Economic Implications of China in Africa: Incentives behind China's Belt and Road Initiative

This document discusses the economic implications of China's Belt and Road Initiative in Africa, focusing on the incentives behind it. It explores the impact on Djibouti, Kenya, trade, and other aspects of the initiative.

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Running read: ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Economic implications of China in Africa: incentives behind china’s belt and road initiative

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................4
1.2 Background..................................................................................................................5
1.3 Research Aims.............................................................................................................9
1.4 Research Objectives.....................................................................................................9
1.5 Research Questions......................................................................................................9
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................10
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................10
2.2 Overview....................................................................................................................11
2.3 Implication for Africa from China’s One Belt One Road Strategy...........................12
2.4 Strategic Rationale.....................................................................................................13
2.5 Significance of One Belt One Road in Africa............................................................15
2.6 Methods to protect the African interest in OBOR.....................................................18
Chapter 3: Research Methodology...........................................................................................21
3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................21
3.2 Method Outline:.........................................................................................................21
3.3 Research Onion:.........................................................................................................22
3.4 Research Philosophy:.................................................................................................22

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3.4.1 Reason for the selection of the chosen research philosophy (Positivism research
philosophy):......................................................................................................................23
3.5 Research Approach:...................................................................................................24
3.5.1 Justification for the selection of the chosen research approach (Deductive):.........24
3.6 Research Design:........................................................................................................25
3.6.1 Validation for the selection of the chosen research design (explanatory):.............25
3.7 Data collection process:.............................................................................................26
3.8 Data analysis plan:.....................................................................................................28
3.9Ethical consideration:..................................................................................................28
3.10 Data validation and reliability:.................................................................................29
3.11 Restraint of primary and secondary data:.................................................................29
3.12 Summary:.................................................................................................................30
Chapter 4 : DATA ANALYSIS...............................................................................................32
Impact on Djibouti...........................................................................................................35
Impact on Kenya..............................................................................................................38
Trade................................................................................................................................41
Forum on China Africa cooperation................................................................................45
Aid from China for the development of road infrastructure of Nairobi...........................46
Challenges to OBOR in Africa........................................................................................47
Opportunities faced by Africa due to OBOR...................................................................47
Present infrastructural projects in Africa.........................................................................47
Increase in Chinas soft power..........................................................................................48

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Presence of intra as well as interstate conflicts................................................................52
Chapter 5: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................53

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
China’s belt and Road Initiative is known to be the 21st century Silk Road which is
made up of a “belt” of overland corridors and a maritime “road” of shipping lanes. China is
known to carry out or planning construction projects which is more than 60 countries. The
Belt and road Initiate is expected to cost more than £760bn. China have also invested more
than $210 bn which is majority in Asia (Callahan 2016). The one belt one road underlines
China's push to take a larger role in global affairs, and its need to export capacity in industries
where there is overproduction, such as steel manufacturing and infrastructure construction.
China had been always deeply involved in the economic growth of Africa from the very past.
The president of china have invested more than trillion US dollars for building the one belt
one road for globalization. The Chinese companies have already made huge investments in
Africa and now the country is looking at china for their own development. The belt and road
initiative comprises of two concurrent plans where one is the overland route which is known
to connect the Middle East and Central Asia to China. The second one is the 21st century
Maritime Silk Road which aims for connecting China and South Asia with Africa. This
initiative will be changing a number of social, economic and strategic landscapes. China have
already officially promised for helping Africa via the African union for building the
comprehensive transportation network. It is also known to heavily involve for enhancing the
power generation capacities of Africa. China also led to the establishment of the multilateral
investment Bank and Shanghai based BRICS Development bank. The African leg of the Belt
and Road Initiative is already in progress. Some of the countries which will gain benefit from
the belt initiative are Kenya, Tanzania, Egypt and Djibouti. The new Silk Road will also be
linking Chinese ports to east Africa. Till 2018, more than twenty diplomatic relations took

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place between china and other countries that include Tajikistan, Israel, Ethiopia, Madagascar
and Israel (Callahan 2016). On the economic front, the investment and trade between china
and the African countries have increased a lot. According to a report it have been found out
that the economic growth of the countries along this route is much faster than the overall
economic growth of china. Due to the foreign direct investment from China in Africa have
also increased to more than 20 percent and is still rising. China have already provide huge
help for the Africa in terms improving connectivity and development of infrastructures. The
railway which is 759 kilometer long made by china is known to connect the landlocked
Ethiopia to the trade routes of the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. It have carries a huge of
passengers in the late 2016. China had also constructed the Mdaraka Express which is known
to connect the capital city of Nairobi with the Mombasa. This particular railway have future
plan to extend to the northwest of Kenya.
1.2 Background
The one belt one road initiative of china known to be one of the most determined
project which is known to influence the international trade. Africa had always been an
important market in china because of the investment from the Chinese companies and banks
(Du and Zhang 2018). The abundance of natural resources in Africa makes the continent an
excellent trading partner as well as attractive investment destination for china with is t
billions of population. The On Belt One Road Initiative is known to be the transformational
development strategy as well as framework which is known to be promoted by the highest
level of the government of china it mainly focuses on connectivity and cooperation among
the countries which moves along the two main routes (Ferdinand 2016.). The Maritime Silk
Road is known to touch a large number of African countries which comprises of Ethiopia,
South Africa, Kenya, Madagascar and North Africa. It also touches the inland African
countries which are Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe and Zambia. The key sectors

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of the One Belt One Road includes development on energy and power, Infrastructural
projects, Public utilities, Development of the Financial markets and construction, logistics
and information technology.
The economic relations which is present between China and Africa started taking place from
many years. China has also become the largest trade partner of Africa which has greatly
expanded its economic ties to the continent. China has also known to boost mining sector and
oil sector in exchange for advantageous trade deals. The companies of China are also known
to diversify their business pursuits in Africa manufacturing, infrastructure and
telecommunications sector (Cheng 2016). However, China’s activity in Africa known to have
faced various criticism from both the African as well from the western society.
The projects as well investments which are undertaken in Africa under the One Belt One
Road includes:
 Huge number of railway projects have been initiated across Africa which includes
completion of first fully electrified cross border railway line of Africa connecting the
Red Sea Port of Djibouti with Addis Ababa. The project was seventy percent
financed by the Exim Bank of China and built by the China railway Group. In the
year 2017, another railway line of 845km was formed in 2017 which connects
Mombasa to Nairobi railway. The project had been constructed
 A large number of road infrastructure projects like the Mozambique’s Maputo Bridge
which is built by China Road and Bridge Corporation. The TIPAZA Cherchell Ring
Expressway Project in Algeria had been built by China State Construction
Engineering Corporation. The project had been constructed by China Rail ad Bridge
Corporation.

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China’s One Belt One Road initiative in known to be two directional in nature which are
known to promote Chinese outbound investment and also encourage international investment
into china. The Chinese government have provided considerable push for industrialization of
Africa. Currently Africa is also establishing itself as the source of labor as well as resources
for china. The private industries of china are taking hold of Africa where more than ten
thousand business of china are present there. While most of the African countries are trying
to industrialize and diversify their economies, china after 40 years of reform has accumulated
rich experience in modernization as well as industrialization (Ferdinand 2016). In some of the
cases, the projects had been suspended by the courts until the government provided enough
compensation to them. There was also a case where the environmentalists took the
government to court in opposition of the railway line which passes through the Nairobi
national park since it will adversely affect the natural habitat of the wildlife within the park.
The combination of the Chinese capital, enterprise, technology, rich experience in the
development have benefitted Africa a lot. The abundant resource of Africa with the huge
demographic dividend along with great market potential will have a great chance of creating
another miracle of development. Nigeria is also a regional and continental self determined
powerhouse is known to adopt and maintain a policy of political neutrality in case of foreign
relations. As a leading nation of West Africa, Nigeria is known to be highly respected in
China. Both Nigeria as well as China are the strategic partners which shares the similar
cultures, historical background and also celebrate their independence on the same day and
also have the highly complementary economies. Therefore comparing the size, market as well
as the population of china and Nigeria, it can be said that the two countries cooperation will
have a large potential to be depended. During the past, china also supports African nations
for attaining the political independence (Cheng 2016). Over the decade, china is also known
to become one of the major economic partner of Nigeria. Nigeria is also known to be one of

