Construction Materials and Green Building

This assignment covers a wide range of topics related to construction materials and green building, including sustainable design and delivery, covalent organic frameworks, copper oxide-manganese dioxide core-shell arrays, formulations in psychotherapy, and the construction of sonication-triggered hydrogels. It also touches on occupational health and safety regulations, material use guidelines, and the integration of passive and active systems in green buildings.

SCIENCE AND MATERIAL

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P 1.1 Explain how regulations impact on use, storage and handling of a selection of
vocationally typical construction material..............................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P 2.1 Explain material environmental profiling and lifecycle assessment.............................3
P 2.2 Discuss the benefits of product declaration and environmental certification...............5
P3.1 Present the results of relevant testing procedures to identify performance characteristics
of selected construction materials..........................................................................................7
P 3.2 Discuss the results in terms of the material properties and regulatory requirements....9
P 3.3 Construction materials for a given building based upon their performance properties in
use.........................................................................................................................................10
P 4.1 Define a material selection strategy with regard to human comfort requirements.....10
P 4.2 Identify materials for a selected area within a building and explain how these contribute
to a balanced indoor environment .......................................................................................12
M1 How risk assessments can be used to address significant hazards posed by selected
materials or activities............................................................................................................13
M2 A waste management plan for a given project, taking into account a typical range of
relevant waste materials.......................................................................................................13
M3 The effects of loading structural materials and compare the behaviours and performance
of materials...........................................................................................................................14
D1 Discuss how multiple regulations and legislation would apply to a given site activity. 15
D2 Use of sustainable practices and considerations for material choice can improve the
environmental rating of the completed building..................................................................16
D3 Evaluate how the use of passive or active strategies can minimize energy, materials, water,
and land use..........................................................................................................................16
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................20
.......................................................................................................................................................21

INTRODUCTION
For working in a construction organisation, it is essential for professionals and workers to
must understand about hazardous material. It includes materials with transdermal effects,
embryotoxins, neurotoxins, carcinogens and more. They should make precautions while handling
such materials as well as maintain the high level of safety for the same. Along with this,
constructors also need to concern about storage process also. This report is going to discuss the
concept of safe hazardous material (Ma and et. al., 2015). It entails what professionals and other
associated workers need to concern while handling, working and storing such materials,
including the type of hazardous risks. Here, some case scenarios are taken where in first scenario
a client has given order to constructor for building a 6 storey high hotel, on specified area of 30m
X 30m. For this purpose, to concern about safety, hazardous substance and high-risk activities
are explained, with impact of regulations on process of storage materials used in construction.
Under the second scenario, environmental affects which are associated with building
materials over their life cycle are explained, for constructing hotel project. Furthermore, in third
scenario for satisfying the client’s requirement- performance of selected loading structural
material is described. In final task, material selection strategy is explained in detailed manner for
green building to new building designers.
TASK 1
P 1.1 Explain how regulations impact on use, storage and handling of a selection of vocationally
typical construction material
Handling and storing materials include a number of diverse operations like driving a
vehicle loaded with bricks and concrete blocks; hoisting loads of steel using a crane; carrying
bags or materials on manual basis; stacking palletized bricks (drums, barrels, kegs, and lumber)
etc. The efficient and appropriate way of handling and storing the hazardous materials are vital to
industry (Vos and Finneman, 2015). In constructing a building site, project managers play an
important role in proper handling the materials, technologies and human resource effectively.
They concern on providing a continuous flow of parts as well as assemblies through the
workplace and always seek to ensure that raw materials and other products are available when
needed. On construction site, the most hazardous substances that lead to major accidents if not
stored and handled properly are- liquefied hydrogen, chemical explosives and blasting agents
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(Talbot and Talbot, 2018). In this regard, any failure in proper handling and storing of materials
would result in costly and serious injuries. As per current scenario, for constructing a 6-storey
building, some major hazardous activities which may happen while carrying or working with
construction materials in manufacturing a building are given as beneath:
 Strains and sprains may cause while lifting or moving bulky and heavy loads improperly.
 Fractures and bruises may happen when being struck by hazardous materials or caught in
pinch points.
Due to frequently lifting or carrying bulky objects lead to cause serious and major
injuries. It has been evaluated that in year 1999, near about 420,000 workplace accidents
happened that resulted in serious injuries at construction site (Occupational Health and Safety
Administration, 2019). In addition to this, some other hazardous injuries which may cause due to
improper storage and handle construction materials include- fire; explosion, sudden release of
pressure, reactivity and more (Caple and Bednarek, 2016). Due to exposure of chemicals used in
construction lead to cause eye irritation, organ damage, allergic type reaction, cancer or
sometime results in death.
