Difference between Security Market Line and Capital Market Line

This article explains the differences between Security Market Line and Capital Market Line, benefits of minimum variance portfolios, and the vulnerability of CAPM equations. It also includes graphs of Security Market Line and Capital Market Line to illustrate the differences. The limitations of both methods are discussed, and recommendations are made for companies to adopt Capital Market Line method for determining rates of returns.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SECURITY MARKET LINE AND CAPITAL MARKET LINE.
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Table of Content
s
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................6
DISPLAY OF CML AND SML GRAPHS.....................................................................................7
Capital Market Line Graph..........................................................................................................7
Limitation usage...........................................................................................................................7
Security Market Line Graph........................................................................................................8
Limitations of usage...................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
FIN201 – Investment Management – T118 – Individual Assignment – Due Week 10 -
Assessment Marking Rubric..........................................................................................................18
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This work is of my own research and knowledge impacted in me during my lecture
sessions. Therefore, the work explains on the differences on Security Market Line and Capital
Market Line, the benefits of minimum variance portfolios, and why CAPM equations might be
more vulnerable compared to other equations. There is also graphs of Security Market Line and
Capital Market Line that show and elaborate further on the difference between the two lines of
market.
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Introduction
The capital marketplace is a connect that depicts the rates of return. These rates of return
are influenced by the ranks of peril for a precise collection as well as the risk-free rates of return.
Security market line is thus defined as a distinctive route which is simply a graphical illustration
of market’s peril and return at a certain time. Therefore this paper will critically explain on the
variances between Capital market line and Security market line. Additionally, there is the
presentation of the benefits of the minimum variance portfolios while showing why CAPM
reckoning might be more vulnerable as compared to other reckonings with regards to the
required rate of return (Ahmed & Zlate, 2014).
It’s quite clear that Capital market Line graphs depict the competent collections the
Safety market track graphs show mutually competent and incompetent collections. The
collection for Capital Market Line is exposed laterally on the Y- axis when yields are
manipulated. In this case, it is divergent for Security Market Line. This manipulation also leads
to the reappearance of the securities which are lateral on the Y-axis. Collection deviance is
observed on the X-axis for Capital Market Line. The Beta of safety is displayed laterally on the
X-axis for Security Market Line (Khan et, 2011).
The determination of the market collection and hazard free properties by the Capital
Market Line is a matter of safety which is dogged by the Safety Market Line.
The Security Market Line and the Capital Market Line show the potential yields as indicated by
the properties of individuals. As such, the Capital Market Line displays reoccurrence for the
definitively competent collections. On the other hand, the Security Market Line is a validation of
the reoccurrence for the stocks that belong to individuals. It can be concluded that the Capital
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Market Line is the best means for risk issues determination (Anbar & Alper, 2011).
DISPLAY OF CML AND SML GRAPHS
Capital Market Line Graph
The market portfolio that is expected is 12.5%. The expected return of B is 27.5%.
E(RA) = 5+1.5*5=12.5%
E(RB) =5+1.5*15=27.5%
Limitation usage
i. Taxes and costs transaction are plenty and these differ significantly based on the investors.
i. Investors generally can borrow or lend unlimited amount at risk-free rate. In the market
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conditions on the ground investors can lend at substantially lower rates than when
borrowing. This brings a bend of CML. A strong form of efficiency is not evident in real
markets. This means that investors have unequal access to information.
ii. A strong form of efficiency is evident in the real markets. This means that investors have
unequal access to information.
iii. Investors are not necessarily fully rational and risk-averse.
iv. The real markets are impacted by risks of inflation, currency and reinvestment risk.
Standard deviation is one of the risk measurements that are utilized. .
v. Risk-free assets are generally not available.
The end result is a representation of CML in real market is in form of a fuzzy area (Huarng &
Yu, 2006).