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the famous engineering market, export market, major invested destination as well as the best
trading partner in Africa. According to a report it have been found out that the economic
growth of the countries along this route is much faster than the overall economic growth of
china. Due to the foreign direct investment from China in Africa have also increased to more
than 20 percent and is still rising. The main geographical region of china’s involvement in
Africa lies along the countries involved in the belt and road initiative from Djibouti, Kenya,
and Ethiopia spreading through Nigeria. According to Breuer 2017 there’s a potential output
for success for belt and road through the creation of infrastructure project and extensions of
the maritime Silk Road in Kenya. China have already provide huge help for the Africa in
terms improving connectivity and development of infrastructures (Dai 2017). The railway
which is 759 kilometer long made by china is known to connect the landlocked Ethiopia to
the trade routes of the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. It have carries a huge of passengers in
the late 2016. China had also constructed the Mdaraka Express which is known to connect the
capital city of Nairobi with the Mombasa The trade between the china and Africa known to
have increased from $2 billion to more than $6 billion in 2017 which is known to represent
only 7 percent of the total trade volume between china and Africa. In the year 2016, the
investment of China in Nigeria known to have grown by 27 percent in the year 2016.
The total investment in Nigeria have climbed to $15 billion. The nation is currently
referred to as “Africa’s China” among the global investors. The influx of the advanced
technologies from China, management along with experienced talents have boosted the
development of the economy of Nigeria. The Chinese products also acts as the pillar of the
local economy of Africa which made their hometown a better place. Nigeria also have all the
required qualities for becoming one of the world manufacturer and China also have the
willingness and ability for supporting Nigeria. The One Belt and One Road Initiative of china
therefore provides a platform to china as well as Africa for effectively conducting their

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cooperation. Africa’s trade dependency on China have played an important role for reducing
the potential for interregional trade and African countries also need to develop various
policies which will be boosting the manufacturing and downstream the processing capacity.
The belt and Road initiative is also termed as the One Belt One Road which is the
development strategy which is adopted by the Chinese government. It involves infrastructural
development and investments in more than 150 countries in Africa, Asia, Middle East and
Latin America. On the other hand in case of Africa China is financing a new railway linking
Tanzania's Indian Ocean port of Dar as Salaam to Africa's landlocked interior. In South
America, plans for China to fund a transcontinental railroad from Brazil to the Pacific Ocean
are on trackThe Belt and Road Initiative is the most important feature of China’s foreign
policy1. The Initiative aims to interconnect countries in Asia, Europe and Africa through an
ambitious vision for infrastructure, economic and political cooperation. Since China’s
President Xi Jinping first proposed the Initiative in 2013, it has mainly focused on Asia and
Europe.
This particular intuitive by china is also called the Belt and Road Initiative. However, the
republic of Ghana in West Africa does not form part of the sixty countries along the one belt
one road initiative (Cheng 2016). Although there is a very good relationship present between
the Ghanaian and Chinese government which is also known as the Sino Ghanaian
relationship and it also known to affect positively and negatively on the Republic of Ghana.
Besides trade, china have been always in a good relationship with Ghana. The relationship
between the china and Ghana is rapidly deepening over all these years in terms of trade. The
Belt and the Road Initiative is known to be launched by the leadership of the people of China.
The Belt and the Road Initiative is known to cover virtually all the countries of Eurasia which
comprised of some of the Central Asia including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.
Through the belt and road initiative the government of china proposes for supporting the

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various types of interventions in the partner countries which is known to include the
infrastructure and investments into the production capacity. The objective of BRI will create
an opportunity for thee landlocked and geographically economies of China. The Chinese
government have already provide huge help for the Africa in terms improving connectivity
and development of infrastructures. The foreign trade of the countries are seemed to be one
of the areas which are mostly affected. There are known to presence of several channels
through which the belt and road initiative might influence the foreign trade of many
economies. These include development of the infrastructure which facilitates the trade of the
economies of China, development of the other infrastructure like electricity, product quality
testing, irrigation systems and certification infrastructures. The BRI is also known to affect
the foreign trade like the macroeconomic effects, cooperation in the trade policy and
facilitation of trade.
1.3 Research Aims
The aim of this research is to critically assess and understand the economic relationship
between China and countries in Africa and subsequently the impact of the Belt and Road
Initiative and debt sustainability in countries in Africa whilst also discussing and evaluating
burgeoning myths surrounding the motives for China’s investment in countries in Africa
1.4 Research Objectives
 To outline and understand the concept of the Belt and Road initiative from an African
perspective.
 To explore the incentives behind China’s increased focus in countries in Africa.
 To examine how China’s aids affects the conditions of debt sustainability in countries
in Africa.

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1.5 Research Questions
 How will China’s aids will be affecting the conditions of debt sustainability in
countries in Africa?
 What is the initiative behind the China’s increased focus in Africa?
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The research study mainly focuses on the economic implication of China in Africa
regarding the incentive behind China’s belt and road initiative. It also highlights of the effect
in the Middle East which has been depicted in the entire research study. It also examines the
geopolitical and economic implication regarding the belt and road initiative. Further the
details regarding the one belt, one road initiatives from the centerpiece of the Chinese
leadership new foreign policy. The research deals with the overview and implication of the
one belt one strategy in Africa. Further discussion regarding the developments and the
improvements made in that case. The case study merely depends on the past and currents
reports and survey associated with the development of the significant aspects associated with
this project.
In the study the strategic policies adopted by both the countries which are China and
Africa have been depicted in the entire study. The political and the diplomatic point of view
of the country and the process initiative in order to remove the barriers associated in the
development of the project which is the one belt one road strategy. Details regarding the
amount of investments needed to be made by China where the African government also owes
money from the acceptance of such huge project remained transparent in this study (Aris
2016). The key parameters and the resultant output of the company have been disclosed in a
detailed manner by pointing out the glitches associated in this study. All the positive and the

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negative aspect of the investment regarding this project and further the key risks associated
within has also been highlighted in a detailed manner. Accordingly the proposed changes are
needed to be made by the both the government in order to generate effective output out of
such major initiative.
2.2 Overview
The one belt one road (OBOR) initiative was introduced by the president of China
during with the motive to increase or rather boost the trade relationship in Africa and the
South East Asia. Africa has been a target market for China and hence plans to make
investment in the project of the one belt one road strategy. Moreover the trade relationship
between both the countries became strong and effective which gave access to use many of the
natural resources in Africa (Jiang 2017). This kind of strategy creates impact on the continent
on the basis of the trade relation and the attractive investment made by China and furthers the
infrastructural development. The one belt one road maritime silk road operates all over the
continents of the Asia, Africa and Europe.
The China’s expansion in the belt and road initiative led to an overall investment of
around $1 trillion for the renovation of the new infrastructure and connectivity across the
European and the African continent. The Chinese initiative from the initial position received
an overwhelmingly positive reception. The broader trend which has been included in the
strategic and the financial costs are the risks associated with the BRI and the investments
made by the Chinese regarding the sensitive infrastructure(Chaisse and Matsushita 2018).
Such growth of China is said to be the sharp power and the process of utilizing the economic
influences which further acts as an extension of the foreign policy in order to punish or rather
incentivize the regional states aligned with its agenda.

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The key initiative of this strategy is to develop the strategy of the Vision and Actions
in order to build the Silk Road Economic Belt along with the Maritime Silk Road (Cui and
Song 2019). The main of the two belts is to promote connectivity in the continents of Asian,
European and the African continents and their corresponding seas further strengthen the trade
routes along the belt and road which balanced the sustainability development in these
countries.
The main focus of the one belt one road strategies is related to China’s involvement in
the global affairs and further its need to export the capacity in the industries when there is
over production which is the infrastructural development and the steel manufacturing. Further
one belt one road strategy discloses the politics or rather the political commitment of China
and the other countries associated with the trade relations and the investment strategies (Cui
and Song 2019). The key improvements in the one belt one road strategy are that energy and
power, public utilities, supply chain, constructions, technology, media and the financial
markets. The impact will fall upon all the above mentioned sectors. The main focus of the
one belt one road strategy is to remove the barriers associated with the trade relationship.
Strengthening the trade relation will increase the business perspective of the both the
countries where China will be far ahead in such improvements.
The improvements in the rail roads, sea ports will enhance the trade relation and will
automatically fasten the supply chain system of China with the other countries along with
Africa (Du 2016). The implementation of improvised tools and technology in the process will
build a strong network sea, land and air passage across the continents. The one belt one road
strategy further enhances the potential development in Africa which the African government
was struggling before. This further helped Africa in development in terms of the budget and
the market share.