To reduce the circumstances which may happen due to improper handling or storage of
hazardous material at construction site, OSHA Regulation has formed. As per the OSHA,
contractors or construction companies must ensure that storage of raw materials and other
chemicals shall not create a hazard (Fellows, Fellows and Liu, 2015) . It assists that containers of
heavy loads should be placed carefully in tiers which are blocked, interlocked and stacked as
well as has limited height. This would make them stable and secure that prevents from sliding or
collapse. Furthermore, OSHA includes various regulation that states, "Storage areas within
construction must be kept free from accumulation of hazardous materials. It constitutes hazards
from fire, heavy exposure, stripping, explosion or pest harborage." In addition to this, OSHA
also states that the way in which variety of such substances should be stored, which include
liquefied hydrogen, chemical explosives and blasting agents, bulk oxygen, etc.
Therefore, it is essential for first-line supervisors of a project to must understand the
importance of handling and controlling the hazards which are associated with materials
(Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 2019). Therefore, to work on construction site,
it is amendable for professionals and employee to take proper safety training for handling
materials like cement, concrete and other properly. Here, safe lifting is considered as first aspect
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of material handling while transporting the materials or load safely is another one (Begy, 2017).
All workers must know how to carry and put down load, pick up the same and more
appropriately. All such processes help in reducing the risk of uncertainty which may create
hazardous on site. Along with this, when manually moving the materials, labours must help each
other in case of pulling a heavy load, which could not be properly lifted or grasped individually.
when they cannot see around or over it, or when they cannot safely handle the load. Professionals
at building site must ensure that handles should be attached with loads for reduce the occurrence
of complexities like getting fingers smashed or pinched (Hoyer and Steyaert, 2015). Labours are
also required to use appropriate protective equipment while moving the heavy or bulky loads
from one place to another. Materials having sharp or rough edges needs to be wear gloves or take
forearm protection (Hou, Gong and Zhu, 2016). Along with this, for avoiding injuries to eyes,
must use eye protection. Some other precautions that professionals at construction site must
adhere as per OSHA act are- While storing materials, it is essential to make sure that the same do
not obstruct some aspects such as fire extinguishers, fire alarm boxes, first aid equipment, lights
and electric switches etc. Along with this, exits and aisles also need to be kept clear all times as
well as should be appropriately marked. “No Smoking” signs should be posted at construction
site nearby warehouses.
TASK 2
This task is mainly related with sustainability which is a complex challenge in today.
Customers for the hotel construction project troubled regarding the environmental impacts linked
with structuring materials or products over their life cycle. Along with this, as an environmental
engineer, they are going to describe the environmental impacts associated with the materials
being followed in the hotel construction project.
P 2.1 Explain material environmental profiling and lifecycle assessment
Environmental profiling is one most important stage, which is necessary to be done to
check negative impact's of an environmental regulation on how effective working will be
regulated. In case of the construction of the building, even bulk material is used to be ordered to
overcome any situation of material loss or shortage at a time of he construction work (Thornton
and Knight, 2015). This was realised that, environmental profiling of each material is used to be
done in order to check how long material will be survived during the time of the construction. In
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this project of the hotel construction, material such as sand, brick, cement, steel etc., will be
taken into consideration to make this building structure in an effective or productive manner
(Majumdar and Laha, 2016). In UK, where environmental situations are not stable, in that
situation proper planning and control measures are required for client to protect validity as well
as durability of the raw materials. Material such as steel, cement, stone and brick have its own
durability and longevity which is required to protect to maintain validity of the material's to be
required to make hotel building projects in a productive manner.
In context to this hotel construction project, material management is required to be done
to protect material from any kind of loss or destroy to protect or save cost (Charlesworth, 2015).
Building materials present particular challenges for quantifying their environmental impacts:
 Environmental impact's within a building have to be relies on various factors; e.g.
workmanship, occupancy rates, local environment,
 Every construction building requires an unique structure of a materials, products and
components.
 Buildings must have a long duration and maintenance regimes, disposal and again usage
options for particular components are highly tough to predict.
 Construction material use large & accurate quality for extracting the resources which in
reality affects landscape, impacts of the biodiversity, highly complex impacts to quantify.
In contrary, a proper plan is essential to record materials which are put in storage or open
to have their own account of an effective planning or control measures to protect a given material
from any kind of environmental hazards (Reid, 2016). Profiling will help to know which material
is required to kept in a safe zone to protect it from environmental hazards.
