Short Answer Exercise on Policing, Entrapment, PEACE Model, Critical Victimology and Human Trafficking

SCHOOL OF Social Sciences & Psychology
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
STUDENT DETAILS
Student
name: Kimya Alami
Student ID
number: 18979725
UNIT AND TUTORIAL DETAILS
Unit
name: Policing Justice and Society
Unit
number: 102318
Tutorial
group: TU06
Tutorial day and
time: Tuesday, 1:00pm
Lecturer or Tutor
name: Tony Cunningham
ASSIGNMENT DETAILS
Title: Short Answer Exercise
Length
: 1500 words
Due
date: 13th April 2018
Date
submitted: 13th April 2018
Home campus (where you are
enrolled): Bankstown
DECLARATION

✓ I hold a copy of this assignment if the original is lost or damaged.
✓ I hereby certify that no part of this assignment or product has been copied from any other
student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the
assignment.
✓ I hereby certify that no part of this assignment or product has been submitted by me in
another (previous or current) assessment, except where appropriately referenced, and
with prior permission from the Lecturer / Tutor / Unit Coordinator for this unit.
✓ No part of the assignment/product has been written/produced for me by any other
person except where collaboration has been authorised by the Lecturer / Tutor /Unit
Coordinator concerned.
✓ I am aware that this work will be reproduced and submitted to plagiarism detection software
programs for the purpose of detecting possible plagiarism (which may retain a copy on
its database for future plagiarism checking).
Student’s
signature: Kimya Alami
Assessment 2: Short Answer Exercise
1. Choose 1 ‘Era’ of policing outlined by Broadhurst and Davis (2009), explain
the key focus of this ‘era’ and its strengths and weakness.
The Community Problem-Solving Era was a focus in the United States and the
United Kingdom during the 1980s which thrived to find new policing
approaches that could reduce crime and bring the police and community
together to implement strategies. It established a trustful relationship with the
police to attain a safe community.
The focus of this era has been effective to promote the safety of the public and
has changed the quality of life in the community. It plays a major role in
problem solving and identifies solutions to reduce crime and the fear of crime
in the community. The strength of community problem-solving has led to a
feeling of safety and security and has assisted the community to interact with
police to implement effective strategies for the betterment of the community.
‘Outcomes of success are typically based on; community satisfaction, problem
solution, reduction of fear of crime, and increase in quality of life.’ (Kelling &
Moore 1998). Therefore, community involvement is essential to generate
solutions and enhances communication which assists in reducing crime.
However, the main weakness is that; It will only work effectively if the
community is involved and requires a long-term commitment which takes

time. ‘It is proposed that police need to engage with the community to discuss
priorities and to develop problem-solving strategies’. (Bayley 1998)
This exemplifies that community engagement is important in order to
eliminate problems in the community. ‘A major issue for police organisations
when implementing community policing is the presence of strong personalities
and influential groups, who may dominate discussions and control the
initiative’s direction’. (Thurman et al 2001)
Therefore, the strengths of community problem-solving era outweighs the
disadvantages. The attempt of community problem solving era has effective
long-term crime prevention strategies to make these practices more lawful in
the community.
2. Describe and define ‘entrapment’, examine its merits and limitations.
‘Entrapment is a practice where a law enforcement agent provokes a person to
commit a criminal offence which the person would have otherwise, been
unwilling to commit’. (Marcus 2015). It is used as a defence to criminal charges
and is based on the communication between the defendant and police officers
prior to the commission of the alleged crime.
Entrapment emphasizes on the origin of the criminal intention, so, if criminal
intention originates with the law or government enforcement, the defendant is
entrapped and can be used as a defence. If the criminal intention originates
with the defendant can be convicted of the alleged offence.
Entrapment is subjected to two tests namely, objective and subjective
entrapment. The Subjective standard usually emphasizes on the characteristics
of the individual/defendant. It refers to the standard where the defendant
uses entrapment as defence and the court will decide whether the defendant
was inclined to the committing of the offense in the absence of pressure from
the law enforcement. If the facts indicate the same, the defendant cannot use
the defence of entrapment (Davies 2010).
As per the Objective standard, it emphasizes on the behaviour of the law
enforcement instead of the individual characteristic of the defendant. If it is
established that the tactics used by the law enforcement can provoke a law-