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2.3 Implication for Africa from China’s One Belt One Road Strategy
China’s belt and road initiative (BRI) which is formerly known as the one belt one
road initiative applied in recent terms. This topic has now become one of the most renowned
debatable topics in the modern history. China’s Belt and Road initiative creates an
intertwining political, economical and security relationship between the Africa and China
which further advances the Beijing’s geopolitical interest. The one belt one road was
launched in 2014 internationally as this initiative is the vision for regenerating the global
engagements.
The strategic scope or significance of the Communist Party of China (CPC) is the
objective of accomplishing the national transformation and further keeping the great power of
China. In this particular initiative, more than 65 countries have signed the program which
further accounted for the about 30 percent of the worlds GDP and further 75 percent goes to
the energy reserves (Diallo 2016). There are around 50 Chinese state owned companies
implementing of around 1700 infrastructure projects around the worlds which almost worth
of $900 billion.
The one belt one road initiative been to the state and ruling party which is formed on
the basis of the strategic priorities for China in order to attain the status of such great power
by the middle of the 21st century. The leaders associated in China have advanced this
initiative since the commencement of the People’s Republic in China.
2.4 Strategic Rationale
The One Belt One Road is regarded as the “Community of Common Destiny for
Mankind” which is further referred to as the new global system of works as an alternative of
the economic, political and security related interdependence with China. As per this reason,
the higher authorities of China described the one belt one road as the national strategy dealt

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with the economic, political and the diplomatic elements considered as the plain series of
initiatives.
The initiative of One Belt One Road supports many of the key fundamentals of
China’s national security strategy. At the basic level, it seeks to redevelop the economic
policies of the world which are the methods adopted by the great power of China. The one
belt one road strategy comprises of two components which are the Silk Road Economic Belt
which further develops the six land corridors connecting the interior of China toward the
Central Asia and further to Europe as well. This also considers the railroads, gas and oil
pipelines starting from the Caspian Sea to China and also includes a high speed bullet train
connecting Southeast Asia towards the eastern seaboard of China. The other element is the
Maritime Silk Road which develops the three blue economic passage connected together
through a chain of sea ports starting from the South China Sea to Africa which also
connection of the direct trade route from China.
The initiative of the one belt one road strategy also increases the manipulation of the
critically associated global supply chain and further its ability to redirect the flow of the
international trade (Chaisse and Matsushita 2018). Due to these efforts further leads towards
the open new sea lines for communication and in order to expand the strategies adopted by
the port of China. The strategic plan of China is to increase the propensity of ports which is in
addition to the 40 ports developed in Africa, Asia and Europe where the stakeholders of
China holds about $40 billion.
The return on such massive investment in this particular project of China has further
increased the propensity of the port access and supply chain. This will automatically fasten
the trade relationship with China, Africa and Europe. As per these improvements, China is

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now the world’s fourth largest shipping convoy and it also manipulates most of the Chinese’s
overseas port holdings.
In case of financing the one belt one road strategy comes from the policy lenders as
the lending decisions taken by them are quite responsive for the presidential and the
geostrategic preferences. The major funding comes from the China Development and the
Export Import Bank of China which have financed for about $ 1 trillion. In the project of the
Silk Road fund constitutes of around $40 billion investments which is further financed by the
Central Bank of China. The additional funds come from the foreign exchange reserves of
China and the sovereign wealth funds constitutes of around $220 billion and $7 trillion.
There are many problems associated with the initiative of the one belt one road
strategy and among them the major concern is related to the growing economic sustainability
where massive Chinese funded projects are being implemented as more debts are involved
taken by the Chinese’s government in this scenario. In case of the infrastructure and
construction, African countries are also facing trouble regarding the usage of the one belt one
road strategy to expand the political leverage military posture of China.
2.5 Significance of One Belt One Road in Africa
The trade routes is linking with the China to east Africa along with the China’s
ancient Silk Road which is further promoted by the higher authorities of China which works
as a symbol of commitment to Africa. Africa is highly benefitted from the infrastructural
development in the one belt one road initiative as inadequate infrastructure is the biggest
blockage as per the development in Africa. The advocates related to the one belt one road
strategy further indicates the potential follow-up regarding the investments in the chinless
tourism, agriculture, real estate and other projects related to the infrastructural development.
The one belt one road is also seen as the increasingly means for African regional

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economic incorporation and further competition associated with it. From a research it was
found that the propensity of trade in the East Africa could be increased by the $192 million
annually, only if the new one belt one road initiative is found profitable. East of Africa
developed into a central lump in the Maritime Silk Road remained an early focus in the one
belt one road strategy. This is further connected by the finished ports, pipelines, railways and
power plants further financed by the banks and lenders in China.
In recent times the biggest investment happened in Kenya after its independence
considered as the flagship project in East Africa regarding the One Belt One Road initiative.
The development of the electric railway which is connected from the Addis Ababa to
Djibouti is an establishment in China naval base which has further stakes in the strategic deep
water port. From the location of Djibouti, the Maritime Silk Road connects the clusters of the
Chinese’s ports situated in Mauritania, Senegal, Sudan , Nigeria and many other countri4es.
These situated trade routes all over the Africa helps China to diversify its supply chain
all over the worlds in order to be super power in the trading business. The Indian Ocean is
also considered among one of the trade routes in Asia and on the contrary to that China’s
planned lane are heavily concentrated and is the reason behind the rivalry of the China with
India as India is a developing country. The significance of Africa to China is that location in
the maritime area where the Beijing hopes to increase its current existence and the protrusion
of power.
The antipiracy of China’s dependent in Africa is its operation outside Asia have now
expanded and grown since the commencement. The military department now posses the
missile frigates, advanced destroyer and other special forces whose roles have evolved to
include the joint combat drills and patrols, military diplomacy and further increased naval and
maritime training and cooperation. The African seas has strengthen the capabilities of the

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projects in China as it will need accordingly in order to provide support to the initiative of the
one belt one road strategy. The elements which is further included here is the basing and the
expeditionary operations, citizen migration during the emergencies and sea lane projection.
Africa is also one the moan clients or users regarding the China’s overcapacities,
which particularly involves the cement, steel, coal, oil and aluminum for the one belt one
road project. In Kenya imports of the cement from China further increases the trade relation
where at that time the Nairobi-Mombasa railway was being built (Summers 2016). The
export of Chinese steel to Nigeria rose about 15 percent and further Algeria tripled its import
of the product. China’s global aluminum trade rose further by 20 percent with further
increase to Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa covering almost the whole of Africa
where investment made of about $46 billion.
In the region of East Africa, Kenya has been the hardest hit in this segment where the
overall export in this region dropped by 40 percent due to the flood of the cements in China
entering the country. The propensity of imports from China increased by 60 percent and in
that particular year Kenya grew by 4 and 6 percent respectively over the same period of time
(Cronin and Lowes 2015). The manufactures of Kenya blamed due to declining of the market
shares due to the increase in the products of the Chinese firms. They also blames for such
decrease in the market share is due to the fact that the import of the raw material and the
Chinese labor from China.
The policy of China is to employ the Chinese Labor for the infrastructure projects in
Africa and as per the survey report it is founded that over 200000 Chinese citizens are
involved in the projects of the one belt one road strategy contracts across the Africa. Hence it
creates explanation for Beijing to take hands on the in order to protect such huge investment

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associated in the project. The initiative of the one belt one road strategy as per the research it
is founded that it increased the globally focused strategy of China.
The strategic nature of the investment in China in Africa such as ports, railways, oil,
gas and oil acts as a threat for the government of Africa which currently termed as the China-
Africa Action Plan. Uganda became the first African country to deploy its military in order to
protect the interest of China in response to the attack on the local of China (Da 2017). The
neighboring country which is Kenya where the security services further trained the police
division of Kenya to protect the Mombasa- Nairobi railway.
This attempt will further neutralize the threats associated with such investments,
Beijing has also provided improvised technology to build the local capacities for intelligence
collection, monitoring and response. This also includes further developed technologies which
are the facial recognition technologies which is recently exported to Zimbabwe, Angola and
Ethiopia. Hence in this case the governments use the disturbing technologies against the
political opponents.
The major issue in this case is that role of the private Chinese companies in the
African security sectors. Under the law of China, due to th9s reason the line between the
private and the public is indistinct. The private firms in this case are required to deploy the
branches of the ruling party with the decision making structure which is also termed in
Chinese language as guojin mintui (Summers 2016). This further strengthens the relationship
of the special force intelligence and the police officials. Now there are about 3000 ex military
members who are employed in the project of the one road one belt project all around the
world.
The private securities services of China works in the most subtly manner like the
intelligence , local police and the military personnel in order to secure the interest of the