Security Market Line Graph
The security market line is vital in determination of whether assets can be considered for
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a portfolio. This offers a basis for the return for risk. Individual securities are indicated on the
SML graph. The plotting of security risk against the expected return above the SML indicates
undervaluing as the investor gets to expect a larger return for the risk which is inherent. A
security below the SML shows overvalue. This is because the investor may be willing to accept a
lesser return for the amount of risk that is assumed (Maringer, 2006). The values expected for the
SML can be calculated with the following equation:
Es = rf + Bs(Emkt - rf)
The sensitive part of the investment to the portfolio is the beta. In isolation, a project can
be considered riskier than the risk situation profile of a company. The risk profile can be
accounted for through use of SML in calculation of the WCCC of a company (Vafeas et al,
2008).
Example:
When a new product line for Newco is considered, the project's beta is 1.5. Assuming the risk-
free rate is 4% and the expected return on the market is 12%, compute the cost of equity for the
new product line.
Answer:
Cost of equity = rf + Bs(Emkt - rf) = 4% + 1.5(12% - 4%) = 16%
The project's required return on retained earnings is therefore 16%, a number which should be
used in our calculation of weighted average cost of capital (WACC) (Yang et al, 2003).
The x-axis of the Security Market Line diagram is defined by the beta while the y-axis is
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defined by the probable return. The risk-free rate worth is the beginning of the track (Megginson
& Netter, 2007).
i. The sanctuary market streak gradient is computed by market risk premium (RPM).
This is modified in between the reoccurrence in the probable market and the risk-free rate. When
the market risk premium is great the gradient and the lesser market risk premium show a gentler
slope.
ii. The Security Market Line is not rigid. This can amend the slope and y-axis
intersection over time. It is influenced by changes in interest rates, risk-return trade-off.
iii. The beta coefficient of a specific security changes from period to period. The
position of the coefficient on the line also changes.
The change of Security Market Line may also occur when a core economical factor of
change is observed in the anticipated inflation rate, rate of employment and gross domestic
product (Hermes et al, 2011).
Limitations of usage
The security market line has the similar limitations as CAPM because it is based on the
same assumptions. Real markets conditions can’t be characterized by strong efficacy because
market participants have different abilities to borrow money at a risk-free rate, and transaction
costs are different. The CAPM model offers a theoretical look into how financial markets price
stocks which allows investors to gauge expected returns. Stock returns are a function of
dividends plus capital gains, divided by the price at which the asset was bought (Henriques &
Sadorsky, 2008). The CAPM model being one of the central focus areas of modern portfolio
theory, has a number of applications in the investment universe including estimating the cost of
equity capital. The standard CAPM equation is:
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Expected return= RF + Beta (RM – RF)
Where;
RF = the risk-free rate of return
Beta = the investment’s beta value
RM = Expected return from the market
The risk-free rate of return is often represented by the safe government bonds since these
have little risk of default and interest payments are regular and easily predicted (Al-Malkawi et,
2010).
The second part of the equation is a quantification of an investment’s risk premium and
helps determine how the compensation for the demand of investors when buying into the
inherent risk of the asset. The sensitivity of the fund to the movements of the market is
multiplied by the surplus return expected from the market. When markets gain high volatility,
the stock with beta amounting to more than one will experience much greater volatility than
the market involved. This can bring about high returns while experiencing the volatility. A
limitation of the CAPM model is the application of the systematic risk instead of the
idiosyncratic risk. This is due to the diversification of assumptions and efficiency of markets
(Hashemijoo et al, 2012).
Another limitation of CAPM is the ability to give accurate analysis of the expected
market returns. Market returns are in many cases predicted by the assumption that the market’s
risk premium will maintain its line with long term averages. On the basis of assumptions the
expected return from the market portfolio developed may be computed by addition of the market
risk premium to the risk-free rate (Bollerslev, 2008).
The basic CAPM model may also be expanded to comprise other factors into account.
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This provides a more complex forecast of expected returns. There are a number of CAPM
variations which have been established in the recent past. There are several other financial
models which utilize CAPM in calculation of the risk-return ratios. On the other hand, CAPM
equation is crucial in reaching the expected asset return as the returns. This is from a risk free
investment with the addition of risk premium. This is multiplied by the beta value of the
investment. The capital asset pricing model is financial tool that is vital for investors to
determine the price of an investment. This is based on the expected return metrics and its risk.
