Evaluating the Role of Facility Managers in the Project Delivery Process

This research study aims to evaluate the role of building facility managers in the project delivery process at the design stage. Facility managers can play vital roles during the design time in delivering projects that are sustainable and easy to maintain. The paper discusses the relationship between project design and facility management, and how facility managers' involvement can have impacts on delivering sustainable projects.

Salford Business School
Evaluating the role of facility managers in the project
delivery process from project design to the construction
management.
Mahmoud D. ABAKAR
Student ID: @00474238
Total word count: 15506
A dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of The University of
Salford for the degree of MSc Project Management.
January 2019

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Abstract
This research study aims to evaluate the role of building facility managers in the project
delivery process at the design stage. Facility managers can play vital roles during the
design time in delivering projects that are sustainable and easy to maintain. That’s
because facility managers are accountable for planning, operating and also cost-
effectively maintaining the buildings after construction. It is therefore required to have
the operational feedbacks from the facility managers at the design phase to deliver a
project that’s easy to operate and maintain.
The paper aims to discuss the relationship between project design and facility
management. It assesses the role of facility managers at the design stage and how their
involvement can have impacts on delivering sustainable projects.
The research relied on books, journals, and online resources for the secondary data to
analyze the roles of facilities as well as the construction management, and linking these
roles with the project design process. To gather the primary data, a total of 94
participants requested to provide their views through questionnaires where 12 of the
participants were interviewed. The respondents were asked to offer their opinions if the
facility manager’s involvement at the project design stage is essential, and whether his
inputs will lead to a sustainable project. The researcher used a mixed method for
analyzing the data.
The conclusion from the study is that the facility manager’s participation in the project
delivery process should lead to a design that’s sustainable to run and maintain. The
research confirms facilities managers can have valuable roles to play in the project
delivery process at the design phase. The analysis of the information revealed that
design considerations made at the project design stages have led to a facility that is
cost-effective to operate and maintain. These design considerations should take the
facilities management's functions into account at the design stage to ensure delivering a
project that's cost-effective and efficient to run. Although the majority of the facility
managers can contribute to the project delivery process; the research study
recommends to consider only those with adequate experience to work with the design
team. Heravi, Coffey, and Trigunarsyah (2015) stated that inaccurate understanding of
key concepts related to sustainability, lack of the practical experiences provide negative
impacts on the efficiency of the sustainable practices in the design of the facility
management. It's also suggested to integrate the involvement of facility management
expertise at the time of project tendering, particularly for large or complex development
projects, so that contractors who neglect to include facility management professionals in
their proposals be disqualified.
Keywords: Construction management, facilities management, facility manager,
construction work, project defects, project briefing.
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Acknowledgement
Conducting this research has been one of the most enriching experiences of my life.
The contribution of this research to enhance my knowledge base and analytical skill has
been paramount. It gave me the opportunity to face challenges in the process and
overcome them. This would not have been possible without the valuable guidance of my
professors, peers and all the people who have contributed to this enriching experience. I
want to take this opportunity to thank my supervisor Mr. David Wheeler for the constant
guidance and support provided to me during the process of this research. It would not
be justified if I did not thank my academic guides for their essential and valuable
assistance and encouragement throughout the research process. I would also like to
thank my friends who had provided me with help and support for collecting primary data
and valuable resources. Finally, I would like to thank the professionals from various
organizations who have participated in the research survey and provided with useful
inputs into the subject. The support of all these people has been inspiring and
enlightening throughout the process of research in the matter.
Heartfelt thanks and warmest wishes
Yours Sincerely,
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Declaration
Programme & Year MSc Project Management, January 2019
Module Dissertation
Supervisor Mr. David Wheeler
Briefly, unfair means in assessed work is likely to fall into one or more of the following
categories:
 Plagiarism.
Plagiarism involves taking the work of another person or source and using it as if it were
one’s own. Work includes, but is not restricted to, written work, ideas, musical
compositions, computer programs, laboratory or survey results, diagrams, graphs,
drawings and designs.
 Collusion.
Collusion involves working with others on tasks that should be carried out on an
individual basis. Collusion should not be confused with collaborative work which is
sometimes used as a means of learning. It will be clearly stated when collaborative work
is permitted in an assessment. Unless advised otherwise, any work which is submitted
for assessment must be produced by individual students.
 Falsifying experimental or other investigative results.
This could involve a range of things that make it appear that information has been
collected by scientific investigation, the compilation of questionnaire results, etc.
whereas in reality it has been made up or altered to provide a more favorable result.
 Contracting another to write a piece of assessed work.
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This involves any means whereby a person does work on behalf of another. It includes
assessments done for someone else in full or in part by a fellow student, a friend or
family member. It includes sitting an examination for someone else. It also covers
obtaining material from Internet ‘cheat sites’ or other sources of work. Penalties for this
type of unfair means are likely to apply both to a student who does work on behalf of
another and one who has work done for him/her.
By submitting my work here I declare that:
 this work is my own
 if this is a group project, each student has contributed to the work in accordance
with the set criteria
 the work of others used in its completion has been duly acknowledged
 experimental or other investigative results have not been falsified
 I have read and understood the University Policy on the Conduct of Assessed
Work (Academic Misconduct Procedure) -
http://www.salford.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/653648/AcademicMiscondu
ctProcedure.pdf
It is the student’s responsibility to be aware of this policy and procedure.
Signature _________________________
Name (print) MAHAMOUD DAOUD ABAKAR
ID Number Date @00474238 Date February 25, 2019
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................10
1.1 Background of the research...................................................................................10
1.2 Research aims and objectives...............................................................................11
1.3 Research question.................................................................................................12
1.4 Rationale of the study.............................................................................................12
1.5 Hypothesis..............................................................................................................13
1.6 Proposed methodology..........................................................................................13
1.7 Limiting and delimiting factors................................................................................14
1.8 Outline of the report structure................................................................................15
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................17
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................17
2.2 Overview of facility management...........................................................................19
2.3 Role of facilities management in building projects.................................................22
2.3.1 Environmental conditions................................................................................23
2.3.2 Maintenance, clean and ground maintenance................................................25
2.3.3 Communication and control system................................................................25
2.3.4 Building management system.........................................................................25
2.3.5 Space planning and management..................................................................26
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2.3.6 Benchmarking..................................................................................................27
2.4 Integrated systems approach influence the design process..................................28
2.4.1 Integrated system............................................................................................28
2.4.2 Management oriented system.........................................................................29
2.5 Role and rationale of facility management expertise in project design process and
construction management............................................................................................30
2.6 Summary................................................................................................................36
Chapter 3: Research Methodology..................................................................................39
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................39
3.2 Research philosophy..............................................................................................39
3.3 Research approach................................................................................................40
3.4 Research design....................................................................................................41
3.5 Data collection method and techniques.................................................................41
3.5.1 Data collection methods..................................................................................41
3.5.2 Data techniques..............................................................................................42
3.6 Sampling and population........................................................................................43
3.7 Timeline..................................................................................................................44
3.8 Ethical considerations............................................................................................46
3.9 Research limitations...............................................................................................47
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3.10 Summary..............................................................................................................48
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion.................................................................................50
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................50
4.2 Quantitative data analysis......................................................................................50
4.2.1 Regression analysis........................................................................................73
4.3 Qualitative data analysis........................................................................................81
4.4 Summary................................................................................................................84
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations...............................................................85
5.1 Conclusion..............................................................................................................85
5.2 Recommendations.................................................................................................88
Chapter 6: Limitation of study and scope for further research........................................90
6.1 Limitations of study.................................................................................................90
Appendix..........................................................................................................................97
1. Survey Questionnaire...............................................................................................97
2. Ethics Approval Application Form..........................................................................103
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Table of Figures
Figure 4.1: Gender...........................................................................................................49
Figure 4.2: Age group......................................................................................................50
Figure 4.3: Qualification of respondents..........................................................................52
Figure 4.4: Work experience...........................................................................................53
Figure 4.5: Business sector.............................................................................................54
Figure 4.6: Facility manager can coordinate the services of building.............................56
Figure 4.7: Maintenance, benchmarking, safety and life cycle costing are important
considerations at project design stage............................................................................57
Figure 4.8: Estimation of impact on cost and circulation of spatial requirements...........59
Figure 4.9: Formulation of sustainability is required in project construction management
stage................................................................................................................................60
Figure 4.10: Safety and security of buildings is most important pre-design phase.........62
Figure 4.11: Design considerations provide an impact on ease and cost.......................63
Figure 4.12: Business process modelling (BIM) uses in facilities management is
considered the future to manage facilities.......................................................................65
Figure 4.13: BIM improves productivity of facilities management processes.................66
Figure 4.14: Facility manager will deliver high quality construction projects..................68
Figure 4.15: BIM permits for optimization of post construction handovers.....................69
Figure 4.16: Training and management of data are concerns about project design and
construction management...............................................................................................71
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Table of Tables
Table 4.1: Gender............................................................................................................49
Table 4.2: Age group.......................................................................................................50
Table 4.3: Qualification of respondents...........................................................................51
Table 4.4: Work experience.............................................................................................53
Table 4.5: Business sector..............................................................................................54
Table 4.6: Facility manager can coordinate the services of building..............................55
Table 4.7: Maintenance, benchmarking, safety and life cycle costing are important
considerations at project design stage............................................................................57
Table 4.8: Estimation of impact on cost and circulation of spatial requirements............58
Table 4.9: Formulation of sustainability is required in project construction management
stage................................................................................................................................60
Table 4.10: Safety and security of buildings is most important pre-design phase..........61
Table 4.11: Design considerations provide an impact on ease and cost........................63
Table 4.12: Business process modelling (BIM) uses in facilities management is
considered the future to manage facilities.......................................................................64
Table 4.13: BIM improves productivity of facilities management processes..................66
Table 4.14: Facility manager will deliver high quality construction projects....................67
Table 4.15: BIM permits for optimization of post construction handovers......................69
Table 4.16: Training and management of data are concerns about project design and
construction management...............................................................................................70
Table 4.17: Summary output table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 1..72
Table 4.18: ANOVA table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 1................73
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Table 4.19: Coefficient table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 1...........73
Table 4.20: Summary output table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 2..75
Table 4.21: ANOVA table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 2................75
Table 4.22: Coefficient table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 2...........75
Table 4.23: Summary output table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 3..77
Table 4.24: ANOVA table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 3................77
Table 4.25: Coefficient table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 3...........78
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the research
This paper is made to evaluate the role of facility managers in the project delivery
process from the project design to construction management. Buildings have direct as
well as indirect impact on the environment because they require considerable resources
to build, operate and also to maintain. From the project starting, to designing,
constructing, and operating phases of facility lifecycle, there is needs to design for a
cost-effective facility to operate and maintain. This study examines the role plus impact
of facility managers in the design process (Azhar, Khalfan and Maqsood 2015). The
purpose of the facility manager is to ensure providing continued sustainable operations
of facilities. This research is aiming to discuss the linkage between the design of the
facility and the maintenance of the facility.