There are some material such as cement, sand etc., which is need to protect from excess
water and erosion to protect its USP to be applied in the construction of a hotel construction
projects (Bell, 2016). Material chart is a best option to assist in ordering material for construction
as per the requirement for a construction project. Life-cycle assessment is assist to calculates the
potential environment effects of a materials, products or services across a defined life. Examples
of an environmental impacts using the life cycle assessment are as follows:
Global warming: In the climate fluctuation is caused due to emission of a greenhouse
gases,
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Ozone depletion: Ozone assists reduce harmful level of a solar radiation reaching an earth
surface.
Acidification of land and water: This involves doing a realisation of acidifying level of
the pollutants such as units of the sulphur dioxide, nitrogen, oxides and also ammonia.
Smog: This can be sum-up of volatile level of an organic compounds, carbon monoxide
Non-renewable resource depletion: This involves fossil fuels
In context of this construction project, there are various number of a life cycle assessment
tools or techniques such as eco-hierachical tools, specifier, green-spec etc.
Eco-hierachical tools: This involves building life stage in which energy use, occupant
health, durability & maintenance is used to be considered. Also, this involves manufacturing
stage which involves hazardous by-products, energy use, waste from manufacturing and raw
material sources which have resource limitation, impacts of resource extraction etc.
Ecospecifier: These have almost 6700 sustainable products for construction making it
most valuable sources of a product information standards (Cearreta and et. al., 2016). As a
leading global source of life cycle assessed product information, as ecospecifier global link
independent information with a powerful search interface. Ecospecifier global does your
sustainable products research for YOU delivering innovative, sustainable product solution based
on your specific needs. Ecospecifier global helps in specialising in categorisation of products
into a building construction.
P 2.2 Discuss the benefits of product declaration and environmental certification
Environmental product declaration introduces as an environmental certification divided
as type 3 that quantifies as well as verifies the product life cycle as cited in the global standard
organisation (Haas and et. al., 2015). For this, EPD methodology is related on life cycle
assessment technique which apples the international standards organisation (ISO) SERIES
14040. It will support clients that are environmentally regulated for the performance and
presentation of a construction product to make the effective decisions when selecting services
and goods among various providers. There are different environmental certifications which are
determined as under:
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ISO 20400:2017 – It is a main standard that help an organisation in declaration of
product (Eastman, 2018). In this guidance on Sustainable Procurement, describe how organically
can source the products and services they require while overcoming environmental harm and
benefitting wider society.
The process for involving lifecycle assessment is fixed in the international standards
organisation 14040 (2006) and international standards organisation 14044 (2006), with more
specific information concerning the request of lifecycle assessment to building goods in ISO
21930 Property in building construction – It is also consider as a part of environmental
declaration which is mainly related with building products (2007).
ISO 21930 introduces as a section of a suite of implementing standards related with
sustainability in constructing building and building works (Mondal and et. al., 2015).
There are other different types of environmental certification which should be follow by
construction industry to construct a hotel. Some essential standards are determined as under:
ISO 15392: Sustainability in constructing building – General Principles (2008). This
standard identifies as well as establishes common generalization for sustainability in building
project. It is mainly related with the idea of sustainable development as it follows to the life cycle
of construction and many other construction plant, from their origin to the end of life (Ahmed
and Sturges, 2015) . Along with this, it is relevant to constructing and many other building works
separately and conjointly, as well as to the products, services, processes and materials connected
to the life cycle of structure and another construction works. It does not give benchmarks that
can provide as the ground for property claims. It is not supposed to give the basis for
classification of enterprise or many other stakeholders.
ISO 21929-1: Sustainability indicators – Part one: Framework for implementation of
indicators for structure (2011). It develops a core group of indicators to yield into account in the
implementation of property indicators for assessing the sustainability of task performance of
innovative or existing structure, related to their construction, operation, design, refurbishment
maintenance and end of life (Pettenger, 2016). Collectively, the core set and fix of indicators
gives techniques to determine the contribution of a structure to sustainability as well as
sustainable improvement. Such type of indicators represent feature of structure that effects on
field of protection which is mainly related with sustainability and sustainable development.
Along with this, It follows the certain principles or rules set out in international standards
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organisation 15392 and, where suitable, is knowing for apply in conjunction with, and applying
the principles which is set out in, international standards organisation 26000, international
standards organisation 14040 and the family of International Standards that covers ISO 14020,
international standards organisation 14021, ISO 14024 and international standards organisation
14025 (Zook and Grote, 2017). Where variation happen or where more ad hoc needs are stated,
international standards organisation 21929-1:2011 takes precedence.
