Sample Assignment on Immunology PDF
Added on 2021-05-31
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Immunology 1ImmunologyBy Student’s NameCourse + CodeClassInstitutionDate
Immunology 2IntroductionImmunotherapy, also termed as biologic therapy is a form of cancer treatment thatbolsters the body’s natural defenses in order to fight cancer. Immunotherapy functions byaugmenting the immune system to enable its improved functioning in destroying cancer cells,precluding the spread of cancer to other body parts and preventing or reducing the growth ofcancer cells (Rosenberg, Yang, and Restifo, 2004). In this research paper, two conditions-cancer and autoimmune diseases are considered. An autoimmune disease occurs when one’simmune system erroneously attacks the body. For cancer, there are varied factors which aidin tumor persistence. Immune-editing is one such factor which aids the tumors to evade thesurveillance of the host’s immunity hence the tumours may lie dormant within the patient forlong periods via senescence and equilibrium before they re-emerge. This research paper thusappraises the commonly used immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune disease such astype 1 diabetes treatment, as well as the solutions for immunotherapy improvements. Immunotherapies currently being used/trialed for the treatment of cancer andautoimmune diseaseTaking into concerns of the effects of type 1 diabetes which is T cell autoimmunedisease that lead to altered glucose and homeostasis, plus severe reduction of insulin due tothe destruction of beta cells in the islets the regulatory T cells and effector T cells areconsidered to be the major components that lead to autoimmunity (Yu, Paiva and Flavell,2017). Due to that reason, structures have been put into trials to in order to try to boost thefunctions of the regulatory T cells and at the same time reducing the effects of the effector Tcells (Yu, Paiva and Flavell, 2017). The FoxP3+T cell regulator and the Trl may havedifferent functions in the control of diabetes. The combination of the both has shown to lead
Immunology 3to extrinsic and intrinsic prevention of Type 1 Diabetes. The Trl has demonstrated to suppressthe IL-1 beta production and inflammatory NLrp3 activation. The Trl usually serve as animmunologic biomarker that usually helps when differentiating people at risk of developingtype 1 diabetes thus it can help in predicting the outcomes (Yu, Paiva and Flavell, 2017).Several clinical trials have been conducted on using the anti-CD28 antibody in examining theeffects and dangers of injecting agents that exert specific effects of T cell functions in vivowhich have designed to target specifically the T cells regulators. However, none of both thein vivo and in vitro modulations have induced a long-lasting beta cells protection (Yu, Paivaand Flavell, 2017). This is due to the fact that T cells regulate immunotherapy can be inducedby several factors. Firstly, the T cells regulators in adults diagnosed between 14-104 weeks isless effective compared to children diagnosed within the first two months of diagnosis.Therefore the initial C peptide serum and the disease duration might determine the success ofthetreatment(Yu,PaivaandFlavell,2017).
Immunology 4(Yu, Paiva andFlavell, 2017) Therapeutic approach that has been used to modulate regulatory T cellsThe most significant goal of the immunotherapy is the induction of tolerance. This hasbeen demonstrated recently by using anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies which have shownpromise in clinical trials which has autoimmune diseases in animal models (Kuhn andWeiner, 2016).The induction of the tolerance of anti-CD3 mAbs is directly related to Tregsthat normally control pathogenic autoimmune responses. The anti-CD3 normally binds to theCD3/TCR complex which normally leads to modulation of antigens. This means that theAnti-CD3 binding lead to the shedding of the CD3/TCR from the cell surface which in turnmakes the T cells blind toward their cognate antigens (Kuhn and Weiner, 2016). The anti-CD3 mAb induction can usually lead to other reactions and processes to happen at the sametime using the CD3/TCR complex like inducing cell death and T cell anergic. Additionally,TGF-beta that normally promotes a tumorigenic microenvironment is produced by bothmacrophages and apoptotic T cells that ingest apoptotic cell bodies (Kuhn and Weiner, 2016).The CD4+ T cells become suppressive when the FoxP3 in them is induced by TGF-beta. The
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