Research Methods and Critical Appraisal on Smoking Cessation Intervention and Strategies

This study focuses on the intervention and strategies for smoking cessation to reduce the risk of smoking-related complications. The article selection and methodology are discussed, along with critical appraisal of the study. Ethical considerations are also taken into account.

RESEARCH
METHOD AND
CRITICAL
APPRAISAL

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE......................................................................2
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................4
Chosen library database..........................................................................................................4
Framework used to formulate PICO questions......................................................................4
Keywords................................................................................................................................4
Use of Boolean operators and truncation...............................................................................5
Article selected to find results................................................................................................5
Inclusion and exclusion criteria..............................................................................................5
Ethical consideration..............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 3 RESULTS..................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 4 CRITICAL APPRAISAL..........................................................................................7
CHAPTER 5 EMERGING THEME...............................................................................................7
CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION........................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................9
CASP table.............................................................................................................................9
PRISMA table........................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
The assignment is focus on the study of intervention and strategy which is focus on the
smoking. The main purpose of assignment is to review some of intervention and strategy which
is showing useful aspect in minimisation of risk or the complication that is associated with the
smoking. In this, the chosen public health topic is smoking. The main reason behind the choosing
of such topic to explore the idea and method which play additional role in the reduction of risk
that may create due to the excessive smoking which include respiratory disease, cancer and many
more. Usually, smoking is defined as the act which is associated with the inhaling and exhaling
the fumes which is based on the burning of the plant material (Carson‐Chahhoud and et. al.,
2019). There are variety of plant that is manufacture with the purpose to smoke. The major
consequence with the smoking is that they addictive and people used to get addiction of such
smoking habits, they also use to cause cancer which is may related with lung, blood and many
more. Moreover, they also used to show the effect on pregnancy which may create complication
with the child development in foetus. In this essay, the discussion follows a short background
and rationale, the methodological aspect which include search strategy, method and inclusion
exclusion criteria. In addition, the result and the critical appraisal is also discussed in order to
provide proper recommendation after the reviewing of articles (Erku and et. al., 2019).
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CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
The chosen health topic in this is associated with the smoking and study focus on the
intervention which minimise such habit because it is unhealthy and cause various complication.
The smoking has a higher rate of mortality which may cause issue with people health and rising
cases of cancer and other disease which formulated due to the smoking may cause the issue of
public health. In addition to this, it is clinically diagnosing that they have various complication
which must be known by everyone and quit smoking (How to Quit Smoking, 2021). The
complication which may include cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease and many more. The
importance to choose this topic in order to create awareness and generate information which is
helpful to quit the smoking and reduce the rate of mortality. In the long term, quitting smoking is
useful in order to reduce the patient risk of the developing cancer, heart disease and chronic lung
disease. Moreover, the earlier that is related with the person are used to stop smoking and they
are more their risk of the development ling cancer which is reduced (Farsalinos, and Niaura,
2020).
The smoking prevention is very important is one of the most important action which is taken
in account for the person who used to smoke can take to reduce their risk for the cardiovascular
disease. The reduction of the risk of coronary heart disease with the risk of falling sharply 1 and
2-year core of after the cessation and then they are declining more slowly over the longer period.
In this, the intervention for the smoking is important in order to reduce the rising cases of death.
It is helpful to maintain and improve the quality of life and health among the people. Therefore,
the effective intervention which is based on the population based tobacco that used to work as a
control intervention that include tobacco price enhancement, the high impact of the anti-tobacco
mass media campaign and comprehensive smoke free which is related with the policies. There
are some of the clinical significance are taking into account in order to develop strategies which
create positive aspect on the people life who used to addictive towards the habit of smoking
(Grange and et. al., 2020).
Furthermore, smoking is defined as a habit which require few cigarette day by day that
enhance the person chance of the development of lung cancer. There are some of the immediate
advantage which is associated with smoking cessation that occur only for the hours, weeks and
months after the individual quit smoking. In this, the central benefits which majorly include the