With the increasing demand for sustainable design, cost, and energy efficient
buildings, organizations are seeking direction on how to incorporate sustainability
concepts in the construction projects. Production of facility design take considerations of
environmental concerns and maintenance cost at the priorities of any complex projects.
As buildings last for a long time, it is better to design for cost-effective operations as well
as maintenance. Guy and Shove (2014) argued that the designers, as well as
architects, are aware of environmental needs like energy code, ecological impact
assessment needs. The building industry is a significant amount of natural resources;
therefore it is required to make sure that it takes a version of continuation more over
ecological issues when tasking of the construction projects. Menassa and Baer (2014)
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stated that the green building is used to explain the design of facilities for minimizing
impacts on the environment.
Green buildings offer a feasible option to the conventional structures in that they
are cheaper to build moreover function. Design composition plus procurement methods
can provide an impact on project design processes. The problems which are identified
included of change in project requirements, communicational challenges, and control of
cost and inadequate supply of information (Pacheco-Torgal et al. 2014). The process of
procurement allows experts with a variety of skill sets to approach together at project
design; therefore it will support significant and balanced assistance to design aspects.
Siew, Balatbat, and Carmichael (2013) asserted that design and space
management is one of the primary responsibilities of the facility manager. There is
required to have proper space planning as well as management at the project design
stage to make sure that operation, as well as continuation reflections, is to be taken on
board at the instance of planning for space usage.
1.2 Research aims and objectives
The objective of this research study is to determine the relationship between
building maintenance and design. It highlights that the facility managers have a
significant function in the process from project design to construction management. The
following are the research objectives:
 To determine the role of the facility manager in the facility design.
 To determine the impact of involvement of facility managers at the design stage.
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 To determine the integrated systems approach which can influence the design
process
1.3 Research question
The research question is:
How can the role or function of the facility manager in the process of project designing
be improved/developed?
1.4 Rationale of the study
Facility managers play an essential role to ensure sustainable operations in the
business organization. The facility manager is engaged directly in facility procurement
processes. Increase in price of energy along with environmental awareness is the main
drivers behind the design of a green building. The developers are concerned with
expenses incurred by the facility continuance; therefore it is required to invest in the
sustainable buildings from design and construction management (Harrison and Lock
2017). Evaluation of the structures is critical to improving design quality, and then
architects can receive feedback related to the performance of the completed building
works.
This research identifies the role and effect of the facility managers for the process
of facility design. Many papers were written on the function of facility managers after
construction; however, their role at the project design is not well documented. The
facility managers and designers play a significant role for assuring the sustainable
operation of the facilities; however, there is a requirement to guide for addressing the
link between them in the sustainability of facility in a better way (Heravi, Coffey and
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Trigunarsyah 2015). The facility management profession develops extent throughout
demand led elements like required to reduce the project cost into operation as well as
maintenance of buildings. The facility manager focuses on making sure that both
process and continuation of facilities is cost-efficient. Therefore, it requires involving the
facility manager into project design processes.
1.5 Hypothesis
The hypothesis for this research study is that the facility manager plays a vital
role in the design process from project conception stage to the design stage. The
contribution of managers in design process guide to cost-effective designs in assets
along with continuance costs. The hypotheses for this research study are:
Hypothesis 1: There is a high function of facility manager in facility design.
Hypothesis 2: There is a high impact of involvement of the facility manager at the
design stage.
Hypothesis 3: There is a high impact on Business Information Modelling in design and
construction management.
1.6 Proposed methodology
This research study is based on both primary and secondary data collection;
therefore selected method is mixed method. The primary data analysis is conducted
through survey method using questionnaires and interview. In order to perform survey,
the selected sample is 100 employees considered, and they are surveyed based on
questionnaire forms, while among 100 employees only 82 employees are interested in
providing their responses based on the selected research topic. The total questions are
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16 which consisted of demographic profile and questions related to the research topic.
A total of 12 persons are selected for taking interview to analyze selected topic.
Therefore, there are total 94 employees those are participated in the study. Mixed data
analysis is performed using quantitative and qualitative methods.
Secondary data method is conducted by analyzing literature studies related to
research topic. This data method is also included of books, journals, and online sources
(Kerzner 2018). The secondary sources are used in the literature study to determine
functions of facility management and tasks which are linked with the design processes.
The main purpose of this research study is involvement of the facility manager in project
design to facilitate process and construction.
1.7 Limiting and delimiting factors
The facility manager has a crucial role which includes maintenance, financial
operations, and administrative works for the built facility. The research study is limited to
assess the role and impact of facility manager in design and construction stages in
complex buildings that need specialized facility management services (Kibert 2016).
There is limited time to analyze the research study in depth and also proposed a
sophisticated model of the results. The limited time disallowed from providing a
comprehensive examination of the role of facility managers that can play into the
procurement procedure from project design to construction stage. The researcher
focused on revealing the facility managers' role during the project design stage.
The delimitating factors in the project management are that the research activity
should complete with a higher standard of quality to achieve the project objectives and
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goals. It is a way to prioritize the tasks as there is an execution of a research plan.
There are such circumstances which are expected to happen throughout the project life
cycle. Facility managers play a role as they can effectively deliver the project and
deliver them on scheduled time.
1.8 Outline of the report structure
The following are the chapters for the research study:
Chapter 1: Introduction: The selected research topic is based on "Evaluating
the role of facility managers in the project delivery process from project design to the
construction management." The role of the facility manager described in this chapter
with research aim, objectives and question which helped to improve understanding of
the reader.
Chapter 2: Literature review: In this chapter and with the assistance of
available sources, the researcher tried to assess the role of facility manager in the
project delivery process from design to construction stages. The chapter also discusses
the critical aspects of existing knowledge about the selected research topic.
Chapter 3: Methodology: This chapter discusses methods for data collection
and analysis. The selected mode is the mixed type where both quantitative and
qualitative data are used. It helps to gather detailed concepts of this study. Ranges of
the research process are supervised by request of appropriate justifications such that
selected methods are proper.
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Chapter 4: Results and discussion: This chapter presents the data analysis;
were the researcher opts to analyze primary sources using statistical data to produce
proper research results. The data is analyzed based on methods and processes based
on responses from participants.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations: It provides an overview of the
selected research topic with the outcome from the literature study. Based on selected
research objectives, the researcher regulated accomplishment level of this study.
Chapter 6: Limitation of study and scope for further research: The author
addresses the limitation of the research study along with his proposed scopes for new
research.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The review of the literature study indicated that roles of facility manager in the
project delivery process have not been well documented. The paper provides the
relationship between project design and facility management. It reviews the part of
facility managers at the design stage and how their involvement can have an impact on
delivering sustainable projects. As buildings last for a long time, therefore it is the role of
facility manager to assist and design building facilities as energy efficient and cost-
effective operations. The facility design takes considerations of the environmental
concerns; operation in addition to maintenance cost is of more importance. All the
project stakeholders should review ecological, process and maintenance challenges at
project design phase are key importance. Guy and Shove (2014) argued that designers
plus architects are aware of the environmental needs like energy codes, environmental
impact assessment needs so that the projects are being designed to surpass the
environmental standards. The literature study is based on providing an overview of the
facility management and the role of a facility manager in the project delivery process.
There is a brief understanding of design process stages so that the design team can
use those processes and the role of facility management expertise in project design
processes. The table below illustrated the author name with its related aims and
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objectives for determining the function of the facility manager in the facility design and
construction management.
Author Related to aims and objectives
Menassa and
Baer 2014
The stakeholders are interested in the success and progress of the
organization. The role of stakeholder is varied based on organization
and project being developed.
Whyte, Stasis
and Lindkvist
2016
The facility manager is the individual who is charged to take care of
daily maintenance, upgrade, and management of the system. The
operation manager runs one location, and they are responsible for
making sure to perform with the physical infrastructure of the business.
Nicał and
Wodynski
2016
The facility management is constituted 80% of the total project cost —
the performance gap which exists in facility management practices to
reap benefits results from the effective post-construction stage.
Franz et al.
2016
Facility management is complicated work. The staffs of facility records
maintenance work of facilities. The information of facilities
maintenance requires to record and source inconvenience of the
facility staffs.
Sun et al.
2017
In the construction management, application of CAD is used to
understand intelligent building. It is a collection of datasets comprise
information about the structure. It is modeling technology besides
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combined procedure to generate building.
2.2 Overview of facility management
Facility management is defined as such a profession that can cover diverse
areas of expertise like engineering, design, finance, planning and management,
architecture plus accounting. Menassa and Baer (2014) stated that it is concerned with
operations as well as maintenance of facilities. The facility management is covered with
a wide range of knowledgeable areas like real estate, planning, and management,
operation and maintenance. The value of a facility manager is responsible when there is
tracking of records of the project delivery in the construction industry. The facility
manager plays a role to make sure of sustainable operations along with maintenance of
facilities, therefore, it is required to leverage expertise and connect straightly in the
facility procurement methods. Increase in price of energy as well as environmental
awareness is the main driving forces behind the design of the green building. Pacheco-
Torgal et al. (2014) discussed that facility management is the professional management
disciplines that are focused on effective delivery of the support services for the
organization that they are serving. Siew, Balatbat, and Carmichael (2013) argued that
facility management is organizational functions those can integrate people, place along
with process in a built environment with an aim to improve the excellence of life of
people along with the efficiency of the core business.
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Harrison and Lock (2017) explained that facilities management is the
incorporation of processes in the organization to uphold and expand agreed services
that can hold in addition to get better efficiency of primary activities. Heravi, Coffey, and
Trigunarsyah (2015) said that it is responsible to coordinate the work with other
managers, plan as well as handle all the buildings related work for completion changing
worldwide. In the last two decades, facility management becomes identified and
required process in the organizations. It is a profession and practice to continue and
develop management services which meet with particular short and long term goals of
the corporate organizations (Kibert 2016). Facility management can deliver creative and
cost efficient work environments. All the benefits will enhance the image of the
organization consequently flattering competitive in the market. It is vital for the success
of the corporation. Kerzner (2018) illustrated that facility management includes
integration of both setting up and running a wider range of services for hard like building
fabric and soft like cleaning, security, health, and safety to acquire enhanced quality
plus economics of scale.
