Self-Driving Cars and Rise of Automation: Impact on Automobile Industry

This report discusses the impact of self-driving cars and rise of automation on the automobile industry. It covers the concept of self-driving cars, levels of autonomy, and pros and cons of self-driving cars. The report highlights the reduction in human efforts, reduction in traffic, reduction in pollution, and mobility improvement as some of the benefits of self-driving cars. However, data protection issue, cost, and AI control are some of the cons of self-driving cars.

AS1 Research Report
(Component 1)

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Self-driving cars and rise of automation:.....................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Technology is one of the most common but important term in the world, this simply
means reducing human efforts and providing easy life. Technological advancement have brought
major changes to the world, daily operation of human were made easy and fast (Aman, Shaari
and Ibrahim, 2021). It is very clear that continuous growth of technology brought betterment to
the society, not only individual development was possible but world have changed on vast area.
Almost every sector, industry and business environment have enjoyed continuous growth
because of tech advancement. This report will discuss self-driving cars and rise of automation in
which carefully investigation and exploration will be performed to examine to what extent
technological advancement have impacted auto mobile industry.
MAIN BODY
Self-driving cars and rise of automation:
Technology plays significant role in the society, development is visible when society
consider advancement in technology. Human efforts are carried by these tech who are ready to
provide easiness to the individual, daily human operation including driving is one of the most
common where which was impacted by technology. Many car manufacturing companies have
history to adding technology and innovative feature in their final product, however, firm who add
technology bring betterment in human efforts. Self driving car is not new term in the world, this
was dream carried forward by time when first engine car was introduced, it is very clear that self-
driving car sounds like impossible but this was made possible by some of the major car
companies around the world. Tesla is one of those organizations who have capabilities of adding
those technological features which bring betterment in auto mobile industry, there are certain
innovative concepts introduced by auto mobile industry to reduce human efforts with
technological advancement, these are as follows:
The concept of Autopilot:
Autopilot simply means automatic running engine, advance system are been uploaded in
vehicle which allow human to avoid driving for certain period of time. Autopilot concept was
new to the world mainly in auto mobile industry, Tesla is one of the best example, this company
introduced the concept of autopilot which allow car to run automatically without any driver. This
concept was possible when technology become advance, certain type of Intelligence have been
added to system of car allowing vehicle to become smart (Badue and et.al., 2021). Self driving

cars was considered dangerous because not managing steering wheel may become risky for
driver, trusting car to safe drive on road was most challenging task.
Developers of self driving cars consider vast number of data to design such a finest
vehicle, certain type of technology and information system are being used in this concept in
which car has been made smart. Accident was one of the major reason why automatic car would
have flopped in the market, this issue was resolved with advancement in technology, with the
help of machine learning and neural network, this issue was solved. Self driving cars have
become safer on road, these informations system and technologically advance mechanism.
The concept of human driving car:
The human driving car is one of the most common term in auto mobile industry, this
simply means driving vehicle with human efforts. This concept is old but currently ruling over
the industry, human behaviour allow them to drive car by their own, they have less trust over
technology because error in system may become reason for accident leading to death of driver
and passenger. Human driving car is safer option because human intelligence never fail in
critical situation, self driving car was build on those intelligent system which already exist in
human behaviour (Gambi, Mueller and Fraser, 2019). The concept of human driving car was
major in auto mobile industry and will remain at top because even self driving car cannot run
completely on auto pilot which means human need to take control over steering after certain
miles. Self-driving car will take over human driving car because human have behaviour of
adopting advancement in technology which reduce their efforts dealing in everyday operation
including driving.
Levels of autonomy in self driving cars:
Self driving cars is a new way of leading auto mobile industry, this innovative concept is
ready to change the world forever. Designing car completely automatic is challenging process,
firm who develop auto pilot cars know the challenges that face developing these cars (Gupta and
et.al., 2021). A self driving car consist of certain levels, these levels are advance technology
which allow car to become smart. Innovative cars including auto pilot feature focus on adding
certain types of system, technology and AI (Artificial Intelligence), there are different level at
different phases of driving which make car smart on road, these levels are:
Level 1: ADAS (Advance Driver Assistance System) is first and the most important system in
self driving car which allow driver to drive safe on road by assisting them, ADAS system take

