Power through choices intervention program have high
degree of positive influence on the psychological and
knowledge effects related with the use of contraception
among youth.
The use of educational strategies for promotion of knowledge, attitudes and contraceptive
practices among teenagers –A randomized clinical trial.
P (Population) The researcher of the study in turn has eventually
carried randomized control clinical trial which has been
conducted among teenagers.
I (Intervention) Two different educational interventions has been
carried out using problematization and transmission..
C (Comparison) No comparison
O (Outcome) Problematization and transmission are appropriate
measure of teaching adolescents related with condom
use and pill.
Qualitative study
Predictors of teenage pregnancy among girls aged 13–19 years in Uganda: a community based
case-control study.
7

P (Population) Complete structured questionnaire has been carried out
with the help of face to face interview from 495
participants.
I (Intervention) Improving access to the information related with the
contraceptive use, improvement in the social and
economic status, law enforcement associated with the
sexual abuse, etc. are considered to be as one of the
appropriate intervention (Florescu, Temneanu and
Mindru, 2016).
C (Comparison) No comparison
O (Outcome) Demographic, social, behavioural and familial factors
are important predictors associated with teenage
pregnancy.
Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: needs, barriers, and access.’
P (Population) The researcher also tends to carry out the systematic
review related with the qualitative study.
I (Intervention) Complying with the WHO issued guideline, increased
use of contraceptives such as condoms, EC and
hormonal contraceptives are effective intervention.
C (Comparison) No comparison
8

O (Outcome) A curriculum based sexuality education in turn is
considered to be very prominent as it helps in gaining
appropriate set of information.
Positive experiences of teenage motherhood: a qualitative study.
P (Population) The researcher of the study will in turn tends to carry
out qualitative study where 9 women conceive first
child while carrying out the semi structured interview.
I (Intervention) One of the key initiative and motive of the government
in turn was to reduce the rate of the teenage pregnancy
by educating them and help them learn key importance
of various early learning on sex education (Reddy,
Sewpaul, and Jonas, 2016).
C (Comparison) No comparison
O (Outcome) Also having a child at an early stage hence does not
mean that the career and the future of the teenager will
be over.
Population key work:
Young women
AND
Intervention key word:
Teenage pregnancy
AND
Outcome key word:
Preventing teenage
pregnancy in young
women
OR OR OR
1 Teenagers 1 Early pregnancy 1. Avoiding pregnancy
among teenage.
2 Adolescents 2 Teenage child bearing 2. High quality sexual,
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reproductive and
contraception education
3 Minor 3 Adolescents pregnancy 3 Prevention of Teenage
pregnancy
4 Youth 4 Early Motherhood 4. Access to the
information.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
The researcher of the study has selected data from ethical and reliable sources which are not
older than 10 years. Moreover, the researcher has effectively utilized all the resources which in
turn eventually helps in the attainment of better results. Informed consent was taken of all the
participants and also the researcher has given flexibility to the participants to enter and exit the
research. All the important and private information are kept confidential and it also tends to
effectively comply with the intellectual property rights and GDPR laws in order to work in an
ethical and legal manner. The researcher of the study has also maintained anonymity while
carrying out the specific research study.
RESULTS
Infant mortality means early death of the child who is aged below 1 years. The infant
mortality in turn is considered to be as the highest infant rate in UK across the globe. The key
results of the study tends to demonstrate that, The researcher tends to state that, the use of
contraceptives and sex education in turn is considered to be as an effective measure which helps
in prevention of various alternatives (Santos and et.al., 2016). One of the most common reason
associated with the infant mortality is related with birth defects, maternal complications, sudden
infant death, suffocation injuries, etc. Moreover, Internet based health promotion programme is
also one of the most prominent approach which helps in fostering appropriate healthy sexual
behaviour among the women adolescents. High access to the internet helps in better learning and
knowledge. It has been concluded that, Power through choices is also an appropriate prevention
program for youth in order to improve psychosocial and knowledge outcomes associated with
STI and HIV. Two different educational interventions has been carried out using
10

problematization and transmission. There are range of behavioural factors such as frequent sex,
irregular use of the contraceptives, , having large number of sex partners, etc. are considered to
be as the key factors which results in high degree of increased likelihood with the teenage
pregnancy. It has been determined that, increased use of contraceptives such as condoms, EC and
hormonal contraceptives are prominent measure which helps in the prevention of poor
reproductive outcomes and pregnancy (Weldearegawi and et.al., 2015).
CONCLUSION
From the study it has been concluded that, infant mortality results in high degree of severe
complications among the adolescents. It has been concluded that, giving timely and continuous
education, internet based learning, government initiative programmes, educational interventions,
Power through choices program in turn is considered to be as one of the most appropriate
measure which in turn helps in reducing the infant mortality rate among the teenage adolescents.
, Power through choices is also an appropriate prevention program for youth in order to improve
psychosocial and knowledge outcomes associated with STI and HIV.
11

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Biks, G.A and et.al., 2015. Exclusive breast feeding is the strongest predictor of infant survival
in Northwest Ethiopia: a longitudinal study. Journal of health, population and nutrition, 34(1),
p.9.
Florescu, L., Temneanu, O.R. and Mindru, D.E., 2016. Social and Medical Implications of
Teenage Motherhood. Revista de Cercetare Si Interventie Sociala, 52.
He, X and et.al., 2015. Trends in infant mortality in United States: A brief study of the
southeastern states from 2005–2009. International journal of environmental research and public
health, 12(5), pp.4908-4920.
Lindskog, E.E., 2016. The effect of war on infant mortality in the Democratic Republic of
Congo. BMC public health, 16(1), p.1059.
Lorenz, J.M and et.al., 2016. Infant mortality in the United States. Journal of
Perinatology, 36(10), pp.797-801.
Reddy, P., Sewpaul, R. and Jonas, K., 2016. Teenage pregnancy in South Africa: Reducing
prevalence and lowering maternal mortality rates.
Santos, S.L.D and et.al., 2016. Factors associated with infant mortality in a northeastern
Brazilian capital. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia/RBGO Gynecology and
Obstetrics, 38(10), pp.482-491.
Tavares, A.I., 2017. Infant mortality in Europe, socio-economic determinants based on aggregate
data. Applied Economics Letters, 24(21), pp.1588-1596.
Weldearegawi, B and et.al., 2015. Infant mortality and causes of infant deaths in rural Ethiopia: a
population-based cohort of 3684 births. BMC public health, 15(1), p.770.
Online
Predictors of teenage pregnancy among girls aged 13–19 years in Uganda: a community based
case-control study. 2019. [ONLINE]. Available through<
https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-019-2347-y>
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