Biology: Skeleton and Muscles Workbook Assignment Solution

This document is a comprehensive solution to a Skeleton and Muscles Workbook, designed to enhance understanding of human anatomy. The assignment covers various aspects of the skeletal and muscular systems, including the structure and function of the skull, spine, and long bones. It delves into different types of joints, such as synovial, pivot, hinge, saddle, plane, condyloid, and ball-and-socket joints, explaining their mechanisms and significance. Furthermore, the solution identifies and describes different tissues, including the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL), Fibrous Connective Tissue (FCT), and cartilage, detailing their properties and functions within the body. The workbook provides a detailed overview of the skeletal and muscular systems, offering insights into their structure, function, and the types of tissues involved.

Skeleton and Muscles
Workbook
How to complete this workbook:
Work through each answer in the workbook as you go. If you run
out of space, simply use one of the additional sheets to record your
answer. Remember to add your name and the question number.
Remember to show your working out for each question!
You MUST answer ALL of the questions.
1

Function: Its function is to support
the weight of body and facilitate
movement. They are located in
appendicular skeleton.
Structure: The long bone are wide
and helps in joining small bones. Also, it
provides support to joints.
LONG BONES;
Function: It is one of the most important
part of body. This helps in supporting
the body and providing flexibility. It
connects the spinal cord with brain that
allows controlling movements.
Structure: it is a ‘S’ like shape that helps
in even distribution of weight. It
consists of three parts: vertebrae,
intervertebral disc, facet joint, etc.
SPINE;
Function: Its main task is to protect the
brain from getting damaged. Also, bones
act as conduit by providing sound to ears
via vibrations.
Structure: It is the head that supports
the face and protects the brain. It is
further divided into facial bones and
brain case.
SKULL;
Mark:
1.1
draw a line to show where they are in the body;
Complete these boxes andQ1
2

Mark:
3
1.2
why this is useful.
What type of joint is this? Describe how it works andQ3
Mark:
1.2
this is useful.
What type of joint is this? Describe how it works and whyQ2
It is an amphiarthrosis joint. It fills the gap between vertebrae, a thick
pad of fibrocartilage called an intervertebral disc. This unites the
bodies of adjacent vertebrae within the vertebral column. It protects
the nerves that run down the middle of spine and intervertebral disks.
All the bones in skull are joined by fibrous joint known as
suture. It helps in protecting brain and forming shape. Most
of the movement between bones is done by this. Suture is
classified as synarthrosis for movement between cranial
bones. It is useful in giving shape to face and protecting
brain.

Mark:
4
1.3 parts.compnonent
structure and explain the role of each of the
They are the most common type of joint. Describe the
There are 6 types of Synovial Joints in the human body.Q5
Mark:
1.2
this is useful.
What type of joint is this? Describe how it works and whyQ4
The six types of synovial joint in human body are described below:-
Pivat joint- It is also known as rotary joint that allows rotational movement. It is found between neck
vertebrae. For example- turning head from side to side is possible due to rotary motion.
Hinge joint- It is found between upper and lower arm bones, often called as elbow, ankles, fingers, etc. it
allows swinging motion in which bones flex towards each other.
Saddle joint- It is similar to hinge joint but provide more movement.
Plane joint- Also known as gliding joints. They are associated with ankles and wrists. It allows flexibility or
wrist due to two bones sliding across each other.
Condyloid joint- they are very similar to plane joints but differs as they have irregular surface where bones
moves past each other. It is like two bowls nested together.
Ball and socket joint- It allows movements in several direction without slippage. Example is hip joint.
This joint is identified as synovial joint. There is a fluid filled space in
articulating surface where bones contact each other. This allows bones to
move smoothly against each other. Ligaments support joint by holding
bones together and resisting abnormal joint motions. Once injured, this
joint have limited capacity of self-regeneration.

Mark:
5
1.4
functions.
Identify this tissue and explain it’s properties andQ7
Mark:
1.4
Identify this tissue and explain it’s properties and functions.Q6
This tissue is known as Fibrous Connective Tissue (FCT). The two main components of FCT are
water and carbohydrates. The main purpose of this tissue is to provide support and shock
absorption to bones and organs. Also, it helps in providing strength and stability to muscles
and bones. There are three types of fibrous connective tissue. These are collagen, elastic and
reticular fibers.
It has been identified as Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) also known
as fibular collateral ligament which is a long external lateral
ligament. This is situated on the outer portion of the knee and therefore,
belongs to the external ligaments of the knee or at its posterolateral
corner. The structural property of this ligament involves stiffness that
gives more strength with an ultimate flexible power with failed energy.
For which, it is less susceptible to injuries (Teh and Goh, 2017). On
referring to the functions of this tissue, LCL is found to connect the femur
or the thighbone with that to the fibula. A foremost function of LCL is to
stabilise the knee while movement