ISO 21931-1: Model for methods and approaches of classification of environmental
performance of building works – Part 1: Buildings (2010). This standard gives a common
framework for enhancing the quality as well as comparability of approach for evaluating the
environmental performance of structure and their related outside works (Sabnis, 2015). It
determines and explains problems to be taken into history in the application and implementation
of assessment methods of the environmental presentation for innovative or existing structure in
their operation, maintenance , refurbishment, design, construction and in the deconstruction
stages.
P3.1 Present the results of relevant testing procedures to identify performance characteristics of
selected construction materials
Taking a construction project based on the scale of a hotel is considered as a major
challenge for architectures (Kibert, 2016). It includes selection of proper material structure for
building, developing a number of plans for energy usage, consumption of water, technology,
compliance of laws regards to provide safety at construction site for workers and visitors etc.
Therefore, if anything goes wrong Given the costs involved and the additional difficulty likely to
be occasioned when making repairs later if anything goes wrong, and given the sheer number of
people who could be at risk if a serious problem developed, it’s incredibly important the
construction is properly managed – and that begins with selecting the right materials. For
example – In an earthquake zone, constructors mainly give focus on finding materials that have
an appropriate degree of flexibility. Here, in selecting structures it is highly essential for
accessing the materials having high durability by testing the temperature and humidity (Yan and
Hino, 2016). Therefore, compromising between strength and durability, there are various types
of structural building available -
 Concrete – It is a composite building material which is made up from the combination of
a binder (cement) and aggregate materials. It includes Portland cement concrete which
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has a low tensile strength that mainly used for strengthening the steel rods (Pang and et.
al., 2016). Therefore, it is also known as reinforced concrete, which consists a mixture of
gravel, sand, water and Portland cement.
 Metal framework structure - It is mainly used as a structural framework to build large
buildings such as hotels, skyscrapers and more. In this regard, for constructing the
building structure of a hotel, constructors can use a various types of metals can be used. It
includes steel which is a metal alloy and consists strong and flexible features and treated
as a long time (Chen and et. al., 2016). But the major chance of failure of this structure is
corrosion in terms of longevity. On the other hand, metals like titanium which is quite
expensive can also be used for structural purposes. While chrome, silver, gold and more
for decorating the interior part of building.
 Cement composites – It is considered as an important class of materials used in
construction which is made up of hydrated cement paste which binds wood, fibres and
alike particles for making the precast building components (Bonnin, 2017). For
measuring the characteristics of this material structure in terms of strength and flexibility
can be check by hydration test.
Environmental concerns are now becoming a major concerning world topic that emphasis
on availability and sustainability of certain materials like natural sources and extraction of that
same in large manner (Liang and et. al., 2016). In this regard, focusing on sustainability and
integrating the green-building concept, metals will be used for construction of hotel apartments.
Here, choice is made due to bulk of the building which is equally important for choosing the
right skeleton. As present hotel building is going to be particularly tall, therefore, iron or steel
materials must be of sufficient quality to take the weight placed on it over time. Iron also needs
to be appropriately treated or shielded to ensure it doesn’t rust. For identifying the performance
characteristics of metal based structure, AISI 1018 which is equivalent to UNS G10180 can be
applied (Chua, 2015). As per this test, the commercial grades of stainless steel consists the
following SAE/AISI Types:
303: It contains 0.15% of carbon, 8 to 10% nickel, 17% to 19% chromium, 2%
manganese, and 0.15% sulphur. It is generally used for fittings as well as other objects which
requires fine machining.
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304: This type of alloy contains a maximum of carbon i.e. near about 0.08%, 18 to 20%
chromium, 8 to 10% nickel and 2% manganese.
316: It is considered as the higher corrosion resistance than others, especially to acids.
This would mainly contains a maximum of 0.08% carbon, 16% to 18% chromium, 2%
manganese, 10 to 14% nickel and 3% molybdenum.
P 3.2 Discuss the results in terms of the material properties and regulatory requirements
In order to build the structure of hotel, the constructors are going to use metal
compositions (McClellan III and Dorn, H., 2016). It mainly includes steel, chromium, gold and
silver, where different characteristics can be determined in terms of strength, reliability and
flexibility, where metals includes the presence of appealing lusters that ranges from rich warmth
of polished gold to crusty slag of wrought iron. Steel is considered as most cheap metal but
generally gives the highest strength-to-dollar ratio as compared to other material. Some alloys
that are beyond the pedestrian applications of steel, achieves exotic successes as well as can be
sorted in terms of: high strength, toughness, temperature, hardness and corrosion resistance. In
determining the steel characteristics, carbon is taken as key element, where a small increase in
carbon content may greatly increases the strength as well as hardness of building structure but
may reduces ductility (Naffine, 2015). As per concerning on regulatory requirements ISO
20400:2017, ISO 15392, ISO21929-1, ISO 21931-1 to get certificates to use the metals in
building project, it is essential to increase the strength of materials. In this regard, to strengthen
the ductility and reliability of steel, many additives are routinely added, which can also used to
ensure the quality of work and reducing the impurities (Ma and et. al., 2015). For example, a
small amount of manganese can be added with residual for reducing crack-promoting sulphur.