The facilities professionals are desired and the ability to work well with people
and improve the daily activities of the in-house staffs. The large business organizations
are required a structured method to deal with the project budgets, plan, delivery of
project and building or management of site challenges. Siew, Balatbat, and Carmichael
(2013) argued that facilities management is being beneficial. The facility manager can
deal with challenges and interpret customer facility needs in a cost-effective,
environmentally safe and better working environment. Azhar, Khalfan, and Maqsood
(2015) discussed that the manager is involved in the project delivery process involved in
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strategic planning along with daily operations in relation to buildings plus premises. The
responsibilities of the facility management are included with:
 Contract management
 Health and safety, security
 Space management
 Procurement management
 Cleaning of the facility
 Communication infrastructure
 Maintenance of grounds along with buildings
 Catering, vending
In each sector as well as industries, the facility manager is employed and diversity of
work is reflected in various job titles like processes, technical services in addition to the
property manager (Ghaffarianhoseini et al. 2017). Apart from their responsibilities in the
project delivery process in the construction industry, the facility manager is involved in
the following tasks such as:
 Preparation of the documents to put out the tenders.
 Planning for future developments following strategic business objectives.
 Supervising the work of the contractor.
 Comparison of the cost for required goods as well as services to get the greatest
value for money (Whyte, Stasis and Lindkvist 2016).
 Investigation and suitability of options for new purchases.
 Coordination and take charge of possible changes to assure the least amount
interference with center activities.
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 Management of space based on utilization of space, capitals for new buildings
and re-organizing of existing grounds to get utmost competence from space
perspectives (Kang, Lee and Kim 2016).
 Utilization of performance management methods to check and exhibit attainment
of decided service levels with lead on modification (Sanchez, Hampson and Vaux
2016).
Azhar, Khalfan, and Maqsood (2015) mentioned that the implication of facility
management will help to recognize potential issues with regards to maintain and run the
cost before it results in a completed constituent breakdown. Guy and Shove (2014)
argued that it offers structure to evaluate relationships among decisions and satisfaction
of end users of particular properties. The aim of facility management is to enhance the
running cost of the constructions nevertheless to increase competence as well as space
management, assets for people and procedures such that the goals of the organization
can meet throughout a combination of competence, price in addition to excellence.
2.3 Role of facilities management in building projects
Based on this research study, the world is bending towards the development of
project design to construction management which is sustainable in nature and
implements resources and materials favorable to manage the project design process
(Invernizzi, Locatelli and Brookes 2017). The facility manager plays a key role to
arrange facility designs focused on sustainability factors and develop sustainability
strategies to design the construction models. The facility manager can take account of
project performance, cost factors to develop strategies help to manage and maintain the
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sustainability within the existing environment. The manager is responsible to manage
maximum effective strategies allow efficient delivery of the project work (Nicał and
Wodyński 2016). The activities of facility management are the plan, operate, build,
construct and general services enhance sustainability in the existing environment.
Those activities are delivered by the facility manager through project lifecycle and
delivered in a proper way. The facility management covers a wider range of knowledge
areas and the role of the manager makes sure of efficient operation of the facility in the
building projects (Demirag 2017). The role of the facility manager is discussed as
follows:
2.3.1 Environmental conditions
Franz et al. (2017) asserted that there is a process to manipulate the air in a
facility with an aim to control temperature, cleanliness as well as distribution and
selection criteria utilized when there is a selection of HVAC system included:
Performance and capacity requirements: The heating plus cooling needs of the
facility is established to ascertain about the capacity of a needed HVAC system such as
cooling and heating plants and air distribution system (Harrison and Lock 2017). HVAC
system is being chosen to meet needed consumption of energy, comfort levels.
Space needs: The space requirements of HVAC system is taken as key significant
consideration some required of more spaces and required internal units in each of rental
units (Wetzel and Thabet 2015). It has an impact on maintenance like internal units
which are serviced in the tenant’s space in addition to the team of continuation should
have admission to those areas.
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Capital cost: The cost of HVAC system is a key significant as considerations are
taken to operating cost and expensive system is cost effective to maintain than a
cheaper system. The facility manager will determine areas and organizational sectors
where implementation is required to be considered for the delivery of project work
(Turner 2016). The manager is taking care of physical, monetary and functional
performance considered quality assurance of completed project with no such benefits in
the project work. They are responsible to build and transfer project procurement
structures focused on the development and execution of project work as required for
effective project delivery process (Ika and Donnelly 2017).
Flexibility: The systems are adjustable to change needs while others are not
accommodating changes in needs that may be needed by the tenants. The manager
will play a key role with the help of other stakeholders to deliver a project effectively and
provide them accurately. Pärn, Edwards, and Sing (2017) asserted that planning,
designing and managing space is the main responsibilities of the facility manager. Both
inner and outer areas is required to plan and use effectively to make sure that it is used
in cost proficient way. It is necessary that there is proper planning of workplaces and
managing and putting to best probable usage. Love et al. (2015) contended that proper
considerations into space planning are required a plan for future modifications in space
requirements of a construction organization.
Environmental concerns: The air conditioning systems make employ of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which is not compulsory as it can harm the ozone layer and
favored system can employ absorption cycle air conditioning that can function with no
use of CFCs (Smith and Wong 2016).
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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
2.3.2 Maintenance, clean and ground maintenance
He et al. (2017) stated that property maintenance is defined as work which is
undertaken to save renovate besides recondition the material goods, included each
portion of the site, construction in addition insides in a satisfactory state. This is aimed
to preserve conditions of the property while kept of operating expenses. Kerzner (2018)
asserted that maintenance is performed for preservation and enhance property value.
Daily basis inspections are carried out and disclose the issues before major repairs are
required and therefore it helps to lessen the corrective cost for maintenance. Improper
maintenance will result in poor satisfaction level of tenants and also cause the tenants
to go away (Bilal et al. 2016). It will lead to a higher rate of vacancy and higher
expenses from the turnover of the rental spaces.
2.3.3 Communication and control system
Communication system is included of public address system needed interacting
emergency processes and use throughout activities like promotions, marketing. In
efficient large as well as complex buildings, a network of control system is required like
control system can manual along with labor intensive. Ram, Corkindale, and Wu (2015)
noted that the control system is consisted of security system with closed circuit
television, fire, and smoke alarm system, non-public door monitoring and two-way
equipment for the purpose to communicate.
2.3.4 Building management system
This particular system is such a computer-based control system which can link
different subsystems in the building like a public address system and smoke detection
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system. It automates lightning, HVAC in the building, enhances security throughout the
use of digital surveillance, monitors the safety measures and communicates alerts using
emails and text messages (Yun et al. 2016). The system will help to carry out facility
operations, a continuation of work is correct and efficient by connecting diverse
subsystems to the central control system.
2.3.5 Space planning and management
Eastman (2018) asserted that planning, designing and managing of space is
required responsibilities of the facility manager. Space is referred as element of facility
and it is categorized as inner and external and spaces are enclosed by walls and
separations and they have to be open. Both inner and external spaces is required to
plan and use to make sure that it is used in cost effective way. Walker (2015) contended
that a proper consideration into space planning is plan for making future changes in
space requirements of the organization. Oakland and Marosszeky (2017) argued that
space design is offered flexibility, modified properly and cost effective when necessities
modifications should be discovered. From the design stage of project work, space
planning along with management is to be forecasted. It is required to have space
planning and management at stage of project design which ensure that both operation
as well as maintenance considerations are taken on broad at the time of planning for
space usage (Halpin, Lucko and Senior 2017). It is responsibility of facility manager to
manage both inner and outer space and decisions are taken at design stage which will
provide an impact on space management.
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2.3.6 Benchmarking
Boyle (2017) stated that benchmarking is a process to measure the project
activities that provide the organization with maximum performance in area and adapt,
apply own establishment. Harrison and Lock (2017) discussed that it allows the
business organization to recognize areas which required to progress and the
organization should arrange to effort on the areas to make sure that they are at
equivalence with best practices. According to Shaar et al. (2017), target areas for the
benchmarking is included of capital as well as operating cost. The capital cost for the
building development is included with expenses related to starting establishment of
facility while the cost for operating is referred to cost of running along with maintenance
of facility. The cost is kept at minimum to make sure about project sustainability in
addition to feasibility (Brook 2016). Both cost for capital and operation is benchmarked
with facilities to make sure that the planned facility contrasts positively.
Eastman (2018) indicated that measurement of performance of facilities is
included physical, functional and financial performance. Afsari and Eastman (2016)
argued that space is benchmarked and cleaning cost for building and floor areas are
required to know a purpose of benchmarking continuance and cleaning up cost. The
facility management actions are required to compare with best performs in arena to
make sure that they are above their competitors and they can convene with desirable
levels for price efficient operations along with organization.
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2.4 Integrated systems approach influence the design process
The facilities are costly to build along with continue and require steady
adjustments to run properly over the project life cycle. Lee, Eastman and Solihin (2018)
mentioned that it is required to focus on designing factors and input from the
stakeholders to make sure that holistic approaches are being taken to design facilities.
Sun et al. (2017) concluded that the facility is required to be suitable for a purpose to
acquire and cost effective to construct, control and continue. Siew et al. (2013) stated
that project design process is part of facility procurement system. Ghafar et al. (2018)
referred that system as a process to design and construct facilities. It is critical to
investigate design without stating the construction procurement system as complete as
various procurement systems have impact on design processes. Lu et al. (2017)
classified project procurement system in different categories based on interaction
among design as well as construction responsibilities.
2.4.1 Integrated system
Under the integrated system, the organization is appointed to perform design as
well as construction of facility. Marsh (2016) noted that there are two varieties of
system, different forms of design and build, function and move. In design and build
method, it is observed that process of design as well as construction is contracted for
single organization which has needed designing and constructing expertise and
required resources to perform the project work. Eleftheriadis et al. (2018) observed that
in integrated system, there is combination of design and construction activities. In this
way, from project design to construction management phase, it may overlap. Meex et al.
(2018) asserted that in build, operate and transfer method, they are included public
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private partnership. It is procedure of project financing where the remote entity receives
allowance from both private in addition to public sector to plan, operate as well as
construct facility focused on dispensation contract.
Echenagucia et al. (2015) asserted that integrated system is considered as
variants along with hybrids of design and build package as it has general offerings of
package agreement with particular point of contract for the client. The client is dealt with
only one organization as they are engaged in single organization to plan, supervise as
well as construct completed project from project design to construction management.