over steering, braking and acceleration when driver consider auto pilot mode. This smart system
first active auto pilot feature in the car allowing driver to leave steering wheel, braking pad and
acceleration pad. An advance level of ADAS including rear-view camera, vibrating seat keeping
driver awake, warning sign and sound keeping driver alter and certain other feature which help
driver to become stable if in case auto pilot feature failed in the middle of the road.
Level 2: ABS (Anti-lock Braking system) is one of the most important system in self driving
cars, this allows driver to ensure safety on road, ABS is braking system consider the safest on the
road which allow driver to restore track which was lost in uncontrolled vehicle (Manoharan,
2019). Self driving cars have ABS system, however, this braking system can be seen in almost
every vehicle on road include bus, car, bike and even aeroplane. Apart from this, one most
effective system is been introduced in self driving car, EBS (Electronic Braking System) this
system automatically apply break if catch any signal which highlight accident or other type of
damage.
Level 3: ADS (Automated Driving system) is another system installed in self driving car which
allow driver to leave their control on driving system, this system is completely modernized but
still required driver's attention at certain point including parking, driving off-road and entering
critical area. ADS system support driving activities of driver including acceleration and
controlling speed according to the road condition. Whereas, HA (High Automation) is another
system which allow driver to keep their vehicle under control, here driver's attention is required
at some point whereas this system completely work on dynamic driving task which allow cars to
run fully on intelligence.
Level 4: FA (Full Automation) this is level four which allow driver to enjoy full automation in
their car, FA is type of engine or system in the car in which driver need not perform any
activities to manage their driving. However, ADS support action of driving even on auto pilot or
self driving mode (Maqueda and et.al., 2018). This technological advancement have changed
auto mobile industry forever, full automation still facing many difficulties in roads because
driver losses all control cover the car may lead to accident on road. Self driving car are safer than
human driving stated by many car manufacturing companies.
Level 5: VC (Virtual Chauffeur) is one of the most important element required in self driving
cars where driver gets virtual view inside and outside of their car, this system can handle
scenarios face by the driver in the driving including main road and urban traffic scenario. VC is

powerful system which allow driver to remain safe during auto pilot mode, this system enable
car system to ensure safety of driver. Self-driving car are so powerful and becoming future of
auto mobile industry because inclusion of technology at every point, this system is stable and
help car to become stable during critical situation.
Pros and cons of self driving cars:
Pros:
Reduction is human efforts: This is one of the major pros of self driving cars in which driver's
efforts are minimized at least level which means these cars are fully automatic allowing driver to
become free from driving, they can sit back and relax and depend on technology to improve
driving. It is very clear that driving required priceless human efforts including brain capabilities,
mobility and accessibility in which driver need to control every possible action while driving (Ni
and et.al., 2020). However, self driving cars required driver's attention at some point which
means no self driving car is fully automatic in the process.
Reduce road accident: This is another reason why driver should adopt self driving car because
road accident are less due to this technology, it is very clear that auto pilot mode is one of the
safest mode in which driver and car remain under control of high tech system. Advancement in
auto mobile industry have provided one of the biggest benefit including less or minimum
accident on the road. However, self driving car can cause most accident if system error arrive in
middle of the driving. Reduction in road accident can be seen when smart vehicle is been run on
the road.
Reduction in traffic: Traffic is one of the most common issue in the world, this issue is faced by
every nation. Human driving cars are controlled by human in which individual use their brain
and behaviour to drive safely on road. However, accident occur when human brain gets
distracted with something powerful, this is issue is not available in self driving cars because
these systems are highly smart and stay active on road. The chances of accident reduce majorly
with the introduction of self driving cars on the road, it is very clear that reduction in traffic can
be seen when there is no accident on the road.
Sustainable vehicle: This one of the major benefit of self driving cars, it is very clear that
automatic cars run on electricity which means there is no use of fossil fuel creating pollution in
the environment (Nielsen and Haustein, 2018). Sustainability can be seen when it comes to self-
driving car, these cars expected to perform better than normal cars because the concept of these