Similarly, silicon can also added to prevent oxygen and make them brittle from dissolving into
the steel grains. While the other elements like aluminum, copper, cobalt, lead, molybdenum,
manganese, silicon, tungsten and more, can be added to steel to develop specific properties
(Bhagavatheswaran and et. al., 2015). Along with this, Alloy modifications of stainless steels
used for construction are usually made notified under AISI 304L and AISI 316L. These steels
have very low carbon content with a maximum of 0.03% and are used for high temperature
applications.
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P 3.3 Construction materials for a given building based upon their performance properties in use
For constructing the hotel building, it is essential to select the right construction materials
which mainly depends on location where, the build is to be sited. For example- in Tornado
zones, architectures mainly focuses on strength and weight by concerning on factors such as
temperature and humidity (Vos and Finneman, 2015). While in earthquake zone, highly focused
is given on degree of flexibility of the materials. Therefore, compromising between durability
and strengthening of materials, construction inevitably includes -
 Stone, bricks and concrete - Every architect within construction companies highly
emphasised on preferring these materials which includes a combination of concrete,
different types of stone, bricks and more. Here, resilience of concrete combination of
materials makes it good for reducing the environmental stress, as bricks are solid,
affordable as well as allow for great flexibility. Stone also offers solidity and is effective
for channelling airflow, including an elegance which is ideal for some designs.
 Iron and steel – In order to build the hotels, iron and steel are considered as most
important materials on which entire strength, durability and weight depends (Yan and
Hino, 2016). Here, Metal figures are prominently concerned for prefabricated structures
like Quonset hut as well as can be seen used mostly in cosmopolitan cities. But it
requires a great concern on quality of metals, chemicals for improving the rusting and
more.
 Green construction – Due to increasing demand of sustainability, hotels are also
emphasis on selling themselves on the platform of green credentials. In order to boost the
reputation of construction work, constructors are now highly concern on integrating the
sustainable materials, which will help in reducing the consumption level of fuel, energy
and water. It includes usage mud, clay, rocks and bricks, wood, fabrics, stone and more.
P 4.1 Define a material selection strategy with regard to human comfort requirements
Material which are used during the construction of the building must be sustainable
which means that what material used by constructor in present will not leads to composition in
the future in any situation such as harming environment or surrounding. For which there are
some material which will meet the criteria appropriately and help in developing appropriate
green building (Material Use, 2019). Along with this, there are some standard which must be
followed while selecting material such as select material form replaceable or renewable sources,
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use recycle material, select material which are plentiful supply and materials having lower
impact on environmental or surrounding during their whole life cycle (Bhagavatheswaran and et.
al., 2015). So respect of constructing hotel project as a green building company may use
materials which have low impact on environment or surrounding during their whole life cycle.
Along with this while construction they they will also follow some instruction so that
they can build green building in effective manner such as take care of Health and safety during
construction or installation of building. For this they may use materials such as solvents as well
as chemicals release VOCs, and material which are produce dust or other airborne waste material
which may be harmful for workers during installation or application (Naffine, 2015). Moreover it
is also necessary that they must use method which is simple of construction or installation and
for this they may choose materials as well as procedure for effective ease of construction and
installation of a building. This is so because complex installations can create\ close tolerances as
well as can come up with outcome of high wastage or sometime rework can also being required.
In addition to this builders also adopt some procedure in method so that they able to
construct appropriate green building. Those standard which are selected by constructors are they
are planning to adopt renewable energy technology, solar PV and wind power. In respect of
renewable energy technology it refers to technology of renewable energy analyse through stage
of planning which are classified into two main headings i.e. electrical as well as thermal energy.
Whereas electrical energy used by constructors for green building is solar PV (McClellan III and
Dorn, H., 2016). According to which PV can be defined as an incorporated with the fabric
material for a building as well as integrating the public realm technology like wind turbines
(Green building: How can passive and active systems work together?, 2019). Along with this for
the use of electrical energy the builder planning to adopt wind power. According to which small
scale wind turbines could be established at the surrounding of building, as it will have effective
impacted on both the building architecture as well as the public realm. Here, builder's main focus
in on the saving energy and water, proper use of land, proper safety of worker and so on while
constructing the green building for hotel.