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China and further provide advice regarding the application of the implementation of force.
The countries of the East Africa as per the survey report it is founded that the countries owe
about $29 billion loans infrastructure, energy and construction of the projects.
2.6 Methods to protect the African interest in OBOR
The one belt one road strategy has further increased the sustainability of debt. As per the
African research initiative, the East African counties owe China of about $ 29 billion in terms
of the debt for the purpose of the infrastructure, construction and the energy projects. Beijing
also associated with some of the most significant strategies in acquiring the assets than the
debt repayments of the partners (Chen 2016). This kind of the significant developments set
off the alarm bells in the East Africa, where some of the countries in Africa are highly
indebted towards China. There also lies high probability regarding the China can lose their
port in a similar fashion.
In Africa, there is a lot of debate going on regarding the topic of the one belt one road
initiative of China which has further focused on the infrastructural development required in
the continents. As per the estimation made by the World Bank where according to these
investment is up to $170 billion in order to afford the infrastructural improvements in the
coming 10 years (Irshad 2015). The African Development bank is the main source of the one
belt one road project and further channels it to the African Union’s master plan infrastructure.
The transparency in the accountability is a fundamental element which must be
considered by the African countries in order to minimize the risk associated with this
investment. The negotiation related to the project of the one belt one road strategy
automatically prevents the public and the privates sector scrutiny (Huang, Fischer. and Xu

21
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
2017). As per the consideration of this kind of improvements, accountability and mistake are
absent; risks are associated with the unfavorable agreements.
The initiative related to the one belt one road strategy can have positive benefits for
the African countries but on the other hand will further depend on the strong relation between
both the countries which is China and Africa. The challenge of Africa is to keep or rather
boost the interest of China regarding the project associated with the one belt one road strategy
which will further develop the African community at the same time.
From the study it can further be interpreted that the routes of the one belt one road
will have to face many risks and obstacles at the time of build up. The implementation of the
project has much positive and negative impact on both the African and the Chinese. The risks
will only be minimized by the political exercise and effective relationship or rather
partnership and the joint venture arrangements. Potential success is depending on the findings
of the company’s right partners and having networks which further dictates the regulators,
market players, local conditioners in the way of doing business in both China and Africa.
Behind the implication of the one belt one road strategy there has been a lot of
utilization of the resources in Africa. The main concern is related to the investments
regarding the infrastructure of China in order to build the project. The one belt one road
strategy helped Africa to create employment as there is currently ongoing lot of projects
regarding the improvement of the rail road’s, technological enhancements and many other
projects associated in this particular initiative (Du 2016). There will also be an increase in
the production capacity of both the countries which are the Africa and China. China has to
focus on the logistics or the supply chain which is the tools for stretching the trading power in
China.

22
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
There are many benefits associated in the economy of China as there lays the chance
of the increased production which will automatically increase the market share of China. This
effective strategy leads China to become one of the global powers among the countries.
Increased trade relation will boost the economic growth of China were the country will
constantly try to take advantage of such kind of trade relations apart from the obstacles and
the risks associated with it.

23
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The researcher of the study categorises the different methods strategies and policy that
need to be straggled for originating the suitable results for the study. However the
appropriateness of the acquired replies of the study mostly break on the specific research
methodology that is being selected by the research in order to get effective research results. In
addition recognising the research methods does not essentially provide any consequences for
the research. Moreover these documentation help the researcher to obtain a specific path
which helps in obtaining authenticity and actuality to the research. Moreover research
methodology help the research in gaining effective chances, which increases legitimacy of
the results gained by the researcher.
3.2 Method Outline:
The researcher in this technique sketch sheds light on the aims of research methodology.
Moreover, the learner is using effective research methods that are used in the research to
obtain specific results. In addition, the investigator for this research has selected positivism
thinking, which is helpful in determining the actual research process. Moreover, the
researcher has also recognized deductive approach as an actual research approach, which
could be helpful in allowing and reaching results of the study. Flick (2015) cited that
deductive approach helps in defining the real outcome for the research. However, Cronin and
Lowes (2015) argued that deductive approach does not helps in validating the results found
from influenced data collected by the researcher. The researcher has also selected descriptive
research strategy for the study to meet the set aims of the research.

24
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
3.3 Research Onion:
In the third chapter of research methodology, research onion plays a dynamic role in
efficiently using established tools in the research. Moreover, the researcher with the help of
research onion attains effective results for the research. In addition the research onion is an
effective way, in which researcher could obtain the results by completing six different tasks.
The six levels or layers of research onion are directly related to the research process and
techniques that could be used by the researcher. In totalling the research onion also helps in
real use of research strategies, research philosophy and time prospect for the research.
Figure 1: Research onion
(Source: Ledford and Gast 2018)
3.4 Research Philosophy:
Research philosophy enables the researcher to recognise the core of the research study by
using effective research pattern. Research philosophy comprises of four different types,

25
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
which mainly include positivism, interpretivism, realism and pragmatism. As opined by
Sutter et al (2015), the research philosophy has a set of characteristics, which include
epistemology, ontology and axiology. Positivism philosophy is based on the existence of
reality by using logically proven techniques. However, interpretivism philosophy is based
on empathetic involvements and acknowledgement of human beings (Mackey and Gass,
2015). On the contrary, Kumar (2019) contended that positivism philosophy helps the
researcher to analyse the data accumulated by using both quantitative and qualitative
approaches.
The viewpoint of realism is applied to the matters of the research study. However,
pragmatism philosophy combines both the philosophies of positivism and interpretivism for
gaining greater correctness in the research outcome.
3.4.1 Reason for the selection of the chosen research philosophy (Positivism research
philosophy):
The current study aims to dissect the economic implications of china in Africa incentives
behind china’s belt and road. Therefore, in the present case, the researcher has made an
attempt to analyse the economic implications of china in Africa and incentives behind china’s
belt and road initiative . As a result, the researcher has applied the philosophy of positivism
by linking the theories and models discussed in the literature review section with the current
scenario. As the current study focuses on evaluating the incentive behind china’s belt and
road construction initiative in Africa, positivism is the most relevant philosophy to evaluate
the incentive of china in the development of infrastructure in Africa. The researcher has not
applied the other philosophies, as they are not based on scientifically proven theories and
models.

26
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
3.5 Research Approach:
Research approach is the most critical step in directing research study for arriving at the real
and anticipated result of the research. In this situation, Johnson et al (2017) stated that
research approach helps the researcher to recognise each step for execution the desired
actions of the research. Research approach is of two types, namely, inductive approach and
deductive approach. As per the opinion of Panneerselvam (2014), inductive approach allows
the researcher to structure new set of models and theories after quoting the results of the
research. On the contrary, Taylor et al. (2015) are of the view that deductive approach
focuses on scrutinising the available models and theories relating to the research study by
seeking help from the gathered data.
3.5.1 Justification for the selection of the chosen research approach (Deductive):
As the current research focuses on evaluating the incentive of china in the development of
road and other infrastructure of Africa, and there by it is putting an impact on the economic
condition of Africa. Since the researcher has used quantitative analysis for accomplishment
of the outcome of the research. The quantitative analysis is performed by appraising the
responses received from the defendants. In addition, the positivism philosophy is directly
related to quantitative data analysis, in which the data congregated has been assessed with the
help of the historical trends and prevailing models and recognized facts. Therefore, deductive
approach has been considered as the most pertinent one for accomplishment the actual
consequences of the research study.
The researcher, in this study, has not applied the inductive approach because this approach
does not take into interpretation of the quantitative and qualitative data analysis. In addition,
the researcher has not strained to develop any new theory or model after attainment the

