Same Sex Marriage in Canada

The legalization of same sex marriage in Canada was a landmark decision, and it set an example for other countries of the world to follow. The legalization of same sex marriage in Canada was a result of a long and arduous struggle, which involved several court cases and legislative battles.

Running head: SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
Same Sex Marriage in Canada
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
LGBTQ rights as guaranteed by the Canadian Constitution and the Canadian legal
system in general is considered to be highly advanced, more advanced than similar rights
guaranteed by other legal systems worldwide. The country has been tolerant of same sex
activities including same sex sexual behavior since the year of 1969, with the latter behavior
being considered as entirely lawful in the context of Canada.1 The Criminal Law Amendment
Act which was implemented in 1969 upon 1969 legalized same sex sexual behavior, giving
lesbian and gay couples in the country complete freedom to express their love for one
another. The largest cities of Canada, such as Toronto and Ottawa among others, are known
to feature gay communities as well as gay neighborhoods of their own. Since the year of
1982, fundamental rights have been guaranteed for gay and lesbian people in the country by
the Canadian Constitution, under the provisions of the famous Canadian Charter of Rights
and Freedoms, a charter that applies to all legal frameworks and instruments implemented in
Canada. In the summer months of every year, the LGBTQ community in Canadian cities and
towns are seen to celebrate Gay Pride, a festival that marks the emancipation of same sex
couples, and which is attended in large numbers, not only by members of the LGBTQ
community, but by general people as well, including politicians and those working in the
administrative divisions of different Canadian municipalities.2 While Canada is a country that
has been accepting and tolerating of same sex behavior for a long time, it was not until the
year of 2005 that same sex marriage was legalized.3 I am going to argue in this paper, that the
process of same sex marriage legalization in Canada was one that followed a remarkable
trajectory, setting an example for other countries of the world including the neighboring
1 Bernstein, Mary, and Brenna Harvey. "17 The movement towards marriage equality in advanced industrialized
countries." Handbook on Gender and Social Policy (2018): 307
2 "Activists Says A Still-Active Human Rights Case In N.L. Speaks To The Lasting Homophobia In Canada".
2019. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/4970558/human-rights-case-homophobia/.
3 Bernstein, Mary, Brenna Harvey, and Nancy A. Naples. "Marriage, the Final Frontier? Same‐Sex Marriage and
the Future of the Lesbian and Gay Movement." In Sociological Forum, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 30-52. 2018

2SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
country, USA. This will be done by discussing the different court decisions that ultimately
led to the legalization of same sex marriage in Canada, giving lesbian and gay couples the
legal sanction that they needed in order to exchange vows before God and commit to each
other, in the same way that conventional married couples do.4
In the year of 1993, lesbian and gay marriage was rejected by a Canadian court. A gay
couple issued a law suit against the government of Canada in that year for this purpose. This
couple had been denied the license to get married in the city of Ottawa in Ontario, with one
of them being American citizen and the other one being Canadian. The lawsuit was not
successful in the least and the American citizen was compelled to leave Canada and go back
to the USA.5 The introduction of a private member’s bill took place in the federal parliament
in Canada in the year of 1996, April, a bill that would not only have recognized the existence
of same sex partnerships in the country but which would also have guaranteed to such
partnerships the same rights as those involved in a heterosexual romantic partnership. It of
course historically well known that private member bills tend to be rejected for the most part,
and have seldom ever been approved of or passed by the Canadian federal parliament. This
particular bill died a slow death, not having been voted for even once. In the month of May in
the same year, a federal law that encouraged anti-discriminatory behavior towards same sex
couples, was passed. It had been promised by the liberal party that was currently in power at
that time, that the Human Rights Act of Canada would be amended in order to reduce the
discriminatory behavior that was being meted out to minorities in the country, including
sexual minorities6. Such a promise had been made by the Liberal Party for several years now,
4 Bosley-Smith, Emma R., and Corinne Reczek. "Before and After “I Do”: Marriage Processes for Mid-Life Gay
and Lesbian Married Couples." Journal of homosexuality 65, no. 14 (2018): 1985-2004
5 "Bernie Sanders Says All His 'Radical' 2016 Ideas Are Now Mainstream". 2019. Mail Online.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6796357/Bernie-Sanders-says-radical-2016-ideas-mainstream.html
6 "LGBT Catholics Get Scholarship Fund From Louisville Couple". 2019. Courier-Journal.
https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2019/03/07/new-university-louisville-scholarship-helps-
catholic-lgbt-students/3084281002/.

3SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
and their inaction on this matter had begun to cause them much embarrassment. A free vote
in May 1996 with 76 people voting against the law and 153 voting for it, led to the Human
Rights Act finally being amended in Canada. It is important to note in this respect, that the
amendment was supported by two large protestant outfits in Canada, namely, the Anglican
Church of Canada and the United Church of Canada. The law in Canada covers
approximately one million employees of regulated business and the federal government.7
With the exception of Canadian states such as Alberta, Prince Edward Island, North West
Territories and Newfoundland, a similar legislation had been already passed by most of the
other provinces. While same sex marriage was still not legal anywhere in Canada at that point
of time, the amendment of the Human Rights Act of Canada appeared to be a move that
served as an important precursor for the legalization of same sex marriage in Canada.8
The NDP or Socialist government in the Canadian state of British Columbia passed
two laws in the month of July in 1997 that assured spousal benefits in a new form. According
to these laws, the definition of a spouse would be one that would extend to those involved in
same sex relationships as well. Bills 32 and 31 recognize what is often termed as a marriage
like relationship that is entered into by people who belong to the same gender as per the
Family Maintenance Enforcement Act and the Family Relations Act of Canada. For the first
time now, lesbian and gay couples in Canada were guaranteed the same rights pertaining to
child custody, child maintenance and access to their children, in the exact same way that such
rights were accorded to heterosexual couples under common law as well. It now became
possible for gay and lesbian couples in the country of Canada not only to be able to love one
another and live together but to also have children and enjoy custody of their children even
7 "Pair In Same-Sex SCOTUS Ruling Start Fund For LGBT Catholics". 2019. LEX18.Com.
https://lex18.com/news/2019/03/08/pair-in-same-sex-scotus-ruling-start-fund-for-lgbt-catholics/
8 Bosley-Smith, Emma R., and Corinne Reczek. "Before and After “I Do”: Marriage Processes for Mid-Life
Gay and Lesbian Married Couples." Journal of homosexuality 65, no. 14 (2018): 1985-2004

4SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
when they were no longer in a relationship with each other.9 Also in 1997, a gay couple filed
a law suit in Canada in order to exercise their right to get legally married in the country.
Manual Gambora who was a Mexican man and Martin Dube who was a Canadian citizen
were formally married in a church ceremony on the 4th of November in 1997. Gambora had
been residing in the Canadian province of Quebec for as many as three years until then.
However, upon the expiration of his visitor visa on the 24th of November in 1997, he was
compelled to return home to Mexico. Stephane Gendron who served as a lawyer for this
couple is of the belief that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is an instrument that
takes precedence over the Civil Code of Quebec when it comes to guaranteeing for same sex
couples in Canada the right to get married.10 This is because the charter prohibits any
discrimination on grounds of gender as well as sexual orientation. The Civil Code of Quebec
on the other hand contradicts the ethos of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as it
requires married spouses to belong to opposite genders. It was therefore clear with regard to
the case of this particular couple is that what had worked in their favor was the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which gave the Court the authority to sanction their
marriage, even though the Mexican was in the country only on a visitor visa.11
In the year of 2001, a gay couple in Canada who had been living together for as many
as twenty eight years, made the decision to get married. Rene Lebouf and Michael Hendricks
hired Stephan Gendron as their lawyer, and as residents of Quebec, they too decided to
challenge the Civil Code of Quebec which is against same sex marriage and file a case in
court to be granted the right to get married. It was the desire of the couple to move matters to
9 Colwell, Renata. "Pernicious Effects: Discretionary Decision-Making in Queer Immigration to Canada." WJ
Legal Stud. 8 (2018): 1.
10 Allen, Douglas W., and Shih En Lu. "Matching, marriage, and children: differences across sexual
orientations." Review of Economics of the Household 15, no. 2 (2017): 527-547.
11 Colwell, Renata. "Pernicious Effects: Discretionary Decision-Making in Queer Immigration to Canada." WJ
Legal Stud. 8 (2018): 1.

5SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
the Canadian Supreme Court, in order to make their case known and heard. On the 8th of
November in 2001, the hearings took place at the Palais de Justice in Montreal. On the 6th of
September 2002 it was ruled by the Canadian Supreme Court that denying the gay couple the
right to get married would entail a violation of the fundamental human rights that are
guaranteed for all Canadian citizens.12 The federal government was given a two year time
frame by the court to make modifications to the marriage act that would give lesbians and
gays the right to get married. This particular ruling on the part of the Supreme Court of
Canada was a landmark ruling as it was now really for the first time that the apex court of the
country put it out in the open that same sex couples in the country had the right to get
married. While the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms had come to the aid and the
benefit for same sex couples in Canada for many years until then, giving them the legal right
to live together and be united with one another formally through civil union ceremonies, the
2002 decision of the Supreme Court made matters far more secure for lesbian and gay
couples. 13
In 2001, January, a same sex couple had been married in a civil ceremony by a pastor
by the name of Revered Brent Hawkes. Yet the marriage was not accepted and registered by
the government of Ontario at the time. The case of this particular couple was combined with
another case that involved four other gay couples leading to a single hearing at court on this
matter, which began on the 5th of November in 2005. On the 12th of July in 2002, the Superior
Court in Ontario rules unanimously that current provincial legislations defining marriage
were to be regarded as unconstitutional largely because of the fact that such legislations
denied many basic rights to lesbian and gay people, including the right to get married in a
12 Baumle, Amanda K. "Legal Counseling and the Marriage Decision: The Impact of Same‐Sex Marriage on
Family Law Practice." Family Relations 67, no. 1 (2018): 192-206.
13 Curtis, Darren. "The Track to Freedom: Canada's Path to Legal Same-Sex Marriage Compared to the United
States." Creighton Int'l & Comp. LJ 9 (2017): 68.

6SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
religious ceremony. The federal government and the government of Ontario were instructed
to change the laws that denied such rights, stating that the marriage laws that were applicable
in the province ought to be those that gave same sex couples the right to get married. The
legislature was given twenty four months by the court to complete this particular task and the
ruling was appealed by the governments.14 On the 10th of June in 2003 it was decided by the
Court of Appeal in Ontario that an same sex marriage is something that must be made
available to gay and lesbian couples immediately in Ontario and Michael Stark and Michael
Leshner, a gay couple that had been together for several decades, were formally married that
day in an afternoon ceremony.15
One private members bill had been introduced in the parliament on valentine’s day in
2001, by Sven Robinson, a member of parliament, which would allow lesbian and gay
couples to get married to one another. This was because of the fact that Sven was not only a
member of the socialist party of Canada but because he was openly gay as well. However, as
was the case with most other private member bills in Canada, this bill was not approved of
either.16
In July 2001, as many as eight lesbian and gay couples in British Columbia who had
been denied the right to get married, passed a petition arguing or demanding rather that the
Federal Marriage Act be overturned, largely because of the fact that such an act denied gay
people the right to get married in the same way that heterosexuals were allowed to get
married. The lawyers who were representing the couple stated very clearly that the Federal
14 Durayappah, Sudharshan, and Corinne G. Dempsey. "Recasting Sexuality, Gender, and Family through
Contemporary Canadian Ritual Innovation." Ritual Innovation: Strategic Interventions in South Asian
Religion (2018): 259
15 Durayappah, Sudharshan, and Corinne G. Dempsey. "Recasting Sexuality, Gender, and Family through
Contemporary Canadian Ritual Innovation." Ritual Innovation: Strategic Interventions in South Asian
Religion (2018): 259
16 Earhart, Michael, and E. Frank Stephenson. "Same-sex marriage legalization and wedding tourism: evidence
from Charleston and Savannah." Journal of Economics and Finance 42, no. 3 (2018): 566-574.

7SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
Marriage Act was an instrument that violated the right of lesbian and gay people to equal
treatment as guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, as it denied such
couples the official marital status that was accorded to conventional heterosexual couples.17
The arguments were heard at the superior court of British Columbia in the months of July and
August 2003. In October 2003, it was ruled by Justice Ian Pitfield that the federal government
is one that does indeed discriminate against lesbian and gay couples with regard to marriage.
He stated that the government was entirely justified in doing this. Additionally it was stated
on the part of Justice Ian Pitfield that courts were capable of introducing only very minor
changes to existing laws. If the court of British Columbia were to sanction same sex
marriage, in his view, then it would be unconstitutional. The case was then appealed to the
Court of Appeal of British Columbia.18 It was determined by the Court of Appeal of British
Columbia on the 1st of May 2003 that the decision taken on the part of the Superior Court of
British Columbia is what was unconstitutional in nature and that it is the marriage act which
is discriminatory and unconstitutional. The court stated that the federal government had time
until the month of July of 2004, to go ahead and rewrite this particular act. Thus all the three
courts of British Columbia, Quebec and Ontario were addressing the issue of same sex
marriage at more or less the same given time. Unanimously identical rulings were delivered
by all the three courts favoring marriage for same sex couples, something that served as a
major boost for the LGBTQ community in the country as a whole.19
17 Kennedy, Heather R., Rochelle L. Dalla, and Steven Dreesman. "“We are Two of the Lucky Ones”:
Experiences with Marriage and Wellbeing for Same-Sex Couples." Journal of homosexuality 65, no. 9 (2018):
1207-1231.
18 DeFilippis, Joseph Nicholas, Michael W. Yarbrough, and Angela Jones, eds. Queer Activism After Marriage
Equality. Routledge, 2018.
19 Yarbrough, Michael W., Angela Jones, and Joseph Nicholas DeFilippis, eds. Queer families and relationships
after marriage equality. Taylor & Francis, 2018

8SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
On the 10th of June in 2003, a lower court ruling was affirmed by the Court of Appeal
in Ontario whereby the government of Ontario was ordered to introduce marriage licenses
that would give sanction to same sex couples to get married.20 Such a decision served as the
third major political decision that was made in the country for authorizing lesbian and gay
marriage, On the 17th of June 2003, the decision was accepted by the liberal party and the
marriage act was rewritten, thus now allowing same sex couples in Ontario to get married as
and when they wanted to and where they wanted to.21 A draft version of all of these changes
were then written by members of the liberal cabinet and submitted to the Canadian Supreme
Court for review and analysis. On the 8th of July in 2003, the Court ordered the government
of British Columbia to sanction same sex marriage. The government was instructed to start
the issuance of marriage licenses immediately and was also asked to keep a record of the
same sex marriages that were taking place. It was felt by the Court that it would be improper
to sanction same sex marriage in Ontario while prohibiting the same in British Columbia22.
Paul Martin who took office as the Prime Minister of Canada on the 12th of December, 2003
re-affirmed that lesbians and gays who wished to get married in the country would not be
discriminated against in any way whatsoever under the new laws that would take effect in the
country soon.23 The question was posed in January 2004, by the Federal government before
the Supreme Court of Canada, as to whether the existing marriage act that only sanctioned
20 Lyon, Katherine A., and Hélène Frohard‐Dourlent. "“Let's Talk about the Institution”: Same‐Sex Common‐
Law Partners Negotiating Marriage Equality and Relationship Legitimacy." Canadian Review of
Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 52, no. 4 (2015): 402-428
21 Kennedy, Heather R., Rochelle L. Dalla, and Steven Dreesman. "“We are Two of the Lucky Ones”:
Experiences with Marriage and Wellbeing for Same-Sex Couples." Journal of homosexuality 65, no. 9 (2018):
1207-1231.
22 The Press, 2019. "Apology For Derailment - Canada News". Castanet.Net.
https://www.castanet.net/edition/news-story-249584-4-.htm
23 Petterson, Lanna J., Doug P. VanderLaan, Tonje J. Persson, and Paul L. Vasey. "The Relationship Between
Indicators of Depression and Anxiety and Sexual Orientation in Canadian Women." Archives of sexual
behavior 47, no. 4 (2018): 1173-1182.

9SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
marriage between a man and a woman was unconstitutional or not and if it was, then
recommendations were requested as to how this law could be successfully altered.24
The superior court in Yukon issued a ruling in July 2004 whereby the government of
Yukon was instruction to sanction marriage licenses to all same sex couples and to get their
marriages registered.25 On 16th of September 2004, same sex marriage was legalized in the
province of Manitoba. It was noted by Justice Douglas Yard who was serving on the Court of
the Queen’s Bench that the marriage act which was prevailing in Manitoba at the time was
unconstitutional in nature and he ordered that the definition of marriage ought to be
reformulated in a way that it implies a voluntary commitment that is made for life by two
people to be in union with each other and at exclusion of all others. Justice Heather Robinson
of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, save her decision in favor of same sex marriage in
September 2004. She declared that any civil marriage that takes place between two people
who belong the same gender is valid as well as lawful.26 In November 2004, same sex
marriage was legalized in Saskatchewan27. It was ruled by Justice Donna Wilson, that all the
existing or prevailing laws in Saskatchewan were those that violated the rights of same sex
couples, including their right to get married, and that the definition of marriage under
common law should be one that entails a lawful union of two individuals and at the exclusion
of all others.28
24 Schwartz, Mildred A., and Raymond Tatalovich. "Public Opinion and Morality Policy: Lessons from Canada
and the United States." Comparative Sociology 18, no. 1 (2019): 1-32
25 Schwartz, Mildred A., and Raymond Tatalovich. "Public Opinion and Morality Policy: Lessons from Canada
and the United States." Comparative Sociology 18, no. 1 (2019): 1-32
26 Waite, Sean, and Nicole Denier. "Self‐Employment among Same‐Sex and Opposite‐Sex Couples in
Canada." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 53, no. 2 (2016): 143-175.
27 Smith, Miriam. "Canada: The power of institutions." In The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State, pp. 83-
98. Routledge, 2016.
28 Wellman, Barry. "The family has become a network." Connecting Families?: Information & Communication
Technologies, generations, and the life course (2018).

10SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
Thus, the court cases that have been discussed in detail above, clearly reveal that same
sex marriage was legalized in Canada in a slow and gradual manner over several years, with
lower courts and gay rights lawyers taking a major initiative to see this through. Canada
today is regarded to be a country that champions gay and lesbian rights and several other
countries of the world including the neighboring country USA have been inspired by the
liberal approach that has been demonstrated by the Canadian legal system to gay marriage.
Same sex couples can freely get married in the country of Canada, at any given time, and in
any province, without worrying about facing the brunt of legal disputes and adverse legal
actions upon doing so. While conservative elements in the country have had a role to play in
resisting same sex union and same sex marriage in particular for a very long time, it is clear
that the liberal forces in Canada were far stronger than the conservative ones, fighting for gay
rights until the very end, with the official and legal sanctioning of gay marriage in each and
every part of the country. It cannot be denied that the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms has played an inspiring role in this respect and has given all gay rights advocates in
the country, the legal basis with which to ensure basic rights for all same sex people,
including the right to get married.

11SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
References
"Activists Says A Still-Active Human Rights Case In N.L. Speaks To The Lasting
Homophobia In Canada". 2019. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/4970558/human-
rights-case-homophobia/.
"Bernie Sanders Says All His 'Radical' 2016 Ideas Are Now Mainstream". 2019. Mail Online.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6796357/Bernie-Sanders-says-radical-2016-ideas-
mainstream.html
"LGBT Catholics Get Scholarship Fund From Louisville Couple". 2019. Courier-Journal.
https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2019/03/07/new-university-louisville-
scholarship-helps-catholic-lgbt-students/3084281002/.
"Pair In Same-Sex SCOTUS Ruling Start Fund For LGBT Catholics". 2019. LEX18.Com.
https://lex18.com/news/2019/03/08/pair-in-same-sex-scotus-ruling-start-fund-for-lgbt-
catholics/
Allen, Douglas W., and Shih En Lu. "Matching, marriage, and children: differences across
sexual orientations." Review of Economics of the Household 15, no. 2 (2017): 527-547.
Baumle, Amanda K. "Legal Counseling and the Marriage Decision: The Impact of Same‐Sex
Marriage on Family Law Practice." Family Relations 67, no. 1 (2018): 192-206.
Bernstein, Mary, and Brenna Harvey. "17 The movement towards marriage equality in
advanced industrialized countries." Handbook on Gender and Social Policy (2018): 307
Bernstein, Mary, Brenna Harvey, and Nancy A. Naples. "Marriage, the Final Frontier? Same‐
Sex Marriage and the Future of the Lesbian and Gay Movement." In Sociological Forum, vol.
33, no. 1, pp. 30-52. 2018

12SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
Bosley-Smith, Emma R., and Corinne Reczek. "Before and After “I Do”: Marriage Processes
for Mid-Life Gay and Lesbian Married Couples." Journal of homosexuality 65, no. 14
(2018): 1985-2004
Colwell, Renata. "Pernicious Effects: Discretionary Decision-Making in Queer Immigration
to Canada." WJ Legal Stud. 8 (2018): 1.
Curtis, Darren. "The Track to Freedom: Canada's Path to Legal Same-Sex Marriage
Compared to the United States." Creighton Int'l & Comp. LJ 9 (2017): 68.
DeFilippis, Joseph Nicholas, Michael W. Yarbrough, and Angela Jones, eds. Queer Activism
After Marriage Equality. Routledge, 2018.
Durayappah, Sudharshan, and Corinne G. Dempsey. "Recasting Sexuality, Gender, and
Family through Contemporary Canadian Ritual Innovation." Ritual Innovation: Strategic
Interventions in South Asian Religion (2018): 259
Earhart, Michael, and E. Frank Stephenson. "Same-sex marriage legalization and wedding
tourism: evidence from Charleston and Savannah." Journal of Economics and Finance 42,
no. 3 (2018): 566-574.
Kennedy, Heather R., Rochelle L. Dalla, and Steven Dreesman. "“We are Two of the Lucky
Ones”: Experiences with Marriage and Wellbeing for Same-Sex Couples." Journal of
homosexuality 65, no. 9 (2018): 1207-1231.
Kennedy, Heather R., Rochelle L. Dalla, and Steven Dreesman. "“We are Two of the Lucky
Ones”: Experiences with Marriage and Wellbeing for Same-Sex Couples." Journal of
homosexuality 65, no. 9 (2018): 1207-1231.
Lyon, Katherine A., and Hélène Frohard‐Dourlent. "“Let's Talk about the Institution”: Same‐
Sex Common‐Law Partners Negotiating Marriage Equality and Relationship

13SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA
Legitimacy." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 52, no. 4
(2015): 402-428
Petterson, Lanna J., Doug P. VanderLaan, Tonje J. Persson, and Paul L. Vasey. "The
Relationship Between Indicators of Depression and Anxiety and Sexual Orientation in
Canadian Women." Archives of sexual behavior 47, no. 4 (2018): 1173-1182.
Schwartz, Mildred A., and Raymond Tatalovich. "Public Opinion and Morality Policy:
Lessons from Canada and the United States." Comparative Sociology 18, no. 1 (2019): 1-32
Smith, Miriam. "Canada: The power of institutions." In The Lesbian and Gay Movement and
the State, pp. 83-98. Routledge, 2016.
The Press, 2019. "Apology For Derailment - Canada News". Castanet.Net.
https://www.castanet.net/edition/news-story-249584-4-.htm
Waite, Sean, and Nicole Denier. "Self‐Employment among Same‐Sex and Opposite‐Sex
Couples in Canada." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 53, no.
2 (2016): 143-175.
Wellman, Barry. "The family has become a network." Connecting Families?: Information &
Communication Technologies, generations, and the life course (2018).
Yarbrough, Michael W., Angela Jones, and Joseph Nicholas DeFilippis, eds. Queer families
and relationships after marriage equality. Taylor & Francis, 2018

14SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN CANADA