P 4.2 Identify materials for a selected area within a building and explain how these contribute to
a balanced indoor environment
It is important that construction of a building should managed properly and it will be
begins with selecting appropriate as well as effective material (Chua, 2015). It is priority of a
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constructors that they make building last which last for a long time in every condition or
situation such as earthquake, flood and others. So it is necessary for builder to focus on
identifying appropriate materials which have proper degree of flexibility (Liang and et. al.,
2016). Along with this, constructors of a hostel have to consider various things such as cost,
quality, durability, environment friendly, attractive style because these factors impact on their
choice of material.
For the construction of green building hotel which is environmental friendly. This type of
construction of building boost reputation of the building company and involvement of architects.
In this there are two major feature of green building construction i.e. use of sustainable materials
in construction and these materials should be reduce the consumption of fuel during the
construction process. Along with this, it is also necessary to use materials which reduce
frequency in the working process and which also reduce negative impact of constructing building
on the environment or surrounding. In respect of respective project, there is construction of green
building or hotel for which builder is using resources or materials that have less or minimum
impact on environment or surrounding during their whole life cycle (Bonnin, 2017). For which
they are building indoor garden area which is good as well as effective for the environment.
Material which are used for the construction of indoor garden area natural construction
material according to which material of construction are generally divided into two sources i.e.
natural as well as synthetic. Here, natural materials refers to those which are unprocessed or
minimally processed by an industry such as lumber or glass (Chen and et. al., 2016). Whereas
synthetic materials refers to those which are developed at a industrial settings after many human
manipulation for example plastics and petroleum based paints. So, for the construction of
rooftop garden builder must use natural resources such as Mud, stone, plants, clay, rocks and
many more (Types of Building Materials – Properties and Uses in Construction, 2019). In
addition to this they may also use natural materials like wood, bricks, blocks, concrete, glass (in
order to make garden more attractive and light easily cross with it).
M1 How risk assessments can be used to address significant hazards posed by selected materials
or activities
Risk assessment refers to procedure or technique which is adopted by a company in order
to identify hazards as well as risk element which have possibility to develop harm situation at a
particular place (Pang and et. al., 2016). So this method is adopted by it builder because through
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this they able to develop as well as maintain effectiveness of workplace for their labour or
employees. Along with the respect of construction site the there are various hazards activities can
be occur which is harmful for labours as well as for the society. At a construction site hazards
activity sometime get occurred due to material used and activities conducted (Kibert, 2016).
Such as if a construction company is providing low quality raw material to labours due to which
it will increase chance of de- fusion of building due to weak base. This is very hazards for labour
during construction and for after construction it is dangerous for those peoples who are living
their.
So in order to this it is necessary for a builder to adopt some regulation which help them
in understanding situation as well as help in over coming it in effective and appropriate manner.
So it can suggested for constructors to adopt COSHH regulation (Control of Substances
Hazardous to Health Regulation, 2002). It is developed by Statutory body of United Kingdom
which mainly focuses on role and responsibility of employers to protect their employees and
other persons from hazards or dangerous situation for which they may conduct various activities
such as risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance as well as incident planning
(Sabnis, 2015). Along with this, employer can also provide training and development to their
labour so that they can conduct their work in effective manner and reduce the occurrence of
hazardous situation. The respective regulation also describe about activities and its legal way to
conduct it so that it will reduce dangerous or hazardous situation.
M2 A waste management plan for a given project, taking into account a typical range of relevant
waste materials
Waste management refers to activities as well as actions conducted by a person in order
to manage waste from its origin to its last disposition (Zook and Grote, 2017). This includes
activities or steps such as collection, transport, treatment as well as disposal of waste through
which there is management or disposition of waste martial is to be done. In order to conduct their
procedures in effective and appropriate manner builder can use 3 R's of waste management i.e.
reuse, reduce and recycle. So in order to adopt this process properly constructor have to find out
which material can be reuse, reduce or recycle (Pettenger, 2016). First R is reduce in which is
define as a process of reducing begins with an investigation of what a company is using and what
it is required for it. Second element is Reuse which is related to reusing a particular material for
as long as is possible. The last and third element is recycling in which generally material are
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destroyed and again being proceed and create some new products from particular waste. In
respect of constructing building material which can be reduce are impurity and consumption of
water and energy (Ahmed and Sturges, 2015). It can be reduced by adopting geothermal,
biomass and solar PV as well as it can be also reduce by adding small amount of magnesium
with waste material. Along with this material which can be reuse are concrete material which is
used in construction. Whereas recycle materials are glass, wood, plastics, aggregates,
plasterboard, bricks and blocks and many more.