According to Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2017), design and build system benefits from
expertise of contractor and experience at stage of project design. There is close
interaction among design and construction team begins earlier in design process along
with allows for inadequacies in design to identify previous to project implementation
phase. The end result is facility which is easier along with cost effective to function and
continue. Bueno, Pereira and Fabricio (2018) discussed that facility management is key
requirement in project delivery process from project design to construction.
2.4.2 Management oriented system
Lee, Eastman and Solihin (2018) stated that under management oriented
system, the procurement management process is being managed and carried out by
organization with project designer and consultants to construct devise and supervise
and synchronize operations performed by the contractors. Management contracting
manages the delivery process of project by reviewing the building work completed by
workers. The administration contractor is being selected at project design phase and it
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takes chance to be element of scheming team along with create assistances at design
phase (Pärn, Edwards and Sing 2017). In construction management, the construction
manager is being responsible to manage entire project by choosing, appealing and
administration packages of the construction work. The project manager carries out
entire project planning and coordinating with other project team members from planning
to completion.
The management oriented system can influence the design process as the
management company offers preliminary design to meet with client’s approval and
construction is performed as per initial design (Ghaffarianhoseini et al. 2017). This
particular system is not separated design as well as construction phases of the project
work, and then the construction is started before building design is being concluded. It
offers flexibility as design is not required to be completed at the time of starting of
construction phase (Menassa and Baer 2014). It makes easier to change and modify
aspects of design throughout construction processes. Most of the construction work is
done by design and build method which is considered as most successful method to
perform the project construction work.
2.5 Role and rationale of facility management expertise in project design process
and construction management
Harrison and Lock (2017) asserted that evaluation of buildings is critical to
improve, design quality about performance of the complete construction work. Heravi,
Coffey and Trigunarsyah (2015) argued that profession of facilities management is used
as linkage among facilities management as well as process of facility design. Facility
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management is responsible to operate and manage of the construction of buildings with
facility users. It provides in detailed knowledge focused on requirements of facility and
that knowledge is valuable to plan new buildings. The facility manager is involved in
design of process, so that the facility manager can perform a key part in period of the
project designing. Whyte, Stasis and Lindkvist (2016) supported that the facility
manager can participate directly to reduce maintenance issues. The facility manager
can gain experiences from various responsibilities as they can perform throughout
facility operation phase. Franz et al. (2016) argued that the profession of facility
management is developed to some extend to reduce cost in operation as well as
maintenance work of buildings. Therefore, the focus of facility manager is to make sure
that operation as well as maintenance of facilities is considered as cost effective.
Ram, Corkindale and Wu (2015) concluded that as the architect is related with
design step of the services, therefore the facility executive is involved with process as
well as conservation activities. Halpin, Lucko and Senior (2017) argued that there is
required to involve the facility manager into project design processes. There is high
involvement of facility manager in the project work which would impact on how the
buildings are to be designed, build, commissioned and ensured that accurate steps are
followed while designing for cost effectual process and continuation. Afsari and
Eastman (2016) discussed that the organization comes up with proper design which can
meet with client’s requirements. Eleftheriadis et al. (2018) argued that proper briefing,
client’s requirements and relevant stakeholders are developed and interpreted. The
design brief will provide outline of client’s needs and justify decisions to develop new
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facility as existing one. In the organization when there is no such in-house facility
manager, then there is outsourcing of facility management expertise.
Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2017) asserted that the professions are considered to
manage designing as well as construction processes, the facility manager has closer
interactions with the facilities that they are managing. There is also continuous contact
with professions involved in building work. It is required that skills of facility manager are
argument with required skills like project planning along with execution. Following are
main duties of facility manager in design and planning work such as:
1. There is required to study from the knowledge from available buildings and
included lessons educated in new buildings.
2. There is incorporation of considerations for function, sustainability at the time of
designing new buildings (Bueno, Pereira and Fabricio 2018). There is required to
integrate operations as well as continuance in designing.
3. All the building documents such as plans, operations and maintenance
documents are produced and it should be kept safely (Menassa and Baer 2014).
4. There is required to plan for building operations of proposed buildings.
5. There is interior configuration of new buildings require to design with flexibility
that can accommodate change in space requirements and allow ease of
movements.
The tasks related to facility design are incorporation of considerations of ease of
business operations, facility sustainability along with meeting needs of facility users.
Design process is ensured that facility services has intended purpose along with it is
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easier to function along with sustain (Siew, Balatbat and Carmichael 2013). By
interaction with the facility manager, the designers can value what it will make as
building functions and cost effective. They can get information which has benefits
related to designing options along with operation, maintenance needs. Following are
possible tasks in building project based on facility management such as:
Decision: There is incorporation of real estate strategies based on information
required for space planning (Whyte, Stasis and Lindkvist 2016). The construction
professionals should estimate impacts of cost for the facility management.
Brief of the plan: The building work is performed based on considerations for
the operation along with sustainability.
Design: The building work is incorporated with considerations for the operations,
sustainability along with user requirements (Invernizzi, Locatelli and Brookes 2017).
There is formulation of needs for the building automation systems.
Construction: The interior planning of building is done based on client’s
requirements for the construction work. There is preparation of commissioning work for
the construction. The operational tasks are contracted (Smith and Wong 2016). Finally,
there is implementation of the operational processes.
The facility designers indicate materials plus devices which will reduce impacts.
Afsari and Eastman (2016) noted that the facility designers are not recognizable with
protection devices that will lessen employ of the cleaning products and diminish price of
the operations as well as continuation. The facility manager plays a key role in facility
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procurement phases from project design to construction stage. Yun et al. (2016) argued
that participation from project briefing during project design stages is critical in designs
that are easier in addition rate efficient to construct in addition to maintain. Eleftheriadis
et al. (2018) articulated that designing aspects are ensured that both operations
furthermore maintenance considerations are taken in account at designing stage. The
client organization facilitated groups plus external consultants those are involved to aid
the groups. The construction team worked to develop entire operational strategy which
is included with implementation of new information as well as technology based system
used as part of tender of operational credentials. Bueno, Pereira and Fabricio (2018)
discussed that the practices from the building and construction project reflects key
significance of intensive discussion with building clients when significant needs and
processes so that reflections of operation and sustainability are used by the designing
teams. It demonstrates important function of the facility management expertise can
participate in design processes.
Ram, Corkindale and Wu (2015) stated that there is involvement of the facility
manager from project inception to gain an acceptance. The project is involved provision
of the resources, design, build and operation of the facility to accommodate various
departments which can make up the government. The client’s requirements are
included analysis of the entire lifecycle approach to the project work included to obtain
modified design plus construction efficiencies from employ of the facility management
approaches. Parn, Edwards and Sing (2017) analyzed that association of facility
manager in the project is to aid the project team to incorporate the operations along with
maintenance issues to the project design included of life cycle costing.
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Facility management is a discipline and profession which can hold required areas
of the built environment. There is significant growth in the facility management
profession; therefore it is clear for facility manager role in both industries along with
organizations. Menassa and Baer (2014) stated that due to increase in collaboration
among the facility managers as well as designers to make sure that designs can
produce buildings suitable to intend use and they are easier to operate along with
maintain. Nicał and Wodyński (2016) examined that it is required to harness information
from side of the facility users and follow the buildings brief throughout the design stage.
He et al. (2017) discussed that facility managers can be positioned to collect and
manage sources of information.
According to Lee, Eastman and Solihin (2018), information guidance on wider
range of the design and construction issues is helpful to contribute to implementation of
the sustainable facility management. Development of sustainability policies for the
construction organization, prepares development proposals integrate social,
environmental along with economic paybacks, management of waste, recycling, energy
management and sustainable products, services are elements of the facility
management (Ghaffarianhoseini et al. 2017). Facility managers are required to analyze
the issues and offer input throughout the design processes. In order to get facilities that
will meet with stakeholder’s satisfaction, it is required to involve parties from project
design to construction. The design team can strike to balance the construction work
between technical skills which is critical element to success of the project work (Bueno,
Pereira and Fabricio 2018). Due to technological, organizational knowledge, the facility
manager can become familiar with facility maintenance challenges positioned to make
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sure that both clients, users can go for design considerations which will allow for easier
moreover cost efficient maintenance of the work.
The facility manager is included in design meetings from project design to
construction phase so that they can take proper designing and constructing decisions
for management of the construction work. Menassaand Baer (2014) mentioned that
continued involvement makes sure that maintainability considerations are being
assessed through the project work. With stronger involvement of the facility manager
professionals, the construction project work is designed in such a way that it is
sustainable, suited to intent use, easier furthermore cost efficient to build, maintain plus
operate the work.
Heravi, Coffey and Trigunarsyah (2015) stated that inaccurate understanding of
key concepts related to sustainability, lack of the practical experiences provide negative
impacts on efficiency of the sustainable practices in design of the facility management.
Invernizzi, Locatelli and Brookes (2017) discussed that lack of information along with
understanding of key challenges hinder sustainability implementation into the industry of
facility management, undermines profits of the sustainable designs. Construction
professionals are focused on design and construction management for successful
project work.
2.6 Summary
Factors Summarize findings from literature review
Role of facility It is summarized that part of facility manager at plan design to
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manager construction management stage is standard in the literature review.
The study illustrates procedures occupied within the development
design. When the facility supervised is included in development
design process, then it can completely contribute to project design.
It is role of facility manager to link between construction and
managerial effectiveness. The facility manager is positioned to
collect in addition to direct sources of information.
Design
considerations
Information from project as well as building is harnessed along with
incorporated in designing contemplations for innovative facilities.
One way to utilize information from historical construction projects
is involved facility manager at starting of project design
development. Knowledge by means of building operations along
with maintenance is useful if it is involved in design processes,
contributions can lead towards designing that is easier and cost
effective to operate.
Sustainability in
construction
industry
Development of sustainability polices for the organization,
preparation of development reports incorporate environmental
along with economic benefits. During the project design process,
the facility managers can manage issues and offer valuable inputs.
They are involved in design meetings from project design to
construction. They are involved to make sure that maintainability
reflections are reviewed through the project work. With involvement
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of the facility management, the project will yield to design
sustainability.
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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This section is based on the research techniques which are used to analyzing
the selected research topic. It is based on gathering of data methods, in addition to data
analysis methods and respondents selection. The research methods describe tools,
processes used to analyze data collected and tools used to check for reliability of
collected data. The researcher outlines research strategies, research methods,
approaches, and ethical considerations. Mackey and Gass (2015) stated that research
methodology is referred to as processes in which the research is being carried out and
categorized in qualitative plus quantitative research. This study adopted a mixed
approach where both qualitative and quantitative approaches are being used (Silverman
2016). Questionnaires and interviews were utilized to gather data, also, to perform
descriptive statistics for analyzing the collected data.
