Smart Grid Design and Analysis Research Paper

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SMART GRID DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
A Research Paper on Smart Grid By
Student’s Name
Name of the Professor
Institutional Affiliation
City/State
Year/Month/Day

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to personally the Ausgrid and Australian Government for their detailed input in
providing the background information, Smart rid, Smart City trial data, operation of smart grid,
the current state of smart grid in the country, and also the future state of smart grid in the
country. This information were attained from numerous publications by these bodies which can
be accessed in areas such as Government libraries and internet sources. Its primary goal is to
provide the best quantity of information and the control of loads for the consumers, grid
operators and distributors to reduce the costs and the system demand while increasing the
efficiency of energy. In the future, the advanced control systems will be sophisticated and will
consider the national and regional perspective and will fully deploy the local ones throughout the
national grid.

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ABSTRACT
The concept of smart grid involves the transformation of the electric power grid by the
use of advanced automatic control and communication techniques and other forms of
technological information. The major aim of smart grid is to provide the best quantity of
information and the control of loads for the consumers, grid operators and distributors to reduce
the costs and the system demand while increasing the efficiency of energy. The superconducting
energy storage, compressed storage of energy and pumped hydroelectric all have the importance
as large central technologies for storing energy in smart grid. The smart meter security is the
problem since it is not difficult to gain access physically to the meter device and there is an
instant gain of money from the alteration of the systems.
The integrity of the meter device and the data must be confirmed in the smart grid before
their use. The availability, integrity and confidentiality are very important to this model. The
power system security is a problem because of the likelihood of getting the wrong data
involvement into the model. In the network of communication, the security attacks can be
grouped as a malicious user and the selfish misbehaving user. The selfish misbehaving user
attempt to get more network than the legitimate user by impious the protocol of communication.
The malicious users have no intent to benefit from their own, they obtain the information in the
network illegal. Different communication such a wireless and wired can be utilized to transmit
the data amongst electric utilities and smart meters.

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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................6
THE LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE SMART GRID...........................................................................................8
METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................................................10
Components of the smart grid...............................................................................................................10
Advanced metering infrastructure.....................................................................................................11
Phasor management unit..................................................................................................................13
Substation automation......................................................................................................................14
Advanced control methods...................................................................................................................16
Current states........................................................................................................................................16
Distributed intelligent agents............................................................................................................18
Analytical tools......................................................................................................................................19
Operational application.........................................................................................................................20
THE FUTURE STATE OF SMART GRIDS.......................................................................................................21
Functions that the advanced control methods will perform in the future............................................21
OPERATION OF THE SMART GRID..............................................................................................................22
Operation reserve..................................................................................................................................22
Automatic generation............................................................................................................................23
Control and automation of a smart grid................................................................................................24
FAULTS AND CHALLENGES OF THE SMART GRID.......................................................................................26
Storage system for the smart grid.............................................................................................................28
Cyber security of the smart grid................................................................................................................32
Components of smart grid.....................................................................................................................32
Cyber security threats in the smart grid................................................................................................39
The smart grid communication security................................................................................................40
Requirements of the smart grid................................................................................................................42
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................43
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................44

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Table of Figures
Figure 1: The components of the phasor measurement unit .......................................... 11
Figure 2: The substation automation ..................................................................... 13
Figure 3: The operating reserve of the smart grid ..................................................... 20
Figure 4: The smart grid automation functions ......................................................... 21
Figure 5: The process control system intrusion detection systems ................................. 30
Figure 6: The smart meter redundant meter reading of the smart grid ............................. 32
Figure 7: The smart meter intrusion detection system ................................................ 32
Figure 8: The smart grid simulation model for security analysis .................................... 37