27
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
outcome of the research study. Therefore, inductive approach cannot be applied for the
transmission of the research study, since human replies have been given the major importance
and this research needs importance on the economic condition of two country. The secondary
data are usually attained from the secondary sources, which include records, journals and
websites to understand the hypothetical situations and historic performance. This would help
in analysing the present trend of the research issue recognized.
3.6 Research Design:
Research design offers the researcher a chance of guiding the study towards achieving a
specific goal based on the research purposes. As cited by Tesch (2013), research design helps
the researcher to deliver the orientation by preventing the embattled results, in which the
enduring part of the complete research is attained on the declared goal. Research design can
be of three categories, which include explanatory research design, exploratory research
design and descriptive research design. Explanatory research design helps in describing
the cause-effect relationship by predicting the likely future consequences of the constant
process.
Exploratory research design is mainly performed to recognize the details after the issues of
the research. It mostly emphases on the visions of the research subjects challenging the
glitches of the research (Braun et al 2019). On the other hand, descriptive research design
helps to discover and express the subjects and difficulties opposing the research learning. It
mainly offers the researcher a chance to extend the thoughtful and knowledge base.
3.6.1 Validation for the selection of the chosen research design (explanatory):
The present research has absorbed on the economic condition of Africa and the role of china
on the development of the roads and other infrastructure of Africa. Therefore, the current
research also contains a detailed description of the factors influencing the infrastructural

28
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
development of Africa and the role of china in the economic development of the country.
Thus, the study focuses on exploring the reasons behind china’s role in the economic
development of Africa. Along with this, the researcher also focuses on developing a list of
recommendations for the infrastructural development of Africa. Thus, the researcher has
applied the descriptive research design for leading the entire research. The other designs
cannot be applied since they fail to portray the particulars and subjects behind the research
effectively.
3.7 Data collection process:
Data is restrained as the essential need to certify the accomplishment of a research study,
where the group of suitable data is founded on the character of study and the mark results to
be attained. In this regard, Claffy. and Fomenkov (2018) specified that data could be
classified as primary and secondary data. The secondary data are usually attained from the
secondary sources, which include records, journals and websites to understand the
hypothetical situations and historic performance. This would help in analysing the present
trend of the research issue recognized. Ness (2015) cited that secondary data has been
favoured more associated to main data, since they are readily obtainable from the operational
and offline sources.
Quantitative data:
The quantitative data implies the section of information, which could be assessed to deduce
the evidence with esteem to the research results. According to Rahman (2017), the
quantitative data offers the evidence on the subject of the feeling of human insight regarding
specific study information. Therefore, it needs comparatively better sample size for its
assessment. In this particular research, the influence of china on the economic development

29
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
of Africa has been selected as the respondent to analyse the impact of china on the
construction of roads and other infrastructure in Africa.
The researcher has collected both primary and secondary data from varied sources. In this
situation, Berger (2015) stated that the data needs to be gained from applicable and reliable
sources for representing valid inferences on the research study.
This researcher has made mention of primary data collection but I have seen no evidence of
primary data nor research templates for analysis.
Secondary Data Collection:
The researcher has composed secondary data from various bases like past research papers,
magazines, trainings, books and websites relating to Indian IT industry. In the current
research, the literature review chapter has been assembled by collecting the secondary data to
relate the consequences of the study with the research objectives.
Specimen is the technique, in which the embattled respondents for the research study are
selected from a larger inhabitants. Sampling empowers the researcher to choose the most
applicable source of primary data to combine relevant information, which equals the research
goals and aims (McCusker and Gunaydin 2015). The simple arbitrary specimen has been
used to demeanour a review with the specialists, as it provides equal chances to the
defendants of being selected in the survey. Therefore, quantitative data has been obtained by
using random sampling from a large sample. It has been measured that quantitative analysis
requires moderately bigger sample size to find and analyse the replies of the respondents.
Thus, many bureaucrats of Africa and China has been selected for analysing their responses.
3.8 Data analysis plan:
The data has been assessed with the aid of various analytical methods. In this regard, Heale
and Twycross (2015) stated that operative collection of analytical methods is vital to reach

30
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
appropriate and relevant assumption. In addition, it also helps in upholding clearness and
understanding the collected data. The quantitative data has been characterized with tables and
graphs to abridge the explanation process of the collected data. Moreover, the excel
submission has been used to alter the customers’ judgment into the proportion to guess the
trend of respondents’ understandings.
3.9Ethical consideration:
The researcher has maintained proper code of conduct in accomplishment of tasks in
numerous data gathering process. The secondary data has been collected from varied lawful
and reliable bases to confirm the reliability of the research results. The researcher has also
evaded the faint questions in the investigation to encourage the applicants taking part in the
survey with the joint consent. Moreover, the distinctiveness of the respondents have not been
revealed for the reservation issues, in which no such commercial use of the research
declaration has been amused from the end of the researcher.
3.10 Data validation and reliability:
The researcher has vexed to collect the data from the most reliable sources and the human
replies. The researcher has attempted to keep the trustworthiness of the data gathered by
using excel submissions to understand the data. In addition, the researcher has also used the
most relevant and authentic websites for gathering the data gathered and chose the
economists of both the country for addressing the research issues.
3.11 Restraint of primary and secondary data:
The secondary research data has been composed from the economists of both china and
Africa who are aware of the present economic condition of these countries. The authenticity
of the evidence is the key limitation that creates the hindrance between the research
consequences and the success of the study. The professionals have the resolved of providing

31
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
the optimistic image of the organisations by not enlightening the main topics. As a result, the
researcher could face difficulties in recognizing the matters and creating references to
overwhelmed them. It has been measured that the secondary data could be influenced to some
amount, which might obstruct the superiority of the research and in turn, the research
consequence.
3.13 Time frame:
Task Week
(i)
Week
(ii)
Week
(iii)
Week
(iv)
Week
(v)
Week
(vi)
Week
(vii)
Week
(viii)
Week
(ix)
Selection of topic
and search for
justification
Constructing
literature
Selecting
appropriate
methods
Data collection
Data analysis and
representation
Reviewing the
outcomes
Conclusions and
recommendations

32
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Submitting draft
of the project
Printing and final
submission
Table 1: Table showing the timeframe of the complete research
(Source: As created by author)
3.12 Summary:
This segment agreements with classifying several research procedures used by the researcher
for transference of the research learning. The researcher has surveyed the positivism
philosophy, deductive approach and expressive research strategy. The researcher has
collected both primary data and secondary data for incoming at the consequence of the
research study. In addition, the researcher has selected the opinion of the economists of africa
for transferring their responses into the excel applications. Finally, the researcher has
followed the proper code of ethics for the conduction of the research study.

33
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Chapter 4 : DATA ANALYSIS
Country Project Description
Nigeria Coastal Railway The railway will link
lagos with Calabar
which pass through 10
states.
Tanzania Bagamoyo Port 0 million container
port which will link
the railway corridor
which will be next to a
new industrial zone.
South Africa Modderfontein New
City Project
Housing and
entertainment were
built in Johannesburg
Kenya Standard Gauge
Railway
609km railway
connecting Mobasa
Congo DRC Infrastructure for
mines barter deal
The deal was to
develop with mine
fields in Mashamba
and Dimba basins.
Chad Chad Sudan railway 1344km railway
constructed in thre
jhases and will also
link two ntions wth

34
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Cameroon
Nigeria Dangote cement Plc
Expansion
Dangote cement Plc
expansion in Nigeria
which boost cement
production
Mozambique Dam and hydroelectric
station project
1500 megawatt of
power to national
electrcy grid which
occludes construction
of Moamba major dam
Malawi Infrastructure projects Reccnstruction of
Chileka International
Airport and 140 km
Tsango Mwanza road
construction
Sudan Port Sudan Khartaoum
railway
It connects port Sudan
to Khartoum in a 762
km of rail network.
The above table shows the Chinese invested projects in Africa. The coastal railway of
Nigeria is more than 1400 km long where around 12 billon dollar have been spent by china.
The railway had been built to link Calabar and Lagos. It will also pass through the oil rich
Niger Delta state. The Modderfontein new city project had been built in South Africa where
a housing precinct had been built in Johannesburg which is the largest city of South Africa
which also cost about 7 billion. China has known to work bilaterally for agreeing the