M3 The effects of loading structural materials and compare the behaviours and performance of
materials
Metallic materials used in construction of building and other sites are tended to fail,
because of the formation as well as growth of a dominant micro-crack which eventually reaches
a critical length (Mondal and et. al., 2015). This results in rapid propagation of same towards
failure. Although, as per recent recognition of phenomenon related to multiple-site damage has
been reflected the critical issue in terms on commercial construction. Along with this, fracture
mechanics is also become a mature part of standardised practice in areas of engineering, rigorous
prediction methodology which only exists for brittle materials that exhibit limited plasticity.
However, the reinforced concrete structures which are extensively used in construction due to
thermal resistance as well as deterioration after exposure to fire.
The types of loads which are acting on building structures and other structures within
construction can be broadly classified as – vertical loads, longitudinal loads and horizontal
loads. Here, load acting on building structure can be classified as:Dead Load – It is also known
as vertical load which are transferred to structure of building through the life span. It is primarily
due to permanent partition walls, self-weight of different materials and more (Haas and et. al.,
2015). The calculation of these loads can be done by measuring volume of each unit. For
example – Brick Masonary consists weight of 18.8kN/m3, stone masonary as 20.4 to 26.5kN/m3
and reinforced cement concrete as 24kN/m3. While Wind loads, which is also known as
horizontal load is caused due to movement of air relative to earth. But, for constructing building
of five to six storey the wind load is not taken as critical due to moment of resistance which is
provided by continuity of floor system.
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D1 Discuss how multiple regulations and legislation would apply to a given site activity
There is a high risk activities are performed in construction work that may cause to
injuries, fracture and sometime death of labours and other persons, that are associated with this
field. To provide safety and reduce the occurrence of major accidents that hampered the workers
in such area, Government of UK has established a number of laws (Cearreta and et. al., 2016). It
includes Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HSWA), Occupational Health and Safety Act
(OHS) 1993, The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH), The
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 etc. Since different types of chemicals
are used in construction work, therefore, as per COSHH, it is essential for companies dealing in
this sector to must apply control measures include respirators; fluid maintenance; dust, fume or
vapour extraction and more. In this regard, they can apply health surveillance activity that forces
management to obtain information related to health of employees that may protect them from
risks at work (Bell, 2016). This may help in reducing workers' exposures from hazardous
substance which includes nanotechnology, dusts, biological agents, wet working, metalworking
fluids and more. Construction companies also need to make appropriate emergency planning,
provide health surveillance, monitoring to show control equipment with Biological Monitoring
guidance and more.
The Construction (Design and Management) Regulation 2007, generally defines the legal
duties in order to conduct safe operations at construction sites, so that activities that results in
serious accidents can be reduced (Reid, 2016). This law has applied throughout the entire
construction projects i.e. till final demolition from inception process. It forces construction
companies to make improvement in project planning and management, manage policies related
to health and safety, assign personnel to manage on-site risks, discourage bureaucracy, ensure
appropriate welfare facilities for their labourers and more.
D2 Use of sustainable practices and considerations for material choice can improve the
environmental rating of the completed building
During the construction of green building for hotel, builder needs to consider various standard
which will help them in maintaining as well as developing effective construction sites
(Charlesworth, 2015). Those standards are use of renewable resources technology, use of wind
power and solar PV for generation of electrical energy. Along with this, they are also planning to
use geothermal as well as biomass in respect of thermal energy. Through this they able to use
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their resources in effective way as well as also reduce wastage of resources and energy
(Majumdar and Laha, 2016). This will also help in maintaining safety environment for their
workers. Moreover, in order to adopt a holistic design approach for construction of green
building builder able to reduce wastage as well as consume less energy and water. Along with
this, by adopting these resources they able to develop as well as maintain effective and safe
working environment for their labours. These resources are also very beneficial for constructing
building because by using of these resources building sustainability get increased as well as it
will also help in keeping building cool. This is also effective for heath and safety of workers as
well as environment.
Effectiveness of these sources can be defined by various benefits such as through using
these types of material constructors able to generate building which is moisture resistance which
help in increasing the life cycle of the building (Thornton and Knight, 2015). Along with this it
will also conduct sound insulation through which both from exterior noise as well as sound
transmission within the building get effective. This will also help in constructing building which
not caught fire so easily. These type of material are also effective for workers because by it they
not get suffered from skin allergy diseases or any harmful diseases which occur due to harmful
material or chemical.