Despite the limitations CAPM also displays significant advantages. This include the
following;-
 Ease-of-use: CAPM can be tested to achieve a range of potential outcomes which
provide confidence as concerns the relevant rates of return.
 Portfolio is varied: The investors have a diversified portfolio which differ from
the market portfolio. This subsequently lowers unsystematic risk.
 Systematic Risk (beta): CAPM accounts for the systematic risk. This is left out of
other return models. Case in point, the dividend discount model (DDM). Systematic or market
risk is a critical variable as it is not foreseen. This, in many situations, cannot be fully mitigated.
The prime reason is that it is often not fully expected.
Minimum variance portfolio refers to security portfolios which combine to lessen the
price volatility of the overall portfolio. Volatility in the community of investment is a measure of
a specific price movement security. Hence, the greater the volatility of a particular investment
the higher the market risk (Naceur et al, 2006).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can evidently say that capital market line model is the best model to
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adopt since it’s said to measure risks in an ultimate manner. Minimum variance portfolios are
well is prioritized since variance portfolio is a portfolio of securities that combine to minimize
the price volatility of the overall portfolio. Whereas, CAPM equation is considered since CAPM
equation quantifies expected asset return as the returns from a risk free investment plus the risk
premium multiplied by the investment’s beta value.
RECOMMENDATIONS
I would propose that companies to uphold Capital Market Line method in determination
of rates of returns since it’s the best compared to Security Market Line method which is seen to
be best in determining risk issues
Would also propose that capital asset pricing model being a financial tool which helps
investors to determine the price of an investment, based on its risk and expected return metrics to
be upheld too by investors and companies.
. The CAPM model also, having a theoretical look into how financial markets price
stocks it allows investors to gauge expected returns. Stock returns should thus be considered to
be a function of dividends plus capital gains, divided by the price at which the asset was bought.
Volatility in the investment should also be highly taken in consideration since it’s a statistical
measure of particular security's price movement and thus, the greater the volatility of an
investment the higher the market risk.
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REFERENCES
Ahmed, S. and Zlate, A., 2014. Capital flows to emerging market economies: A brave new
world? Journal of International Money and Finance, 48, pp.221-248.
Al-Malkawi, H.A.N., Rafferty, M. and Pillai, R., 2010. Dividend policy: A review of theories
and empirical evidence. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 9(1), pp.171-
200.
Anbar, A. and Alper, D., 2011. Bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of commercial
bank profitability: Empirical evidence from Turkey.
Andersen, T.G., Bollerslev, T., Christoffersen, P.F. and Diebold, F.X., 2006. Volatility and
correlation forecasting. Handbook of economic forecasting, 1, pp.777-878.
Ben Naceur, S., Goaied, M. and Belanes, A., 2006. On the determinants and dynamics of
dividend policy. International review of Finance, 6(1‐2), pp.1-23.
Bollerslev, T., 2008. Glossary to arch (garch).
Charitou, A., Vafeas, N. and Zachariades, C., 2005. Irrational investor response to stock splits
in an emerging market. The International Journal of Accounting, 40(2), pp.133-149.
Hashemijoo, M., Mahdavi-Ardekani, A. and Younesi, N., 2012. The impact of dividend policy
on share price volatility in the Malaysian stock market.
Henriques, I. and Sadorsky, P., 2008. Oil prices and the stock prices of alternative energy
companies. Energy Economics, 30(3), pp.998-1010.
Hermes, N., Lensink, R. and Meesters, A., 2011. Outreach and efficiency of microfinance
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institutions. World development, 39(6), pp.938-948.
Huarng, K. and Yu, T.H.K., 2006. Ratio-based lengths of intervals to improve fuzzy time
series forecasting. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B
(Cybernetics), 36(2), pp.328-340.
Huarng, K. and Yu, T.H.K., 2006. Ratio-based lengths of intervals to improve fuzzy time
series forecasting. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B
(Cybernetics), 36(2), pp.328-340.