35
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
fundamental bilateral policies with the African countries. It had known to end the double
taxation treaties with Morocco, Nigeria, south Africa, morocco, Zambia and Tunisia. In case
of Sudan, a project named Port Sudan – Khartoum railway had been built which completed in
the year 2012. This post is known to connect Sudan with Khartoum in a 762 kilometre
network. The cost of the total project was around 1.3 billion. In Mozambique, Mphanda
Nkuwa dam and hydroelectric station project had been constructed which is known to
provide more than 1500 megawatts of power to the initial electricity grid. This project also
comprise of Moamba major dam which is known to supply drinking water for the residents of
Maputo. The cost of the project was 3.1 billion. The standard gauge railway had been made
in Kenya which a six hundred kilometre of railway that is known to connect Mombasa port to
Nairobi. The Mombasa Nairobi railway station is an important construction under the One
Belt One Road initiative where Kenya acts as a pivot of the china’s OBOR initiative in Africa
and is also known to be the largest recipient of Chinese financial aid for the construction of
the new Silk Road. In the year 2014, Kenya as well as china known to have signed a
cooperation agreement on the project of Mombasa Nairobi railway station. This railway
project is also the first railway to be built in Kenya in the past 100 years. On top of that the
Chinese enterprises are known to join hands with GE which is known to increase EPC
market. The project is known to cover two parts where the first part is termed as the Silk
Road economic belt which is primarily land based and is also expected to connect china with
Eastern Europe, central Asia and Western Europe. The second part is termed as the 21st
century maritime silk road. This is known to be sea based and is also expected to will china’s
southern coast to the Mediterranean, south East Asia and Africa. The one belt one road
initiate is known to connect six corridors which are the new Eurasian land bridge which is
known to connect western china to western Russia, china- central Asia- west Asia corridor
which is known to connect western china to turkey via central and west Asia, china Mongolia

36
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Russia corridor which is also known to connect north china to eastern Russia via Mongolia
and there are others too.
Infrastructural projects have been constructed in Malawi where the Chileka international
airport have been reconstructed with 300 megawatts coal powered station. A 140 km
Tsangano Mwanza rod construction took place for the up gradation of Phomeya Makanjira
Nkhotakota power line. Lastly, there was also a construction of Blantyre district hospital and
cancer centre. The cost of the total project had been around 2 billion. There was also a
construction of chad Sudan railway station which is known to have constructed in three
phases and will be linking two nations of Cameroon. The expenditure of this particular
project was more than 5 billion. In Congo DRC, infrastructures for mines barter deal have
been constructed which was built to develop the mine fields in Mashamba and Dima basins
and Kolwezi. The cost of this total project was 6 billion.
Impact on Djibouti
It is known that more than 10 megaprojects have been funded by china as a part of the belt
and road initiative (BRI) . The belt will also cover Djibouti, the horn of Africa. This pace is
known to have borrowed a lump sum amount of money from china which lead to a rise in
problem. The money specially went to infrastructure projects under the aegis of china’s one
belt one road initiative. Djibouti which is one of the smallest countries in Africa known to
have become the strategy partner of china. Though the country is one of the smallest, many
people have already started dreaming of creating with Chinese help infrastructuttes similar to
Singapore. The electrified train line under the OOBOR initiative which is known to connect
thee two capital city have been constructed a long time back. Although, there is not enough
electricity for the regular operation both china and Djibouti known to have diplomatic
relations since 1979. However, china’s footprint in this small country have become
ubiquitous only over the last few years. Since 2012, Beijing have known to firmly taken

37
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
roots in this small country by constructing multibillion infrastructure projects which
comprises of few ports, new airports and the recently constructed Ethiopia Djibouti railway.
It have also constructed a bulk terminal at Tadjourah, oil pipelines, liquefaction plant and salt
extraction plant at Lake Assal. Beijing therefore is known to provide an utmost importance
to its relations with Djibouti. With a population of more than 887,900 and a combined gross
domestic product of more than one billion US dollar, Djibouti fails to offer much in terms of
trade and marker for the Chinese products. Another reason for the involvement of china’s
decision to enter Djibouti is the result of MAR initiative. The entry of china in this particular
country with a high military base is known to make Djibouti one of the most important ally in
political and security matters. As a part of OBORR initiative china is known to inject 10
billion US dollars for the substantial improvements of the infrastructural projects. However,
recently Djibouti have been identified as the country which have a higher risk of debt
distress.

38
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Source: China Africa Research Initiative. 2019).
Th h above graph show the flow of foreign direct investment in Africa. The above graph
shows that floe of FDI in Africa had been highest during the period of 2008 and 2009 (Aris
2016). The FDI flow in Africa by china is also termed as the overseas foreign direct
investment which have also known to fluctuate in the past decade. The trade between Africa
and china stated that china’s direct investment in Africa known to have grown at a rate of 20
percent. The flow of investment had been highest in the year 2008 which accounted to
US$5.5 billion. The top African destination of the Chinese FDI especially in the year 2014
were Algeria, Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Zambia, Tanzania and Kenya.

39
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
(Source: Nie 2016)
The above table shows the geographical distribution of the Chinese aid and investments
projects in Africa. The Chinese aid projects are known to be more evenly distributed
compared to those of the investment projects. The table shows the names of top 15 countries
where most of the Chinese have invested. The top 15 countries of Africa known to have
received more than 80 percent of total foreign direct investment flows in Africa. The major
recipients comprises of Nigeria, Zambia and South Africa. From these 15 countries, Zambia
have known to receive the largest share of Chinese aid projects. The other topmost recipients
includes Ghana and Tanzania. Since, Zimbabwe have received the largest foreign aid, the
authoritarian regimes are usually not favoured by the Chinese aid.
Economic drivers of the OBOR policy
China have become an emerging country as an overseas investor after being a recipient of
foreign direct investment for three decades. In the late 1990s, china have launched the Going
Out policy where it have started outbound investment. Acquiring the natural resources,

40
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
expanding the brand names, capturing the foreign market share had been drivers of the going
out policy.
Impact on Kenya
GDP growth of Kenya after formation of OBOR
YEAR % age growth
2013 5.878681
2014 5.357132
2015 5.718489
2016 5.869198
2017 4.873937
GDP growth of Kenya before formation of
OBOR
YEAR % age growth
2009 3.30694
2010 8.405699
2011 6.108264
2012 4.563209
2013 5.878681
The above tables show the growth of gross domestic product of Kenya after the policy of one
belt one rad have taken place. The gross domestic product of Kenya in the year 2015 have
been more than 60 billion which is equal to 5.71 percent growth with a population of above
45 million. Kennya has been the entry point for the maritime Silk Road into Africa from
Asia. The important projects of OBOR in Kenya had been the Mombasa Port and the
railways and pipelines built at that time. Both the pipelines as well as the railways had been
linked to the ports of Kenya, oil fields of South Sudan and Uganda while joining Ethiopia,

41
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Burundi and Rwanda which helped in facilitating exports from the country. The length of the
railway line had been around 2700km where more than 600km stretched from Mombasa to
Nairobi (Aris 2016). The estimated cost had been more than 20 billion where the Exim bank
of china had covered more than ninety percent of the cost. The highest impact of Kenya had
been on the infrastructural front where the estimated foreign direct capital investment had
been more than USD 25 billion which were mainly used for the railway modernization.
OBOR policy also includes pipeline from Kenya to Sudan where the expenditure had been
more than USD 4 billion. The Lama port and the infrastructure investment will account to
more than USD27 billion when it will complete. When the projects will fully complete, it
will be benefitting oil export from Sudan and Uganda. The Kenyan route therefore is known
to provide opportunity for south Sudan to export oil to different places in the world.
Negative effects in Kenya
Some African governments feel that the Chinese investments in pipelines, oil and ports can
act as a threat on the national security of Kenya. Large number of Chinese employees were
employed for the infrastructural projects. The one belt and one road initiative also had
troubling implications for the debt sustainability.