3.2 Research philosophy
In this research study, the research philosophy was dealt with nature along with
development of research related knowledge. Concept of this research philosophy was
that it can collect primary data and engage in data analysis to create knowledge related
to this thesis work. The research philosophy was reflected on assumptions of the
researcher where the assumptions are based on research strategies (Taylor, Bogdan
and De Vault 2015). In this research study, the research philosophy was utilized logic of
the researcher to perform the research related works. The character of the researcher
was to limit statistics collected works throughout objective approaches. The research
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methodology determined processes to gain detailed information and develop alignment
for the research study. Selected research philosophy was positivism evaluated selected
research topic (Flick 2015). This positivism application allowed researcher to reveal
hidden information related to facility management. Application of selected research
philosophy was restricted to activities of research study to data interpretation.
3.3 Research approach
The research approach was followed for the aim of this investigation study was
inductive approach. Founded on this approach, the investigator had performed an
observation which was used to produce theories along with conclusion drawn from the
research study. Inductive approach was taken into account in the context where the
efforts were active, while it is suitable for smaller samples which can construct
qualitative data (Ledford and Gast 2018). Inductive approach was used research
questions to slight possibility of the research study. One of the weaknesses of this
approach was that it can create theories, conclusions based on smaller number of the
explanations. Therefore, reliability of the results was under the research questions. As
an alternative, deductive approach was used to shape theory with conditions and
thoughts for the data analysis. It was such a process which builds of applied
presentation of the theories considered to advance contact to details of this exploration
paper. Deductive approach was failed to implement related to research topic as there
was no innovative ideas in addition theories which were highlighted by the project
academic.
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3.4 Research design
The research design was used to define research problems in the research
study. Quinlan et al. (2019) discussed that the research design helped to select on the
issues in the study. It was proper arrangement of the situations to collect the data
analysis which aims to combine significance to basis of the research study. The
investigation design outlined that the scholar is performed to do the revision based on
hypothesis prepared the implications and conducted the data analysis. In this study,
descriptive research design was being selected to conclude on the framework of the
research study (Ostrow et al. 2017). This research design was arranged and considered
to measure characteristics explained in the selected research question. Through the
research design, various project research factors were understandable. Inductive
approach was used to slot in new theories, application of overview of research concepts
in the research study (Fusch and Ness 2015). It was taken proper data, facts which
were not available related to the research topic.
3.5 Data collection method and techniques
3.5.1 Data collection methods
In this study, the researcher had used of primary method for collecting the data
using survey questionnaire method. Structured questionnaires were prepared to
collected data and respondents were the specialized those were concerned in facility
management. The aims of this study were to view the design considerations which have
impact on operation along with maintenance of the facilities (Flick 2017). The facility
manager can play a key role into the project design processes. The collected data were
shown in form of pie charts and bar charts. The main research question was aimed to
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determine role of facility managers in design process and involvement of them in the
project based on cost effectiveness of both operations as well as maintenance of
facility.
Regression analysis was used to analyze data which can process the sample
population of the respondents. It is a statistical method permits to examine relationship
among two variables. It examined influence of one or more than one variables on the
dependent variables (Creswell and Creswell 2017). The regression model looks like:
Dependent variable = A + B * Independent variable;
Where;
A = Intercept of Linear Regression Model
B = Coefficient of Independent Variable
3.5.2 Data techniques
Qualitative research technique was involved to gather and analyze documented
materials which are acquired from the observations. It was used to investigate situations
based on individual’s experiences. The qualitative research was explored various
situations through different methods like observations, interview (McCusker and
Gunaydin 2015). This method had strong probability to test the hypothesis. Quantitative
research method was included on focus of testing the theories, standardized collection
of data, statistical analysis while it was in contrast of qualitative research to explore, and
generate of theories. Brannen (2017) asserted that quantitative approaches were used
where numerical data are being examined throughout use of charts. It made data
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analysis easier and quicker. This method generated data throughout survey like
questionnaires and interviews. In this research, no pilot study was conducted.
In this study, mixed research approach was used. In order to achieve with
objectives of the dissertation, qualitative research was being held. Qualitative research
was suitable for smaller samples while the outcomes are not quantifiable. With the
quantitative research, it was offered a completed analysis of the research subjects
without limiting the research scope (Hussein 2015). This study involved with analysis of
literature study and used questionnaires to make data. As qualitative research method
was not allowed to provide measurement of examined problems, therefore mixed
method was used to study collected data for this research study.
3.6 Sampling and population
In this research study, the researcher selected such sample which was believed
to provide proper information to convene with the research objectives and answer to
research chosen questions. This study was chosen to enable the investigator to
illustrate a sample of the respondents with demonstrable experiences in facility
management. There was a total of 82 respondents with 16 questions were randomly
distributed (Ledford and Gast 2018). The respondents to the survey questionnaires
were selected so that it makes sure to represent the professionals into the facility
management processes — samples of 82 out of 100 respondents selected as
representative of the population. Due to limited resources like time, and budget, a
limited sample was reached for the survey research. Among those 82 respondents, the
sample population for the interview was not selected. For the interview session, 12
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individuals that have been chosen for qualitative technique. The researcher had
distributed the interview questions among the management level with relevant
experience, and interested respondents provided their responses for particular interview
questions.
3.7 Timeline
Based on the literature study, the period which was allocated for the project
activities are 10 weeks. The research study was divided in two categories such as cross
sectional and longitudinal study. Due to incomplete time, cross sectional learning was
used to conduct the study and analyze module of the undertaken study. The researcher
applied Gantt chart to allocate time and monitor development of the research study
(McCusker and Gunaydin 2015). The investigation timeline helps to offer effective task
allocation and monitor the research. The timeline helped to analyze project progress of
the research study.
Research
activities
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
Selected
research
topic
Identificati
on of the
sources of
the
primary
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data
collection
method
Developm
ent of
research
layout
Form the
research
plan
Collecting
the data
using
survey
method
Analyzing
and
interpretin
g the data
collection
methods
Data
findings
Conduct
the study
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Providing
a draft
Submissio
n of the
final draft
to the
university
3.8 Ethical considerations
The current research study was being subject to the ethical issues. While
conducting the collection of data and analysis of collected data, the researcher requires
considering concern and codes to maintain the ethics. The researcher is required to
recognize differences among wrong, right sets of behaviors required to follow while
conducting the study. Few of the ethical considerations are as follows based on the
study:
1. The participants those were selected for the survey were informed concerning
the objectives of this research study while they were being at ease that the
answers were being delighted as confidential and utilized for the academic
purposes only.
2. The participants were not harmed throughout conduction of this research study.
The researcher attempted to produce and create a comfortable environment.
3. The data along with reports stored in archives are being protected along with
governed with strict codes. The researcher ensured that they should have official,
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legal access to collected data. The researcher followed research guidelines,
policies for handling the information in digital forms.
Based on mentioned ethical considerations, the researcher was not provided and
conducted standard processes while evaluating selected research topic. Maintenance of
codes for ethics will help to provide needed standard for entire research study.
3.9 Research limitations
Through development of this research study along with conduct the study, the
researcher comes with different constraints which provide an impact on entire structure
of the research study in addition to nature of the data analysis. Different limitations are
being faced in the research study which is non-avoidable as well as preventable in the
nature. Impact of the research limitations lessen with application of different research
methods and processes. There are limitations in the research study due to various
reasons which are natural. It is assisted to define abilities, restrict the scope of research
study. Following are the research limitations for this particular study such as:
Time: Due to limitation of period for the investigation study, the researcher
conducted a cross sectional study. This study will limit the researcher to conduct a
detailed analysis and evaluate different hidden details of this selected research topic.
Apart from all this, time limitation leads to the fact that the researcher conducted the
study based on one firm. Due to limited time, small sample of population is selected for
the study; therefore it will provide lack of reliability and validity of the collected data.
Reliability and validity: Assessing reliability of the research study findings
required the researchers to make judgments in relation to application as well as
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appropriateness of research methods undertaken. Qualitative research is criticized for
poor justification of the adopted research methods, and lack of transparency into the
analytical processes. After checking for reliability, the validity of collected data is also
checked. Validity issues occurred when there is no suitable time scale is selected for
this study and proper methodologies are not chosen. The collected data requires
clarification of both reliability as well as validity of the data. Regression analysis is
conducted to validate the research questions. It is a statistical method allows for
examining relationship among two or more variables of research interest. It helps to
examine influence of one or more independent variables on the dependent variables.
The participants are being biased towards organization while providing feedback which
will impact entire research outcomes. In order to perform data analysis, the researcher
used primary data available from the questionnaire survey method. The selected
questions are not asked the respondents to disclose the information to others as it will
hamper the project work.
Budget: Due to limited budget, the researcher has restricted to scope of the
research study. With a tight budget, the researcher has limited the study to identify the
role of facility manager from design to construction management. The researcher has
restricted application of usage of SPSS software to analyze and evaluate validity of
identified research hypothesis.
3.10 Summary
The researcher is not able to demonstrate tools, techniques, processes and
methods to analyze the research topic. The researcher aligned characteristics of the
research study based on the methods which are selected to evaluate the study.
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Application of proper techniques, methods used in the research study is to provide
needed standard to develop entire study. The researcher used of qualitative besides
quantitative research methods count on the primary sources such as survey method
and interview. The primary data sources were utilized to identify functions of the facility
administration and those functions were associated to scheme design and construction
processes. Questionnaires were utilized to accumulate the primary data from random
respondents through means of random sampling method. Questionnaires for the
primary data collection method provides to become effective to get information
pertained to the facility manager participation in the project design. The collected data
were being checked for reliability and validity of those data. In the investigation study,
there are three main research limitations such as time, budget and reliability constraints.
The total time required to complete research study is 10 weeks.
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Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
4.1 Introduction
In this particular chapter, the researcher attempts to evaluate the role of the
facility manager in the project delivery process from the design to construction
management. McCusker and Gunaydin (2015) pointed that data analysis is performed
as the most essential aspects of the research study as it permits the researcher to apply
theoretical knowledge gathered from the literature study. Sun et al. (2017) stated that
data analysis is conducted properly which allows the researcher to analyze facts and
figures which are revealed from the literature review in practice. In the research
methodology chapter, it is seen that the data are collected using both primary and
secondary sources like questionnaires survey and interviews. For analyzing the
collected data, mixed methods are used such as quantitative and qualitative data
analysis. The quantitative data is available from the report which is analyzed in
statistical method while qualitative data which is available from the interview method is
analyzed in the theoretical method. On focused on collected data, the researcher is tried
to get more detailed information based on chosen topic so that the findings of data
analysis is also discussed in this chapter.
