Prevention of Pneumonia in the Elderly

RUNING HEAD: PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA IN THE ELDERLY
PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA IN THE ELDERLY
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PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA IN THE ELDERLY
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PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA IN THE ELDERLY
Pneumonia is characterized by alveolar inflammation (Cardani et al., 2017) in either
or both of the lungs. The alveoli can be filled with fluid, triggering cough (Marchello et al.,
2016). and shortness of breath. Organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses infects the respiratory
system, causing pneumonia. Pneumonia (Halstead et al, 2016) if not treated in time, can be
life threatening. It affects specific populations very severely like infants, people older than
age 65 and people with immunological disorders.
Pneumonia symptoms ranges from mild to severe, depending on the virulence of the
pathogen and overall status of an individual’s health. Hence, the infants and young children
whose immune system has not formed properly yet and old people, that is the geriatric
population, whose immune system is partially compromised anyway due to aging – are the
main sufferers of this respiratory disease.
Clinical symptoms and signs of pneumonia includes: a). chest pain during breathing
or coughing, confusion (Pieralli, 2018) and cognitive disturbance (common in older adults of
65 years or more), phlegm (Shabani, 2019), cough, fever, fatigue (Thompson et al., 2018) and
sweating chills (Yoshino et al., 2017). Diarrhea, nausea (Roeland et al., 2019), shortness of
breath and vomiting are the other symptoms. Children and old people may vomit, cough and
may appear restless with difficulty in eating and drinking (Ebihara et al., 2016).
Community-acquired pneumonia is a usual pneumonia type occurring and affecting a
whole community. Bacteria is the chief causative organism of community acquired
pneumonia. In United States specially, bacterial pneumonia is mostly and singularly caused
by Streptococcus pneumonia. It affects one part of lung and is known as lobar pneumonia.
Mycoplasma pneumonia which are bacteria like organisms can also cause pneumonia.
Community acquired pneumonia presents with milder symptoms as compared to other

PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA IN THE ELDERLY
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variants of pneumonia. Community acquired pneumonia is also known as walking
pneumonia. Fungi can also cause pneumonia if the subject has a very weak immunological
system or those who have inhaled very large doses of allergens or pathogens. The nature of
the fungi (based on its geographical location) determines the severity of pneumonia. Viruses
that infects the lungs can also lead to the presentation of pneumonia. Pneumonia causing
viruses mostly affect children who are less than 5 years of age.
Community-acquired pneumonia (Marti & Esperatti, 2016) is a progressive problem
amongst the elderly population. Multiple factors like ageing, comorbidities, swallowing
dysfunction and nutritional status have elevated the incidences of community acquired
pneumonia (CAP) in the elderly population. Mortality rate of patients suffering from diseases
like community acquired pneumonia has dramatically increased over the last
decades. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the primary causative organism of Community
Acquired Pneumonia in the elderly geriatric population. The condition can also be led by
aspiration pneumonia and drug resistant microorganisms. Community acquired pneumonia
has milder symptoms in the elderly that lack the acute symptoms found in younger adults
(owing to the diminished systemic and local inflammatory response). Prognostic factors
related to elderly mortality rate are - inadequate response to infection, pneumonia severity
and low immunological and functionality status. Community acquired pneumonia biomarkers
have reported a lower prognostic value in the elderly. Adherence to medical treat and current
community nursing guidelines for management of CAP has been reported to have a beneficial
impact on the clinical outcomes. Nutritional status, functional status, fluid administration and
stabilizing therapy are the special areas of care in frail patients.
Latest meta-analyses have supported the evidences of pneumococcal polysaccharide
vaccine recommendation in prevention of pneumococcal disease in adults (Bonten et al.,
2015) but no such evidence regarding a complete cure of CAP in elderly community