D3 Evaluate how the use of passive or active strategies can minimize energy, materials, water,
and land use
For constructing Green-building i.e. a building which is naturally responded towards
dynamics of local environment, management of construction companies need to concern on
possible usage of renewable sources like geothermal and biomass, renewable energy
technologies, electrical energy such as Solar PV and more (Hou, Gong and Zhu, 2016). The
design in this regard that includes approaches to construct a building is naturally responded
towards dynamics of sustainable and local environment. With this assistance, the main goal
possible which is to reduce the level of energy consumption, water usage, optimisation of
resources, materials and land use can be manipulated by applying passive or active strategies.
Here, passive design strategies includes natural ventilation, solar energy, daylighting and more,
through usage of ambient energy source like electricity or natural gas. Instead of ambient energy,
active design strategies includes purchase energy in order to keep building area comfortable by
heat pumps, electric lights, radiant panels, forced-air HVAC system (Hoyer and Steyaert, 2015).
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For this process, it is essential for construction companies to integrate the renewable energy
sources and technologies in building wherever possible. In this regard, the four main approaches
or strategies can be applied for designing the environmental or Green building, that also
addresses both passive and active design features. It includes -
 Planning for integrating renewable energy technologies - The renewable energy
technologies in construction work can be investigated at planning stage, which mainly
categorise into two broad aspects viz. electrical and thermal energy. At early stages of
designing a building project, a number of feasibility studies need to concern by builders,
which includes a list of application related to renewable technologies (Begy, 2017). It
includes solar power, fuel cell technologies, wind-power and more. All these processes
with regards to commercial availability as well as attractiveness of hydrogen aid to
minimise water usage and energy consumption, in terms of safety, reliability, ecological
generation of hydrogen and so on.
 Electrical energy (Solar PV, Wind-power) – For minimising the usage of power or
energy consumption in construction work, builders can integrate the application of Solar
PV into fabric of a building (Fellows, Fellows and Liu, 2015). In this regard, public realm
like wind turbines consider as easier process than other technologies, which includes the
minimum land usage i.e. availability of an extensive roof area which is approximate
6,500m2. It has analysed that hourly solar radiation data with regards to construction site
is considered as best orientation that includes 25° south, with a tilt of 42°(+/−20°). Along
with this, usage of monocrystalline cells like BP Solar's BP585L model requires a roof
area of 2,170m2, with a total of 3,500 modules, for power supplying.
 Thermal energy (Geothermal, Biomass) – By considering the requirement of heat
passage in building, it is essential for constructors to specifies the underfloor heating.
Here, the primary source that can be integrated within construction for low grading
heating is geothermal. It helps in keeping the building cool during summers with passage
of heat, through passive design features in the same (Caple and Bednarek, 2016). Along
with this, to minimise carbon footprint within construction work, biomass is considered
as another alternative source. This would help in efficiently generating the high grade
heat through renewable source.
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 Environmental performance simulation – For monitoring, controlling as well as
evaluating the environmental performance of construction work, the building is now
fitted with a number of sensors and meters. The primary role of these equipments is to
control and monitor the energy consumption within building area.
Thus, incorporating these strategies and adopting the concept of holistic design approach,
constructors can become able minimise demand of excessive water and energy usage (Talbot and
Talbot, 2018). Through integrating a number of applications of renewable technologies,
monitoring devices and more, construction companies also gain advantages for sustainable
development.
CONCLUSION
From above discussed point it can be conclude as well as analysis that, when a
constructor plan to establishing a building then they need to consider various things which help
them in accomplishing their work in effective way without occurrence of hazardous situation. It
is also necessary for skilled as well as experienced constructors to know about hazardous
material so that they can avoid its use at their site because it is harmful for labour and society.
Along with this it is also necessary for a builder to hire trained as well as experienced labour so
that they conduct their work with full dedication and in effective manner which help in avoiding
issues and dangerous situation. For this they also need to adopt and follow various rules as well
as legislation so that they can conduct their work in proper legal manner which help in avoiding
hazardous situation. Moreover now a day all peoples are more attracted towards natural things
which is also seen in construction sector. For which now constructors are more decline towards
green construction in which generally natural materials are used such as mud, clay, bricks,
blocks, wood, glass and many more. Along with this, they also adopt various process as well as
elements which will help them in constructing building with natural resources and minimum use
of artificial elements. In respect of this, builder may use biomass, solar PV, geothermal and
many more. This will help builder in saving water as well as energy during the process along
with this they can also reuse, recycle as well as reduce elements. That will help in conducting
work in more effective as well as appropriate way in order to construct green building.
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