42
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
(Source: Du 2016)
The above table represents the sectoral distribution of the Chinese aid and the foreign direct
investment in Africa. The table shows that the manufacturing sector have received the highest
percentage of foreign direct investment. About a quarter of Chinese aid projects have been in
the health sector whereas some parts of the FDI had been invested in manufacturing sector
and 18 percent have been investment where based in construction and the rest of the
investment have taken place whole sale and retail trade and also in mining and quarrying. The
agriculture is the only sector which have attracted the similar amount of investment for both
projects.
(Source: Workman, 2019)

43
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
The above table shows the top ten exports to china by Kenya in the year 2017. The data had
been obtained from the COMTRADE website where the bilateral trade volumes between
Kenya and china can be easily tracked. China exports huge quantities of machinery, nuclear
reactors, boilers and electronic equipment in Kenya. Exports on the other hand comprises
copper, raw hides and skins also.
Trade
The research in 2015 shows that china have known to surpass the growth of United States in
Africa in terms of trade and investment. China is also known to represent more than ¼ of of
trade for the sub-Saharan Africa which have been up from 2.3 percent in the year 1985.
More than one third of the china’s imports are known to come from the sub-Saharan African
region. The trade between Africa and china reached a new high of 126 billion in 2010.n china
mostly imports the natural resources from Africa which comprise of oil, iron ore and metals.
More than 60 percent oil is imported from Africa and 20 percent metals are also imported(Du
and Zhang 2018). Africa is also known to provide a ready untapped market for the Chinese
products. However, there is a presence of serious imbalance between the trade between
African countries and China. According to the news of BBC in the year 2015, the imports
from Africa t china have decreased by up to 40 percent where the commercial relations have
shrunken by 18 percent compared to that of 2014.

44
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
(Source: Cui and Song 2019)
The above chart shows the trade of china with Africa versus the rest of the worlds trade. The
successful implementation of OBOR throughout the African continent will have an added
effect on the improvement of the African trade. The trade among the African countries is the
lowest compared to all other continents where north America accounts for 40 percent and the
rest 60 percent accounted for intraregional trade. The successful implementation of the
OBOR strategy throughout African continent is known to have an added advantage of
improving the intra African trade. With a gross domestic product of USD 1.572 trillion
according to the purchasing power parity, Africa is known to offer a ready market to the rest
of the world and also offers already made market for thee Chinese goods in an era off
slowing down economy. China is involved with the infrastructural projects in Africa with the
OBOR vision for improving the connectivity among the countries, the initiative of which will
offer a clear vision and concerted effort in streamlining the infrastructural development in
Africa.
Top Chinese Imports from Africa (2017)
US$ bnTrade Value Commodities

45
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
unadjusted
1 34.98 Mineral fuels (Oil)
2 10.72 Ores, slag and ash
3 3.97 Copper
4 2.23 Wood
5 1.99 Base metals (excluding iron & steel);
cermets
The table shows the main commodities which are imported by china from Africa. A value of
more 34 million is pent for importing minerals fuels such as oil. The table shows that mostly
oil is imported followed by iron ores, copper, wood and the base metals. More than 10
percent of the ores are being imported by china.
Year Algeria Angola Benin
Botswan
a
Burkin
a Faso
Burund
i
Somali
a
South
Africa
South
Sudan Sudan
Swazilan
d
2007
1160.9
3
12888.6
6 113.16 26.44 155.04 0.67 1.72 6618.09 0.00 0.00 19.33
2008 849.22
22382.5
2 110.16 183.91 62.48 0.12 0.19 9234.97 0.00 0.00 11.28
2009 946.62
14675.8
3 93.78 65.29 116.18 0.97 0.55 8693.25 0.00 0.00 15.11
2010
1177.3
2
22815.0
5 125.63 53.37 121.09 3.46 1.70
14896.4
2 0.00 0.00 2.50
2011
1960.8
9
24922.1
8 176.47 100.67 182.41 13.75 5.80
32095.1
9 0.00 0.00 0.34
2012
2311.9
1
33561.9
0 261.54 119.48 232.66 10.68 3.10
44653.7
4 499.47
1554.2
7 100.38
2013
2164.5
5
31972.6
7 206.01 193.86 186.89 9.31 16.34
48388.4
3
2468.3
4
2100.0
2 115.07
2014
1314.6
8
31106.0
2 266.63 214.82 123.90 4.14 29.82
44571.2
4
4329.2
4
1521.2
8 46.11

46
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
2015 767.36
16001.6
1 77.85 138.73 44.06 2.82 24.71 0.00
2326.8
9 728.39 0.29
2016 331.89
13966.1
2 55.39 62.14 14.00 2.74 10.96 6812.08
1459.7
5 504.71 0.33
2017 448.32
20698.7
1 91.59 33.55 20.44 6.93 11.80 8666.18
1270.0
5 590.80 4.34
(Source: China Africa Research Initiative. 2019)
The above table shows the amount of imports between china from Africa. The china Africa
bilateral trade known to have increased for the past 16 years. The weak commodity prices
since 2014 known to have huge impacted the value of the African exports to china even in
these cases when the Chinese exports to Africa remained steady. The value of china Africa
trade in the year 2016 was only $!28 billion which declined from $215 billion in the year
2014. In the year 201, the largest exporter to china from Africa was Angola which was then
followed by South Africa and the republic of Congo. Also, South Africa was the largest
buyer of Chinese goods which had been followed by Egypt.

47
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
(Source: China Africa Research Initiative. 2019)
Chinese end of the year FDI Stock to Africa, top 5 sectors
Construction Mining Manufacturing Financial Intermediation
Information Transmission,
Computer Services and
Software
100mn US$ % 100mn US$ % 100mn US$ % 100mn US$ % 100mn US$ % 100mn U
2013 68.382 0.261 69.168 0.264 35.108 0.134 36.68 0.14 13.362 0.051 3
2014 79.9048 0.247 79.25779 0.245 43.99616 0.136 53.0542 0.164 13.58705 0.042 53.7
2015 95.1 0.274 95.4 0.275 46.3 0.133 34.2 0.099 14.6 0.042 61.42
2016 113 0.283 104.1 0.261 50.9 0.128 45.6 0.114 19.1 0.048 66.22
2017 128.8 0.298 97.6 0.225 60.8 0.14 57.1 0.132 23.1 0.053 65.85
(Source: China Africa Research Initiative. 2019)
The above table shows the amount of foreign direct investment invested in the different
sectors of Africa. The highest amount was invested in the construction sector where in the
year 2014, the largest amount was invested. In the year the largest amount of money had been
invested in construction, mining, financial intermediation and manufacturing. The top five

48
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
sectors where the Chinese invested the most are the infrastructural construction, mining,
manufacturing, financial intermediation and information transmission.
Forum on China Africa cooperation
In the year 2018, the president of China Xi Jinping have pledged US$60 billion in
financing for projects in Africa where some of the money have been taken in the form of
grants, concessional loans and infrastructures where US420 billion is known to be available
in credit lines and the rest in development financing. In the year 2013, the Chinese president
known to have announced a proposal for a silk road economic belt whose combination is
commonly known as the OBOR initiative. The One Belt One Road usually emphasises on
the five areas of cooperation which includes coordinating development policies,
strengthening of investment and trade relations, forgoing infrastructures, facilitating
networks, deepening of cultural exchanges and also enhancing financial cooperation. Kenya
has always been the favourite choice for OBOR initiative by china. Kenya is also known to
be important for reasons of economic geography. In the year 2016, Tanzania have known to
sign a US$7.6 billion loan agreement with the Exim bank of china. The loan was basically
used for the construction purpose of standard gauge rail corridor which is known to link
Tanzania with its neighbours like Uganda, Congo and Burundi. China have already officially
promised for helping Africa via the African union for building the comprehensive
transportation network. It is also known to heavily involve for enhancing the power
generation capacities of Africa. China also led to the establishment of the multilateral
investment Bank and Shanghai based BRICS Development bank.
Aid from China for the development of road infrastructure of Nairobi
The amount of Chinese commitments for the road infrastructure sector in Nairobi was
estimated to be around $500 million. Several roads which are under construction have been
built by Nairobi. The completion speed of the projects along with the low level of cost are

49
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
known to be underlined. The Chinese are known to practise tied aid which are also
characterized by the absence international tenders which also make it possible for avoiding
lengthy procedures and also launch projects more quickly. The lack of social approach to the
projects also helps in shortening the deadlines. The government of Kenya known to have
allowed the Chinese companies for doing their job an also occasionally provides security.
The performance of the belt road initiative in terms of export had been more than 40 percent
which was known to be very strong in nature. The external situations are known to improve
in the year 2016 for both the exogenous as well as for domestic reasons. The Silk Road
Economic Belt is known to establish six land corridors which will be connecting the interior
of china to central Asia and Europe. The Maritime Silk Road is known to introduce new
chapter in cooperation between Kenya and China. The bilateral cooperation between china
and Kenya have brought a stage of global strategic partnership.
Challenges to OBOR in Africa
One of the biggest challenge to One Belt One Road in Africa is that state of warfare
experienced which is present throughout the continent. Both war and conflict is known to
have a heavy burden on the development of Africa for a long time. Currently, many African
countries have been experiencing wars which can also be termed as the intercommunal
insurrection. The civil war in the south Sudan have and the conflict of the neighbouring
Sudan known to have disrupted the production of oil from the oil fields.
Opportunities faced by Africa due to OBOR
Present infrastructural projects in Africa
The Tanzania Zambia railway line is known to symbolize china’s presence in Africa since
the 1970s. presently china is known to involved in large number of infrastructural projects in

