Safe Administration of Medicines Question Answers 2022

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Safe Administration of
Medicines
Question answers
student
8/27/2019

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Table of Contents
Ans. 1......................................................................................................................... 2
Ans. 2...................................................................................................................... 2
Ans. 3...................................................................................................................... 3
Ans. 4...................................................................................................................... 3
Ans. 5...................................................................................................................... 4
Ans. 6...................................................................................................................... 4
Ans. 7...................................................................................................................... 5
Ans. 8...................................................................................................................... 7
Ans. 9.................................................................................................................... 10
References................................................................................................................... 12

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Ans. 1
(A, B)
1. Pre-market assessment; this helps in evaluating and assessing the risks associated with
the therapeutic products (Ghosh, Skinner & Ferguson, 2006).
2. Post-market monitoring and enforcement of standards; this helps in identifying and
assessing any risk posed by the product after released in the market (Kumari, et al., 2016).
3. Licensing of Australian manufacturers and verifying overseas manufacturers'
compliance with the same standards (Kulkarni, 2017) as their Australian counterparts; this
helps in the manufacturing of risk free and good quality products by approving the selected
companies only (Department of Health: Therapeutic Goods administration, 2019).
Ans. 2
Phase 1: This particular phase is conducted to define effects of the medicine or medical device
on human involving how it is absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body (Friedman et
al., 2015).
Phase 2: This 2nd phase of drug testing includes up to several 100 patients. This permits
researchers to deliver the pharmaceutical organization and the FDA with relative information
about the comparative safety and efficiency of the novel drug (Pallmann et al., 2018).
Phase 3: This is the large-scale examination, which delivers the knowledge of the efficiency of
the medicine or device, the advantages and the variety of probable side effects (Piantadosi,
2017).

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Phase 4: The Pharmaceutical organizations can compare a new drug with other different drugs
already available in the market; to screen a drug's lasting efficiency and effects on a diseased
person’s quality of life; and to identify the cost-effectiveness of the drug therapy comparative to
other customary and new treatments (Wright, 2017).
Ans. 3
Pharmacokinetics is presently described as the study of the time taken by the drug for absorption,
circulation, metabolism, and elimination (Wagner, 2018). The Clinical pharmacokinetics is the
use of principles of pharmacokinetic to the harmless and effective therapeutic controlling of
drugs in a particular patient. Primary goals of medical pharmacokinetics comprise increasing
efficacy and reducing toxicity of drug therapy (Sime et al., 2018).
Pharmacodynamics defined as the association between concentration of the drug at the place of
action and the subsequent effect, counting the time course and concentration of therapeutic and
negative reaction (Kamath, 2016). The impacts of a drug existing at the location of action are
identified by the binding of drug with the receptor. For instance, Receptors might be available on
neurons in the CNS to reduce pain sensation (Weerink et al., 2017).
Ans. 4
First-pass effect is when a drug administered to the patient, enters his or her liver and goes
through widespread biotransformation and therefore reducing the concentration quickly before it
reaches to its target (Kamath, 2016). It takes place most usually when a drug is provided orally.
Later the drug is absorbed in patient’s GIT and reaches the portal circulation beforehand entering
patient’s systemic circulation (Wang, et al., 2017). Through the portal flow it transports to the
liver where certain drugs undertake widespread biotransformation and the concentration of the