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INTRODUCTION
A smartgrid can be defined as a small-scale power grid that can operate independently or
in conjunction with the main electrical grid of the area. Smartgrid is a concept of transforming
the electric power grid by the use of advanced automatic communication and control techniques
as well as other forms of information technology. The system integrates innovative technologies
and tools from distribution, transmission, and generation all the way to the equipment and
appliances of the consumers. The smartgrid concept integrates markets, information, devices,
processes, and infrastructure into a collaborative and coordinated process that enable the
distribution, generation, and consumption of energy in a more efficient and effective way.
Some of the types of microgrids include commercial and industrial microgrids, military
base microgrids, remote off-grid microgrids, and campus institutional or environmental
microgrids. During the operations of the microgrid, the power system that uses electricity, the
generation that is automatic is the system for regulating the output of power of the many
initiators at dissimilar energy plants. Since the smart grid needs the power and load, regular
modifications to the generations from the generators are required. The stability can be known by
determining the regularity of the systems and if it is rising, more electricity is being produced
than used, which causes all the machines in the systems to accelerate.
The smart grid is the concept for the transformation of the electric power grid by the use
of advanced automatic control and communication techniques and other forms of technological
information. It incorporates the advanced technologies and tools from the generation, distribution
and transmission to the consumers' equipment and utilizations. Distribution systems and power
generations are experiencing the new problems leading to the widespread struggles of
investigations in dissimilar ways targeting the increase in the use of renewable and sustainable

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energy resources. The traditional smart grid depends on the fossil fuels which offer the power
option for the air emissions and leads to the load shaving peak and climate change while the
electronic smart grid uses the electricity hence reduced the impacts of climate change since there
are no emissions.
The technology of smart grid can support the incorporation of sources of renewable
energy in the future power systems. Its primary goal is to provide the best quantity of
information and the control of loads for the consumers, grid operators and distributors to reduce
the costs and the system demand while increasing the efficiency of energy. The concept of the
smart grid is associated naturally to the creation of the energy by the use of sources of renewable
energy as the smart grid promotes the social benefits like the lower cost of energy, reduced
emissions and larger flexibility to accommodate distributed new renewable energy sources.
These outcomes can be realized by the incorporation of various dissimilar technologies like
information and communication technology for making the demand for energy and creation more
controllable and predictable (Amin, 2005).
For 100 years and above, there has been no improvement on the simple electrical power
grid structure. To solve the complications of the prevailing power grid, a new idea of the smart
grid arose. Among the deficiency of the electrical power grid over the smart grid is the lack of
the computerized analysis, poor reflectiveness, lack of the awareness, the mechanical switches
causing the slow time responses. These have caused the blackouts for over forty years. Some of
the additional inhibitors are the high demographic growth and the request for energy, the failures
of equipment, climate change, problems of energy storage and reduction in fossil fuels. Also, the
emissions of greenhouse gases on environment have been a problem that is caused by the

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transportation and electricity. Therefore, the new grid was required to solve all these problems
and to recognize the abilities the smart grid emerged (Amin, 2005).
THE LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE SMART GRID
The smart grid is an improvement of the existing electrical power grid. The advancement is in
the reaction to varying the necessities of the consumers. Numerous safety of cyber is presented in
the smart grid. In this section of literature reviews, storage systems, operation, cybersecurity are
discussed (Amin, 2005).
Characteristics of smart grid
The smart grid have a property of self-healing; it can adjust and redirect the electricity flow in
the time that the path of electrical transmission is disturbed. This is carried out by the self-
assessment of the power system state which is continuous hence major blackouts and their
frequencies can be reduced. When the number of the blackouts are reduced the economic losses
are also reduced (Bazzaco, 2010).
The smart grid includes and motivates customers; there is slight interface among the suppliers
and customers in the electrical power system. Smart grid gives the customer with more opinions
and information about their electrical power hence will enable the consumers to make a good
decision about their use of power that saves their money and promotes the competition amongst
suppliers of power. This happens by allowing the communication of two way between the
suppliers and customers. The smart grid also can cooperate with the electrical applications in the
home of the customer which allows the appliances to plan their runtime when the power is at its
lowest price (Crovella, 2003).