50
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
Africa. The famous initiative under the OBOR was the 2700km long as Africa railway line.
The railway line is known to known to cover Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Burundi as well as
south Sudan. The project have been mainly financed by the export important bank of china
which is called as the Exim Bank. Another major railway project is the 1315 km Kano Lagos
railway line of Nigeria. The other one is the Bengue railway line in Angola, the 170 km long
railway in Libya and the 560 km Santa Clara railway in Gabon. China is also known to
construct various port facilities in Gabon, Tanzania, Kenya, and Djibouti and in many other
countries. Where most of the part of the construction have been constructed by the Chinese
contractors. The infrastructural projects in Africa will help in improving the connectivity
among the countries. The OBOR initiative will be offering a centralized, clear vision as well
as concerted effort in streamlining various infrastructural developments in Africa. Through
this OBOR, the capital inflow will be purely monitored through the AIIB and the SRF (Zhu
2018). The equatorial land bridge is termed to be the natural trade route between the west as
well as East Africa which is also the good starting point for OBOR in Africa expansion. This
route is known to begin in Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, the Congo’s, Central African Republic
to the West in Douala Cameroon. China have also known to have signed a memorandum
with the African union in the year 2015for connecting 54 countries through high speed rails,
roads as well as ports.
Increase in China’s soft power
Soft power is a term used when one country is known to get from the other country what it
wants. The fellow competitors of china is known to enjoy huge amount of advantage in
Africa due to colonialism which existed between the Africa and the west. Soft power also
means that the country uses attraction for getting support from other states rather than the use
of military force o pressure. The OBOR initiative however acts like grand strategy which
worked for peaceful development with the commitment of economic prosperity and peace

51
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
along the belt and road and also considers all states involved. The OBOR’s focus on trade
between china and Africa along with the inclusion of the continent in this particular initiative
will be boosting even more.
(Source: World Bank, 2019)
Another opportunity of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is that it is of tremendous size and
also have large scope. The BRI economies is known to account for one third of the global
trade and the gross domestic product (Cui and Song 2019). When the projects under the belt
and rad initiative will be successful in nature, they will stand to benefit a huge number of
poor people along with huge swath of the world economy where there are large positive
spilllover effects on global opportunity for African development. welfare.
The large unexploited resources of Africa also acts as an opportunity for African
development. The BRI economies are known to be increasingly integrated with the rest of the
world and with each other. The contribution to the global export made by the BRI known to
have doubled in the last two decades (Lewis and Moise 2018). However, only a handful of
belt and road economies are responsible for the lion’s share of these particular exports. The
trade of many belt and road initiative economies in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Laos and Nepal

52
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
is known to be below potential as a result of inadequate infrastructures weak policies and
other gaps. When the BRI initiate will be successful, the BRI will be contributing for filling
these gaps, will boost international commerce particularly for those countries which is known
to integrate fully to the world economy.
Lastly, the One Belt One Road Initiative helps in improving the connectivity. It generally
takes more than a month to ship goods from china to central Europe, where most of the goods
are transported by the sea. However, shipping goods by the train will cut the transit time in
half but it can be more expensive. There is a trade-off between saving money and saving time
where each day delay used to reduce trade by more than one percent. Improvement of the
capacity and network of railways with the other transport infrastructures can lead to more
cross border trade with increased investment and improved growth in BRI economies.
Regional cooperation on infrastructure improvements is usually needed for solving this
challenge. When this regional cooperation is successful in are, the belt and road initiative
projects tend to make trade a lot easier in some of the world’s most important economic
corridors.

53
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
(Source: Ft.com, 2019)
The chart above shows the amount of funding for the belt and road initiative by different
banks of banks of china. The chart above shows that a total amount of $292 billion have been
invested for the project of belt and road initiative (Zhu 2018). The big 4 state owned
commercial banks funded the largest amount followed by china development bank followed
by the export import bank of china.
However, there are presence of lot of challenges and risks of the one belt one road initiative
in Africa
One of the challenge faced by the one belt one road initiative is that it faces domestic
opposition to the projects

54
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
In many countries of Africa, there is a presence of highly vibrant civil society which have
known to witness opposition by the civil society groups to various infrastructural projects
which are deemed to have adverse effects on the community. The government of Kenya had
to millions of dollars to the communities who are affected the construction of the standard
Gauge railway line as the compensation for the project to take off. In some of the cases, the
projects had been suspended by the courts until the government provided enough
compensation to them. There was also a case where the environmentalists took the
government to court in opposition of the railway line which passes through the Nairobi
national park since it will adversely affect the natural habitat of the wildlife within the park.
The project however will be continuing, the civil society in the African countries including
Kenya is a challenge which needs to be overtaken. This will be increasing the cost of the
projects while the duration of implementation might also be lengthened to counter for the
court appearances and consultations with the communities involved. Next, the policy barriers
is also known to create thick barriers. The delays crossing the borders cumbersome custom
procedures and restrictions on the foreign direct investment tend to be quite significant in
Belt and road initiative countries compared to the other regions. Central Asia will be taking
up to 50 days for complying with all procedures to import goods. The BRI countries also
known to comprise of more restrictive as well as burdensome foreign investment policies
than the high income OECD countries. Which acts in terms of starting a foreign business,
arbitrating commercial disputes and accessing the industrial land.
Presence of intra as well as interstate conflicts
One of the biggest challenge to OBOR in Africa is the state of warfare experienced which
takes place throughout the continent. The conflicts and war are known to exact a heavy
burden on the development of Africa since a long time. Currently, many countries in Africa is
known to experience wars with Democratic republic of Congo. The different conflicts which

55
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
have plagued Africa are imperial, anticolonial, intra state international conflicts. These wars
are known to have massive economic as well as infrastructural damage to the affected
countries. China will also face loss since it imports more than ten percent oil when operation
are known to be at full capacity. However, the conflicts and the civil war within South Sudan
have disrupted the oil production from the oil fields and also ships this oil to china (Du and
Zhang 2018). The war in Sudan also states that the production will be reduced by over theory
percent capacity. The conflicts also resulted to shut down. However, china is known to
continue to be an important ally for the African continent. The one belt one road initiative is
known to offer an opportunity for deepening Sino African Relations which known to be
explored further by the leadership of both Africa and China. On one hand, china has global
ambitions while Africa is in dire need of capita for the infrastructure development where the
one belt one road policy is known to offer best platform to pursue this.
Can the researcher please provide sources for every figure and data represented in this
project. In text citation and sources is a must. The researcher has made claim to so many
statements in this project which cannot be proven to be true without intext citation.
Chapter 5: CONCLUSION
The one belt one road is big strategy to promote international economic in term of
regional cooperation. It is implemented in a state capitalism model. Given its vast
geographical coverage and the scope of economy. This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of
one belt one road in Kenya. It is found Kenya is considered as the hub of the initiative in
Africa. Huge number of railway projects have been initiated across Africa which includes
completion of first fully electrified cross border railway line of Africa connecting the Red Sea
Port of Djibouti with Addis Ababa. The project was seventy percent financed by the Exim
Bank of China and built by the China railway Group. The lack of social approach to the
projects also helps in shortening the deadlines. The government of Kenya known to have

56
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
allowed the Chinese companies for doing their job an also occasionally provides security.
The performance of the belt road initiative in terms of export had been more than 40 percent
which was known to be very strong in nature. The external situations are known to improve
in the year 2016 for both the exogenous as well as for domestic reasons. The Silk Road
Economic Belt is known to establish six land corridors which will be connecting the interior
of china to central Asia and Europe. The Maritime Silk Road is known to introduce new
chapter in cooperation between Kenya and China. The bilateral cooperation between china
and Kenya have brought a stage of global strategic partnership.

57
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS IN AFRICA
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