4.2 Quantitative data analysis
In this section, the respondents were considered from various countries for the
quantitative data analysis such that the researcher can understand the role of the facility
manager in the project delivery process. The total respondents selected for data
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collection were 82 as others were not filled the survey form, therefore they were
rejected from the sample of this investigation learning. The questionnaire was designed
to evaluate the role of facility managers in the project delivery process from the project
design to construction management.
Section 1: Demographic profile
1. Please mention the gender
Options No of respondents Total respondents Response %
Male 78 82 95.1%
Female 4 82 4.9%
Table 4.1: Gender
Figure 4.1: Gender
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Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that most of the respondents those are
interested to provide their responses for the survey were male. It was found that 95.1%
of the respondents were male and 4.9% of the respondents were female. Therefore,
males are mostly interested and their responses were collected for the survey.
2. Please mention the age group
Options No of respondents Total respondents Response %
20-29 years 41 82 15.9%
30-39 years 3 82 50%
40-49 years 25 82 30.5%
Above 50 years 13 82 3.7%
Table 4.2: Age group
Figure 4.2: Age group
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Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 50% of the respondents were
between the age group of 30-39 years those were provided their responses. It was
found that 30.5% were between the age group of 40-49 years, 15.9% were between 20-
29 years and 3.7% were above 50 years. Therefore, the respondents provided their
responses are almost adult, therefore their responses were taken at a serious basis for
analyzing the selected research topic.
3. Qualification of respondents
Options No of
respondents
Total respondents Response %
Facility manager 16 82 19.5%
Property manager 6 82 7.3%
Operation manager 11 82 13.4%
Engineer 44 82 53.7%
Architect 3 82 3.7%
Project manager 5 82 6.1%
Table 4.3: Qualification of respondents
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Figure 4.3: Qualification of respondents
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 53.7% of the respondents were
engineers, 19.5% were facility managers, 13.4% were operation managers, 7.3% were
property managers, 6.1% were project managers and very a few or 3.7% were
architects. Therefore, the participants those were interested in the survey were
engineers, and their concerns were noted for analyzing the role of facility manager in
the project delivery process.
4. Work experience
Options No of
respondents
Total respondents Response %
Less than 5 years 12 82 14.6%
5-10 years 31 82 37.8%
More than 10 years 39 82 47.6%
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Table 4.4: Work experience
Figure 4.4: Work experience
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that most of the respondents or 47.6% of
them had over 10 years of working experience. It was found that 37.8% had experience
of 5-10 years and 14.6% had less than 5 years. Therefore, most of the respondents had
the high experience working in the construction and facilities management fields and
they can better say regarding the role of facility managers in the project delivery process
from project design to the construction management. They were focused on the concept
of the project delivery process which helps to better deliver the products and services to
the project client.
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5. Business sector
Options No of
respondents
Total
respondents
Response %
Building construction 16 82 19.5%
Facilities management 63 82 76.8%
Property management 8 82 9.8%
Hospitality 3 82 3.7%
Table 4.5: Business sector
Figure 4.5: Business sector
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that most of the respondents or 76.8%
belong to the facilities management business sector. It was found that 19.5% were from
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building construction, 9.8% were from property management and 3.7% were from the
hospitality business sector. Since most of the respondents were from facilities
management business sector, it became easier to analyze the role of the facility
manager. They can better give their responses regarding the selected topic as facilities
management can focus on effective and proper delivery of support services to the
organization they are serving. They can maintain organizational buildings as well as
construction work related activities. They can make big differences to efficiency as well
as productivity of the organization, staffs and project clients.
Section 2: Role of facility manager in project delivery process
1. How far you do agree that facility manager can coordinate the services of
building included construction and energy efficiency?
Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 39 82 47.6%
Agree 31 82 37.8%
Neutral 9 82 11%
Disagree 3 82 3.7%
Strongly disagree 0 82 0%
Table 4.6: Facility manager can coordinate the services of building
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Figure 4.6: Facility manager can coordinate the services of building
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 47.6% of the respondents were
strongly agreed that a facility manager can coordinate the services of building included
construction and energy efficiency. It was found that 37.8% had agreed, 11% were
neutral and 3.7% were disagreed. The concern of a facility manager at the design
phase is the delivery of an effective facility which is cost-effective besides reply to the
roles in the competence on daily basis. The solutions which are cost-effective are also
performed to meet with the objectives of the construction project. The facility
management is being influenced by earlier design-related decisions while future
maintenance is considered as an integral part of the construction management offered
by the firm as a fragment of development delivery procedure.
2. How far do you agree that maintenance, benchmarking, safety and life
cycle costing are important considerations at project design stage?
Options No of respondents Total Response %
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respondents
Strongly agree 56 82 68.3%
Agree 23 82 28%
Neutral 3 82 3.7%
Disagree 0 82 0%
Strongly disagree 0 82 0%
Table 4.7: Maintenance, benchmarking, safety and life cycle costing are important
considerations at project design stage
Figure 4.7: Maintenance, benchmarking, safety and life cycle costing are
important considerations at project design stage
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 68.3% of the respondents were
strongly agreed that maintenance, benchmarking, safety and life cycle costing were
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important considerations at the project design stage. It was found that 28% were agreed
and 3.7% were neutral. In the life cycle costing, design related decisions are important
to be taken for better construction work. The facility manager is involved in construction
of the buildings, maintenance of the construction equipment, benchmarking of the
design decisions, safety of the workers and life cycle costing. The life cycle prices of
project and structure decisions are to be taken for the critical decision-making process.
3. How far do you agree that estimation of impact on cost and circulation of
spatial requirements are design considerations from facility management
perspective?
Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 26 82 31.7%
Agree 43 82 52.4%
Neutral 10 82 12.2%
Disagree 0 82 0%
Strongly disagree 3 82 3.7%
Table 4.8: Estimation of impact on cost and circulation of spatial requirements
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Figure 4.8: Estimation of impact on cost and circulation of spatial requirements
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 52.4% of the respondents were
agreed that estimation of impact on cost and circulation of spatial requirements are
design considerations from a facility management perspective. It was found that 31.7%
of the respondents were strongly agreed, 12.2% were neutral and 3.7% were strongly
disagreed. It was analyzed that design considerations along with building materials
which are made at the design stage are bear on ease as well as cost-effectiveness of
the facility operations plus maintenance. It leads to the easier plus cost effectiveness of
the maintenance of facility management.
4. How far do you agree that formulation of sustainability is required in
project construction management stage?
Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 45 82 54.9%
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Agree 29 82 35.4%
Neutral 5 82 6.1%
Disagree 0 82 0%
Strongly disagree 3 82 3.7%
Table 4.9: Formulation of sustainability is required in project construction
management stage
Figure 4.9: Formulation of sustainability is required in project construction
management stage
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analysed that 54.9% of the respondents were
strongly agreed that formulation of sustainability was required in project construction
management stage. It was found that 35.4% had agreed, 6.1% were neutral and 3.7%
were strongly disagreed. The facility manager plays a key role to ensure the sustainable
performance of the facilities management. The facility manager is responsible to plan as
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well as management of the facility operations along with maintenance to make sure that
the construction work is done in a cost-effective way. Despite the role they are playing,
the facility design process tends to leave the facility manager.
5. How far do you agree that safety and security of buildings is most
important pre-design phase of construction management?
Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 43 82 52.4%
Agree 32 82 39%
Neutral 7 82 8.5%
Disagree 0 82 0%
Strongly disagree 0 82 0%
Table 4.10: Safety and security of buildings is most important pre-design phase
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Figure 4.10: Safety and security of buildings is most important pre-design phase
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 52.4% of the respondents were
strongly agreed that the safety and security of buildings was the most important pre-
design phase of construction management. It was found that 39% were agreed and
8.5% were neutral. The design, as well as the construction of secure and safe buildings,
continued to be the primary goal for the facility manager. It is required to be maintained
at the pre-design stage so that before the design of the buildings, safety and security of
workers are maintained. Risk assessment is done which can estimate building as well
as infrastructure losses from the earthquakes and other hazards. Understanding the
impact of the site security and entire security of the buildings are required at the pre-
design stage.
6. How far do you agree that design considerations provide an impact on
ease and cost of facility operations and construction management?
Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 47 82 57.3%
Agree 25 82 30.5%
Neutral 9 82 11%
Disagree 1 82 1.2%
Strongly disagree 0 82 0%
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Table 4.11: Design considerations provide an impact on ease and cost
Figure 4.11: Design considerations provide an impact on ease and cost
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 57.3% of the respondents were
strongly agreed that design considerations provided an impact on the ease and cost of
facility operations and construction management. It was found that 30.5% had agreed,
11% were neutral and 1.2% were disagreed. The design of the facility system should
make sure of ease and cost for the facility management. The systems, as well as design
materials, are selected based on long term operations plus maintenance cost required
for the construction work. The facility manager should ensure for ease and efficiency of
building operations plus allow for cost-effective maintenance at the construction stage.
7. How far do you agree that business process modelling (BIM) use in
facilities management is considered the future to manage facilities?
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Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 28 82 34.1%
Agree 40 82 48.8%
Neutral 12 82 14.6%
Disagree 2 82 2.4%
Strongly disagree 0 82 0%
Table 4.12: Business process modelling (BIM) uses in facilities management is
considered the future to manage facilities
Figure 4.12: Business process modelling (BIM) uses in facilities management is
considered the future to manage facilities
Findings:
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From the above chart, it was analyzed that 48.8%% of the respondents were
agreed that business process modeling (BIM) use in facilities management is
considered the future to manage facilities. It was found that 34.1% were strongly
agreed, 14.6% were neutral and 2.4% were disagreed. In most of the construction
organization, BIM is used to promote the industry life cycle. The BIM lifecycle sets from
preceding the digital technologies that are designed at the design phase for building life
cycle for the construction sector for activities like design, construction as well as facility
management. BIM provides benefits, reduces project issues and waste reduction. It also
leads to an increase in productivity, decrease in cost and increase in profit to manage
future facilities.
8. How far do you agree that BIM improves productivity of facilities
management processes?
Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 30 82 37.5%
Agree 38 82 47.5%
Neutral 10 82 12.5%
Disagree 4 82 4.87%
Strongly disagree 0 82 0%
Table 4.13: BIM improves productivity of facilities management processes
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Figure 4.13: BIM improves productivity of facilities management processes
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 47.5% of the respondents were
agreed that BIM improves the productivity of facilities management processes. It was
found that 37.5% were strongly agreed, 12.5% were neutral and 4.87% were disagreed.
BIM are digital files which provide details related to project aspects, supports the
decision making process while the project is on progress and completed the
development phase. This model can contain required information related to building,
provides a database to use as main sources of construction works. When the work is in
the design stage, then BIM can reduce the number of errors which are occurred at the
time of design documentation.
9. How far do you agree that facility manager will deliver high quality
construction projects?
Options No of respondents Total Response %
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respondents
Strongly agree 27 82 32.9%
Agree 29 82 35.4%
Neutral 9 82 11%
Disagree 15 82 18.3%
Strongly disagree 2 82 2.4%
Table 4.14: Facility manager will deliver high quality construction projects
Figure 4.14: Facility manager will deliver high quality construction projects
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 35.4% of the respondents were
agreed that the facility manager will deliver high-quality construction projects. It was
found that 32.9% were strongly agreed, 11% were neutral, 18.3% were disagreed and
2.4% were strongly disagreed. The facility manager ensures to deliver building functions
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smoothly so that the construction project will get successful. They are providing a higher
quality of services to their clients. At the design stage, the facility manager delivers an
effectual facility which is cost-effective also value for money. It handles, functions,
preserves besides supports quality environment for the construction related works.
10. How far do you agree that BIM permits for optimization of post
construction handovers?
Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 23 82 28%
Agree 40 82 48.8%
Neutral 17 82 20.7%
Disagree 0 82 0%
Strongly disagree 2 82 2.4%
Table 4.15: BIM permits for optimization of post construction handovers
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Figure 4.15: BIM permits for optimization of post construction handovers
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 48.8% of the respondents were
agreed that BIM permits for optimization of post-construction handovers. It was found
that 28% were strongly agreed, 20.7% were neutral and 2.4% were strongly disagreed.
The facility manager makes the information available to the client prior to post
construction handovers such that they can recognize the asset before they are tasked
with the functioning besides work together with the client for optimization of the asset
presentation.
11. How far do you agree that training and management of data are concerns
about project design and construction management?
Options No of respondents Total
respondents
Response %
Strongly agree 29 82 35.4%
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Agree 30 82 36.6%
Neutral 16 82 19.5%
Disagree 3 82 3.7%
Strongly disagree 4 82 4.9%
Table 4.16: Training and management of data are concerns about project design
and construction management
Figure 4.16: Training and management of data are concerns about project design
and construction management
Findings:
From the above chart, it was analyzed that 36.6% of the respondents were
agreed that training and management of data are concerns about project design and
construction management. It was found that 35.4% were strongly agreed, 19.5% were
neutral, 4.9% were strongly disagreed and 3.7% were disagreed. In the construction
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project, control over time and cost is required and for this, both training, as well as data
management, is the main concerns. The productivity of the organization is caused due
to training and the central database is required to update the project schedule. The
construction management requires skilled expertise to work in the project for successful
completion at the scheduled time and estimated budget.
4.2.1 Regression analysis
In this section, three distinctive hypotheses were being selected with the aim of
the role of facility manager in the project delivery process from design to construction
management. As stated in this section, the raw data was being collected from the
survey questionnaire method. The data which were collected has subjected to
regression analysis, such that it can highlight the relationship between dependent as
well as independent factors linked with each of the research hypothesis.
Hypothesis 1: There is high function of facility manager in facility design.
Based on the selected hypothesis, the regression model is stated as:
The dependent variable of hypothesis = A + B* independent variable of hypothesis
Where, A= Intercept of the Model
And B= Coefficient of function of facility manager at the facility design.
The details of the regression analysis conducted on the above mentioned model has
here being presented in the table below:
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression
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Statistics
Multiple R 0.64881208
R Square 0.42095712
Adjusted R Square 0.4062978
Standard Error 0.62313164
Observations 82
Table 4.17: Summary output table of regression analysis conducted for
hypothesis 1
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Significance
F
Regression 2 22.30046 11.15023 28.71602 4.23715E-10
Residual 79 30.67515 0.388293
Total 81 52.97561
Table 4.18: ANOVA table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 1
Coefficients
Standard
Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 0.23333211 0.206313 1.130964 0.261492
How far do you agree that
maintenance, benchmarking,
safety and life cycle costing are
0.64397068 0.134746 4.779151 8E-06
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important considerations at project
design stage?
How far do you agree that
estimation of impact on cost and
circulation of spatial requirements
are design considerations from
facility management perspective? 0.31456064 0.084849 3.707283 0.000387
Table 4.19: Coefficient table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 1
The null and alternative hypothesis associated with hypothesis 1 are as follows:
Null hypothesis (H0): There is no high function of facility manager at the facility design.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a high function of facility manager at the facility
design.
Obtaining the value of the intercept, along with the value of the coefficient for
hypothesis 1, one can arrive at following equation, A= 0.23333211= Intercept of the
Model and B= 0.95. On the other hand, the findings from the table of regression model
stated that the value of significant F based on selected hypothesis 1 is 4.23715E-10.
Therefore, the value of significant F is less than 0.05, in this case, there is a rejection of
the null hypothesis. Now, the value of the Significant F factor for this hypothesis is much
less than 0.05: hence the null hypothesize sated in the section above has to be
rejected. Thus, in this way, it is proved that the provided hypothesis is “There is a high
function of facility manager at facility design”.
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Hypothesis 2: There is high impact of involvement of the facility manager at
design stage.
Based on the selected hypothesis, the regression model is stated as:
The dependent variable of hypothesis = A + B* independent variable of hypothesis
Where, A= Intercept of the Model
And B= Coefficient of involvement of the facility manager at the design stage.
The details of the regression analysis conducted on the above mentioned model has
here being presented in the table below:
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.390872
R Square 0.152781
Adjusted R Square 0.142191
Standard Error 0.601776
Observations 82
Table 4.20: Summary output table of regression analysis conducted for
hypothesis 2
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Significance
F
Regression 1 5.224371 5.224371 14.42661 0.000283
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Residual 80 28.97075 0.362134
Total 81 34.19512
Table 4.21: ANOVA table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 2
Coefficients
Standard
Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 1.024283 0.156148 6.559702 4.91E-09
How far do you agree that
design considerations provide
an impact on ease and cost of
facility operations and
construction management? 0.343819 0.090521 3.798238 0.000283
Table 4.22: Coefficient table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 2
The null and alternative hypothesis associated with hypothesis 2 are as follows:
Null hypothesis (H0): There is no a high impact of involvement of the facility manager
at the design stage.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a high impact of involvement of the facility
manager at the design stage.
Obtaining the value of the intercept, along with the value of the coefficient for
hypothesis 1, one can arrive at following equation, A= 1.024283= Intercept of the Model
and B= 0.343819. On the other hand, the findings from the table of regression model
stated that the value of significant F based on selected hypothesis 2 is 0.000283.
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Therefore, the value of significant F is less than 0.05, in this case, there is a rejection of
the null hypothesis. Now, the value of the Significant F factor for this hypothesis is much
less than 0.05: hence the null hypothesize sated in the section above has to be
rejected. Thus, in this way, it is proved that the provided hypothesis is “There is a high
impact of involvement of the facility manager at the design stage”.
Hypothesis 3: There is high impact of Business Information Modelling in design
and construction management.
Based on the selected hypothesis, the regression model is stated as:
The dependent variable of hypothesis = A + B* independent variable of hypothesis
Where, A= Intercept of the Model
And B= Coefficient of business information modeling in design and construction
management.
The details of the regression analysis conducted on the above mentioned model has
here being presented in the table below:
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.734443
R Square 0.539406
Adjusted R Square 0.51548
Standard Error 0.525946
Observations 82
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Table 4.23: Summary output table of regression analysis conducted for
hypothesis 3
ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 4 24.94426 6.236065 22.5439 2.37E-12
Residual 77 21.29964 0.276619
Total 81 46.2439
Table 4.24: ANOVA table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 3
Coefficients
Standard
Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 0.493775 0.199908 2.470015 0.015723
How far do you agree that BIM
improves productivity of facility
management processes? 0.345573 0.086995 3.972345 0.000159
How far do you agree that
facilities management will
deliver high quality
construction projects? -0.09194 0.0562 -1.63602 0.105917
How far do you agree that BIM
permits for optimization of post
construction handovers? 0.451602 0.090667 4.980877 3.79E-06
How far do you agree that 0.009789 0.054824 0.17856 0.858752
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training and management of
data are concerns about
project design and construction
management?
Table 4.25: Coefficient table of regression analysis conducted for hypothesis 3
The null and alternative hypotheses associated with hypothesis 3 are as follows:
Null hypothesis (H0): There is no high impact on Business Information Modelling in
design and construction management.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a high impact on Business Information Modelling
in design and construction management.
Obtaining the value of the intercept, along with the value of the coefficient for
hypothesis 1, one can arrive at following equation, A= 0.493775 = Intercept of the Model
and B= 0.71502. On the other hand, the findings from the table of regression model
stated that the value of significant F based on selected hypothesis 3 is 2.37E-12.
Therefore, the value of significant F is less than 0.05, in this case, there is a rejection of
the null hypothesis. Now, the value of the Significant F factor for this hypothesis is much
less than 0.05: hence the null hypothesize sated in the section above has to be
rejected. Thus, in this way, it is proved that the provided hypothesis is “There is a high
impact of Business Information Modelling in design and construction management”.
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4.3 Qualitative data analysis
This section of the data analysis was comprised of a qualitative analysis of the
selected research topic as stated by 12 of the persons of various organizations were
being interviewed. The qualitative data analysis consisted of 12 persons as the sample
as the detailed role of facility management in the project delivery process is discussed.
1. Role played to define client and user needs during preparation of project
design phase.
As per the project managers, the role played is for execution of design phase and lead
the project team accomplished the phase activities and project deliverables. The project
manager can inspect the materials and workers those are professional and are well
trained in the building construction. The property manager deals with prospects and
tenants, look after marketing, rentals, collecting rents, handling maintenance and repair
issues, responding to tenant complaints, and even pursuing evictions. The architect is
involved to conduct a review of the design phase to make sure about compliance with
policies and make required tradeoffs decisions when conflicting roles are raised
throughout the design phase. The facility manager is responsible to ensure that
buildings and their services meet the needs of the people that work in them. In the
planning phase, the facility manager developed a project schedule which can coordinate
activities of project design, procurement as well as construction team work. The
managers developed a budget which can enable the project team to track expenditures
against expected expenses. The project design team builds conceptual design as well
as develops detailed drawings for usage. The project procurement team can use
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drawings to start ordering the equipment along with materials for the construction team.