cars focus on reducing human efforts and bringing betterment to the environment. Sustainable
vehicle on roads can be seen when consumer decide to adopt self-driving cars, less green house
gasses will be released in the environment impacting quality of life.
Mobility improvement: Mobility improvement can be seen when it comes to self-driving cars,
individual with any kind of disability can enjoy car ride, self-driving cars allow disable person to
reach a particular destination. However, depending on type of mobility and disability faced by
the driver, self-driving cars sometimes depend on control of driver which means mobility will
not become any issue. Self-driving cars have ability to provide better result than more cars
because even disable person can have experience of driving car on road. More technological
advancement will bring more improvement in the process allowing cars to fully become
automatic.
Cons:
Data protection: Self-driving cars become innovative car which directly run on electricity and
cyber connection provided by the car company, it is very clear that majority of data is been used
by the company to provide better service to self-driving car user (Rao and Frtunikj, 2018). Data
privacy become an issue because certain type of confidential information is shared with the
system including address of destination, personal details, personal interest and behaviour of
driver. Data protection issue will arrive when these systems are hacked with external device
which means these cars can be easily unlocked if external breaking system is been used by the
intruder.
Costly: This is one of the biggest disadvantage of self-driving cars, these cars are highly costly
which means consumer with normal income will have to think before buying these cars. Many
car manufacturing companies are planning to introduce electric car at affordable price range
which will take time due to intensive competition in the market. Self-driving cars are way more
costly the human driving cars, individual with minimum spending capacity will avoid purchasing
these cars. Cost can be mitigated by reducing prices of the product but still the service of these
cars will be costly enough, this become an issue and disadvantage of self-driving cars in the
process.
AI controlled: Human society slowly becoming AI controlled, self-driving cars may be future of
auto mobile industry but completely depending on AI will be critical (Yoo, Wakamori and
Yoshida, 2021). These systems are developed to bring easiness to human efforts which means if

AI control cars then human life completely depend on AI. It is very clear that this might become
issue but AI are smart system allowing human to have control, this issue can be solved by
keeping control over these systems.
CONCLUSION
This report has discussed self driving car and rise of automation in which technological
advancement and its impact over the society is been discussed. Later this report has focused on
concept of self-driving car including brief explanation of key feature included in this concept car,
later formal comparison of human driving cars is been discussed. Later this report has focused on
level of autonomy included in self-driving car which highlight technological advancement and
high level of automation allowing auto mobile industry to enjoy continuous growth and stability.
At last this report has discussed pros and cons of self-driving cars including certain pros likes
reduction in human efforts, reduction in traffic, reduction in pollution, reduce road accident,
mobility improvement and certain other benefit of self-driving cars whereas self-driving car may
include cons including data protection issue, costly and AI controlled.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Aman, A.H.M., Shaari, N. and Ibrahim, R., 2021. Internet of things energy system: Smart
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p.113816.
Gambi, A., Mueller, M. and Fraser, G., 2019. Automatically testing self-driving cars with
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International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (pp. 318-328).
Gupta and et.al., 2021. Deep learning for object detection and scene perception in self-driving
cars: Survey, challenges, and open issues. Array, 10, p.100057.
Manoharan, S., 2019. An improved safety algorithm for artificial intelligence enabled processors
in self driving cars. Journal of artificial intelligence, 1(02), pp.95-104.
Maqueda and et.al., 2018. Event-based vision meets deep learning on steering prediction for
self-driving cars. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern
recognition (pp. 5419-5427).
Ni and et.al., 2020. A survey on theories and applications for self-driving cars based on deep
learning methods. Applied Sciences, 10(8), p.2749.
Nielsen, T.A.S. and Haustein, S., 2018. On sceptics and enthusiasts: What are the expectations
towards self-driving cars?. Transport policy, 66, pp.49-55.
Rao, Q. and Frtunikj, J., 2018. Deep learning for self-driving cars: Chances and challenges.
In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering for AI in
Autonomous Systems (pp. 35-38).
Yoo, S., Wakamori, N. and Yoshida, Y., 2021. Preference or technology? Evidence from the
automobile industry. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 96,
p.102846.
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