Khan, K.I., Aamir, M., Qayyum, A., Nasir, A. and Khan, M.I., 2011. Can dividend decisions
affect the stock prices: A case of dividend paying companies of KSE. International
Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 76(68), pp.69-74.
Kraakman, R. and Hansmann, H., 2017. The end of history for corporate law. In Corporate
Governance (pp. 49-78). Gower.
Maringer, D.G., 2006. Portfolio management with heuristic optimization (Vol. 8). Springer
Science & Business Media.
Megginson, W.L. and Netter, J.M., 2007. From state to market: A survey of empirical studies
on privatization. Journal of economic literature, 39(2), pp.321-389.
Ouma, O.P., 2012. The relationship between dividend payout and firm performance: a study of
listed companies in Kenya. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 8(9).
Travlos, N.G., Trigeorgis, L. and Vafeas, N., 2015. Shareholder wealth effects of dividend
policy changes in an emerging stock market: The case of Cyprus.
Vafeas, N., Trigeorgis, L. and Georgiou, X., 2008. The usefulness of earnings in explaining
stock returns in an emerging market: the case of Cyprus. European Accounting
Review, 7(1), pp.105-124.
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Yang, J., Kolari, J.W. and Min, I., 2003. Stock market integration and financial crises: the
case of Asia. Applied Financial Economics, 13(7), pp.477-486.
FIN201 – Investment Management – T118 – Individual Assignment – Due Week 10 -
Assessment Marking Rubric
Student’s Name
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….
Student’s No.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
Question:
Explain
High Distinction
(85 – 100%)
Distinction
(75 – 84%)
Credit
(65 – 74%)
Pass
(50 – 64%)
Fail
(0 – 49%)
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Researc
h –
extent
and
applicat
ion
Value
30%
Mark
awarded
Integration and
originality in
identifying and
discussing
security market
line and capital
market line.
Wide range of
current and
relevant
sources
integrated in a
systematic way.
Insightful and
appropriate
discussion of
security
market line
and capital
market line.
Use of good
range of
current
relevant
sources.
Good
selection of
sources
relating to
security
market line
and capital
market line.
Paraphrasing
used
throughout
but
accompanied
by original
explanations.
Minimum number of
sources, but not all
current or relevant.
Paraphrasing used
throughout but not
always with clear
explanations.
Limited information
provided on security
market line and
capital market line.
Inaccurate, or
inappropriate or no us
of security market lin
and capital market
line. No original
explanations provided
Analysis
of the
topic
Value
30%
Mark
awarded
Identified and
insightfully
discussed key
areas of
security market
line and capital
market line.
Identified and
clearly
explained key
areas of the
security
market line
and capital
market line.
Identified and
discussed the
security
market line
and capital
market line.
Simple discussion of
work reflects limited
engagement with
security market line
and capital market
line.
Poor evaluation.
Significant gaps in
knowledge of security
market line and capita
market line.
Recomm
endations
/
conclusio
ns Value
30%
Mark
awarded
Excellent
recommendatio
ns made, on
security market
line and capital
market line.
Very good
recommendati
ons made, on
security
market line
and capital
market line.
Good
recommendati
ons made, on
security
market line
and capital
market line.
Some
recommendations
made, but not based
on a sound
evaluation on
security market line
and capital market
line.
Few or no
recommendations
made, on security
market line and capit
market line.
Present
ation
Value
10%
Mark
awarded
Highly
professional
presentation
satisfies all
presentation
elements.
Excellent
Professional
presentation –
minor errors in
some
elements.
Good graphs
and tables
Good
presentation
overall but
some obvious
errors.
Satisfactory
graphs and
Acceptable
presentation -
obvious errors
demonstrating lack
of attention to detail.
Basic or no graphs
and tables.
Referencing is absent
not systematic /
incorrect.
Graphs and tables are
inaccurate/ absent/no
referenced.
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graphs and
tables
Correct
referencing
throughout.
Correct
referencing
throughout.
tables.
Referencing
is mainly
accurate.
Some attempt at
referencing but
obvious errors.
Total
Mark:
/ 100%
Total
Mark:
/30%
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