Safe Administration of Medications

Safe administration of
medications
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Table of Contents
Answer 1....................................................................................................................................3
Answer 2....................................................................................................................................3
Answer 3....................................................................................................................................4
Answer 4....................................................................................................................................4
Answer 5....................................................................................................................................5
Answer 6....................................................................................................................................5
Answer 7....................................................................................................................................6
Answer 8....................................................................................................................................7
Answer 9....................................................................................................................................9
References................................................................................................................................10
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Answer 1
a) “Therapeutic Goods Administration” (TGA) is accountable for guaranteeing that the
therapeutic goods supplied in the country will be safe and fit to be utilized for the proposed
purpose (Department of Health Australia, 2019). Three ways that medicines are controlled by
the TGA to be utilized in Australia are regulation of medicines; regulation of medical
devices; and therapeutic goods regulated by TGA.
b) The safe usage of medicines can be ensured by modifying the medicines based on risks to
the individuals, implementation of suitable regulatory controls, ingredients in medicines with
lower risk, monitoring by the TGA (Department of Health Australia, 2019). The guidelines
related to medical devices includes classification of medical devices on the basis of the levels
of risk and measuring amenability with the international standards and in directive of in-vitro
diagnostic medical devices, blood, blood components, sterilant and disinfectants (Australian
Government Department of Health, 2019).
Answer 2
Clinical trials are conducted for the collection of data related to security and competence of
new drugs and devices. Four phases of sanctioning in clinical trials procedures before selling
medicinal drugs or devices in the market include four phases (Gogtay, Ravi, & Thatte, 2017).
Phase I examines a new biomedical involvement initially, on a smaller group of people to
assess safety i.e. to regulate safe dosage range and side effects. Phase II examines an
intervention on a larger group of people to regulate competence and for further assessment of
safety. Phase III examines efficacy of intervention on larger sets of experimental participants
by equating the intervention to experimental or non-interventional standard care. Phase IV
monitors efficacy of accepted intervention among people and to collect information regarding
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unfavourable impact associated with extensive utilization for long time (Australian
Government National Health and Medical Research Council, 2015).
Answer 3
Pharmacokinetics is demarcated as the learning of time duration of drug absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion. In medical sense, pharmacokinetics refers to the
implementation of pharmacokinetic principles for secured and efficient therapeutic
management of drugs on individuals (Aschenbrenner, 2012).
Pharmacodynamics is the association between drug concentration at the site of action and its
subsequent impact, which include time duration and concentration of the therapeutic and
adversative effects. The impact of a drug within the site of action is identified by the binding
of that drug with the receptor, which might be on the neurons in CNS (ASHP, 2019).
So, pharmacokinetics studies the pathway of drug inside the body while pharmacodynamics
studies the site of action and outcomes of the drug over the human body.
Answer 4
All the tissues of body have the capability to metabolize drugs but, liver is considered as
main organ for drug metabolism. In oral medication, all the drug doses are absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract, which is then transported to the liver by the portal vein (Pond & Tozer,
2014). A portion of the drug could then be digested in the liver before it spreads the systemic
circulation, which reduces the oral bioavailability of the drug. It is known as “Hepatic first
pass effect”. It is due to this reason that a small fraction of active drug spreads within the
systemic circulation and to its planned target (Thorn, 2012).
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