It is required for the construction project team to produce a number of designs which are
required for project success.
2. Evaluation practices carried out by personnel during design and
construction management phase.
The project managers’ use of evaluation practices such as ASHRAE, SMACNA or
NFPA or local standards set by the respective authorities. Those standards are used to
improve the design of the buildings for the achievement of maximum energy efficiency.
Those standards are used for the development of energy codes. The energy impact of
the buildings is being determined by means of preliminary design decisions, processes
plus project budget of the owner. Those standards present the facility managers with
the strategies to implement minimum energy savings all over valuable designs plus
implementation of different equipment technologies. ASHRAE standard is used for
design as well as maintenance of the indoor environments. This standard is available
for the method of measurement, standard designing besides standard practices.
SMACNA standard is used for construction as well as installation for air pollution
controls. NFPA standard is used for protection from the fire. The property manages
does not carry out evaluation practices but just manages the project budget for facility
operations.
3. Usage of evaluation tools to measure performance and user satisfaction.
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The project manager uses of user feedback can only be via the building facilities
management or operation team to measure performance. Questionnaires are used to
get customer’s feedback on building performance. As per all the project participants in
the interview, customer feedback is a key significant evaluation tool which can increase
the bottom line as well as create positive experiences. A questionnaire was used as an
evaluation of the business performance of the built facilities. It is used to measure
attributes plus opinions. This evaluation tool can enable collection of the details in a
standardized manner when gathered from the representative sample of the defined
population which permits an inference to wider populations. It is a specialized plus
structured tool to carry out the research.
4. Participation during design stage of built facilities.
The project manager reviews project design and approve shop drawings prior to
execution with the support of site engineers. Most of the managers are not involved in
the project during the design stage. They are interested to participate so that they can
provide feedback from the operation point of view. The architect is to evaluate the
changes to architectural designs and views, and give suggestions and sometimes
disapprove the changes when the changes affect the building aesthetics. The facility is
being designed as well as constructed for a longer time for completion of project work.
From the viewpoint of project design, the system removes the separation of designing
processes from the construction process which can enable the contractor for the
contribution of design processes.
5. Organization intends to use building information modelling in the future.
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Most of the organizations should plan to use building information modeling but not at the
implementation stage. They are in planning to use BIM to sketch, create and supervise
the buildings. Sharing plus collaboration with the business models is easier than
drawing sets. BIM provides drawings by providing intelligence to the human being
building components. The construction industry is used BIM to create and manage
information across the project lifecycle. It provides digital details of each aspect of the
built asset. Creating of digital building information model can enable to interact with
buildings for optimization of actions, which resulted in larger whole life value for the
project asset. BIM data is used to demonstrate entire building lifecycle from setting up
as well as design to the destruction plus reusing of the materials.
4.4 Summary
Findings Details
Findings from survey It is summarized that this research study is aimed to link
facility design as well as its maintenance. The data analysis
is indicated that the respondents believed that the facility
management functions are required from the perspective of
the facilities management. The functions are being
influenced by the design choices which are made at the
design stages; therefore it is required to make design
decisions that can provide a positive impact on ease as well
as the cost of facility operations.
Findings from interview The respondents believed that the facility manager can able
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to assist the design teams for the development of designs to
enhance facility operations plus maintenance. The
organization is used of evaluation practices such as Ashrae,
Smacna or NFPA or local standards to achieve maximum
energy efficiency. Questionnaires are also used to measure
performance and user satisfaction.
Findings from literature
review
It is concluded that the facility manager is involved in design
to construction management which is a standard to the
literature review. Sustainability policies are developed for
the organization to make the construction work sustainable.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
Factors Summary
Role of
facility
manager at
facility
design
It proves from the study that the participation of the facility manager at
the project design is crucial to delivering a sustainable project.
Involvement of facilities manager at the early stage of the construction
is essential for the whole project delivery process to construct a project
that's easy to maintain. As per the study, the facility manager's inputs at
the design stage, as well as his expertise in the process are required to
reduce the consequences of inadequate maintenance. It avoids
disturbance to the building occupants after completion and also
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prevents possible changes to the architectural design. The study has
also shown that only facility managers with sufficient experience should
participate in the design process so that only the great ideas are
collected and implemented. This view is supported by Whyte, Stasis,
and Lindkvist (2016) who argued that the facility manager could
participate directly to reduce maintenance issues. The facility manager
can gain experiences from various responsibilities as they can perform
throughout the facility operation phase.
Involvement
impact of
facility
manager at
design
stage
From this research study, it is concluded that the objective is to assess
the role of facility manager at the design stage and his involvement
impact in the entire project delivery process. It is evidenced from the
literature study that little information provided on the role of facility
manager in the construction industry, the research shows that the
facility manager has never been considered to be relevant in the project
design phase. They have a considerable contribution to the design
process. Each of the project design is checked for maintenance
reliability before approval for the constructing. The analysis of the
primary data supports the view that facility managers with in-depth
knowledge and experiences are excellent candidates to be part of the
design team. As supported by Tay and Ooi (2001) who argued that
facility managers should be involved in project design as decisions
made at this stage will have a direct impact on their duties.
Summary The selected hypotheses for this research study based on the role of
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from
hypothesis
facility manager in project delivery processes, where his involvement at
this stage should lead to a project that's easy to operate and maintain.
As per the respondents, the facility manager's responsibilities in the
project delivery process leads to a plan that is cost effective for
operation and maintenance, majority of the respondents have also
agreed that maintenance, benchmarking, safety and life cycle costing
are essential considerations at the project design stage which the
facilities management professionals can assist with. The view was also
supported Franz et al. (2016) who argued that the profession of facility
management is developed to some extent to reduce cost in operation
as well as maintenance work of buildings. Therefore, the focus of the
facility manager is to make sure that the operation and maintenance of
facilities, is considered as cost useful.
5.2 Recommendations
The involvement of a facility manager in the project delivery process can be
either as in-house experts or external consultants with proven experience. Such
participation of the facility manager can lead to the cost-effective building, operation as
well as maintenance. The following recommendations suggested in answering the
research question (How can the role or function of the facility manager in the process of
project designing be improved/developed?):
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• It is recommended only those facility managers with a solid technical, and
operational background should participate in the project delivery process at the design
stage. The majority of the respondents also agreed that only facility managers with
adequate experience could make essential inputs to the design team. This
recommendation is also supported by Heravi, Coffey, and Trigunarsyah (2015) who
stated that inaccurate understanding of key concepts related to sustainability, lack of the
practical experiences provide negative impacts on the efficiency of the sustainable
practices in the design of the facility management.
• It is also to involve facility management expertise at the time of selecting the design
team. Size plus the scope of development dictate the composition of design teams.
Complex development in the construction industry requires to have a larger design team
consisting of various professions. In a massive scale development, the industry should
need expertise facility management team. The study recommends for the construction
industry to involve expertise with building operation management experience during the
design stage of the construction to achieve a sustainable project.
• It's also suggested to integrate the involvement of facility management expertise at
the time of project tendering, particularly for large or complex development projects, so
that project designers not considering facility operation expertise in their proposals
should be disqualified.
• The study also suggest that the local authorities should only approve contractors
who can integrate facility professionals in their design team. Those contractors who
neglect this condition shouldn't be certified and approved.
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Chapter 6: Limitation of study and scope for further research
6.1 Limitations of study
As per the literature study, there decidedly fewer research studies documented in
regards to the topic. Most of the written research on the facility management focused on
operation and maintenance after project completion, a very few studies that conducted
on the role of facilities manager which can play at the design stage of the project. Time
was also the challenge for this research because the research focused on the Middle
Eastern region, where the collection of the research data has challenged the
researcher. It is therefore required to conduct further research studies on the topic so
that the knowledge of these experts are documented and utilized.
Due to time and budget constraints, the researcher only conducted a regression
analysis for analyzing the reliability and validity of collected data, using primary data
collection method. It has limited the researcher to provide statistical results to collect
data for analysis using SPSS software. Due to the time limitation, it prevented to offer
detailed explanations related to the crucial role of the facility manager which can be
played in procurement as well as the design process.
6.2 Scope for further research
It is required to have further research on this topic, so the knowledge gaps for the
facility management are addressed at the early stages of the construction. It's also
suggested an effective educational process for the integration of the design process
along with construction and facility management. The study recommends further
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research on the role of facility manager as well as other stakeholders such as the
property, operations and health, and safety managers who are directly involved in the
facility operation after the construction completion. Additionally, they have direct
interaction with the facility end-user and therefore, the research consider their
involvement to be valuable at the design stage of the facility.
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Appendix
1. Survey Questionnaire
Topic: Evaluating the role of facility managers in the project delivery process from
project design to the construction management.
This questionnaire is designed to evaluate role of facility managers in the project
delivery process from project design to the construction management. Your participation
is much appreciated and your answers will be treated confidentially and will be used for
academic purpose only.
Section 1: Demographic profile
1. Please mention the gender Male Female
2. Please mention the age group 20-29 years 30-39 years 40-49 years Above 50 years
3. Qualification of respondents Operation manager Engineer
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4. Work experience Less than 5 years 5-10 years More than 10 years
5. Business sector Building construction Facilities management Property management Hospitality
Section 2: Role of facility manager in project delivery process
We would like your impressions about your response on role of facility manager in
project delivery process. Choose the most suitable answer that reflects your impression
on Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree and Strongly Agree.
6. How far you do agree that facility manager can coordinate the services of building
included construction and energy efficiency? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree
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7. How far do you agree that maintenance, benchmarking, safety and life cycle costing
are important considerations at project design stage? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
8. How far do you agree that estimation of impact on cost and circulation of spatial
requirements are design considerations from facility management perspective? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
9. How far do you agree that formulation of sustainability is required in project
construction management stage? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
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10. How far do you agree that safety and security of buildings is most important pre-
design phase of construction management? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
11. How far do you agree that design considerations provide an impact on ease and
cost of facility operations and construction management? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
12. How far do you agree that business process modelling (BIM) use in facilities
management is considered the future to manage facilities? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
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13. How far do you agree that BIM improves productivity of facilities management
processes? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
14. How far do you agree that facility manager will deliver high quality construction
projects? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
15. How far do you agree that BIM permits for optimization of post construction
handovers? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
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16. How far do you agree that training and management of data are concerns about
project design and construction management? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
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2. Ethics Approval Application Form
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