lowering of blood pressure and decreased cough and the phlegm production that has tendency to
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enhance the lung capacity. In addition to this, when any individual is used to stop smoking
before the age of 40, then they can reduce the complication of dying which is occur due the high
risk of smoking relate disorder by the 90 percent. Moreover, there are number of people who
already diagnose with the cancer benefits from the smoking cessation. In addition, there are
various form of cancer, while taking the aspect of quitting smoking at the same time when the
diagnosis is usually taken in order to reduce the chance of dying from the cancer which is by 40
percent and more (Jackson and et. al., 2021).
In addition to this, the interest of area which is related with the topic of smoking is to follow
some of the adequate intervention and strategies which may be useful to conduct the program of
smoking cessation. It is difficult to motivate and inspire other to leave the habit of smoking,
because the smoking preliminary started with the few cigarette and day to day they turn into the
habit of addiction. In such cases, the critical intervention with the serious node are used to
conducted which play role to inspire and motivate to quit the factor of smoking (Smoking
cessation intervention: an evidence-based approach, 2010).
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CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is defined as the set of technique and procedure which is used in
order to determine, identify, select, process and used to evaluate the information which is related
with the chosen topic of public health. In the different research process, the methodology section
helps to provide the aspect of evaluation which is based on the study regard with the validity and
reliability.
Chosen library database
PubMed: PubMed is referring as the number one source which is hosted at the national institute
of health and used to provide the bibliographic information which majorly include abstract and
link which help to support the publisher website that contain 28 million and more article (King,
Merten, Wong, and Pomeranz, 2018).
EMBASE: EMBASE is defined as the Excerpta Medica Database which is associated with the
propriety research kind of databased which majorly include it corpus PubMed. They also
authorised with the help of other provider such as Ovid. They usually contain 38 million and
more article from the various topic in which one of them is smoking and their interventions
(Clinical Effects of Cigarette Smoking: Epidemiologic Impact and Review of Pharmacotherapy
Options, 2017).
Cochrane library: The Cochrane library is referring as the best known library for those article
which require systematic review. There are about 53 review of the group which is associated
with the world that used to ensure the published review which is related with the high quality and
evidence based. Article are used to updated with the various factor that contain new research
which is reflected over time to time. In addition to this, the smoking information and data is also
investigated with the help of such library that provide authentic, reliable and validated article
(Leas and et. al., 2018).
Framework used to formulate PICO questions
In order to formulate the PICO question, the most reliable and validated framework which
is used within this practitioner of evidence based practice which is also known as EBP often use
as specialised framework that is called PICO in order to conduct and start to form question and
facilitate the search which is related with the literature.
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Keywords
Population Intervention Comparison Outcome
Impact of smoking in
people health
Challenge to quit
smoking
Ways to smoking
cessation
Strategies to reduce
complication.
Ways to quit smoking
Medication prescribed
for smoking cessation.
Health awareness
regards with smoking.
E talks and public
health seminar for
quitting smoking.
Improved health
outcome after
smoking cessation.
Develop quality of
health and life due to
smoking cessation.
Use of Boolean operators and truncation
In this assignment for the data collection and gathering of information the Boolean operator and
truncation are used for the appropriate data finding. The Boolean operator AND, OR and NOT
are used to combine the fact of keywords when anyone search for the research database. While
using of these operator make the search more optimised and concentrated that provide precise
search result. The truncation also follows the same path by providing the context of filter and
tool which is related with title and author search. It is beneficial during the data finding of
smoking (Smoking Cessation, 2021).
Article selected to find results
There are six article which is selected in which three is based on the intervention factor and other
three is based on the impact and challenge which is defined about the smoking. The three article
follow the abstract and they chose for the report as a finding (Tobacco smoking: Health impact,
prevalence, correlates and interventions, 2017).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
Randomised control trail is required
English language is mandatory
The article and study is taking last from 10
years
Randomised control is not required.
Native language and regional language is not
included.
The article and study from the last 10 years is
accepted and more is not valid.
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Ethical consideration
While conducting the research, the ethical consideration is follow which mainly elaborate a
set of principle which help to guide the research design and practice. These principles are usually
show the voluntary participation, informed consent of participants, anonymity, confidentiality,
harm to someone and outcome communication (Leelavathi, 2019).
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CHAPTER 3 RESULTS
The first article with the title tobacco smoking and their health impact, prevalence and
intervention state that the reduction in the prevalence which is based on the recent years, the
tobacco smoking remains one of the main preventable causes which is associated with the ill
health and premature death over the globe. The article is completely focus on the review that
they use to extend and nature the harm which caused due to the smoking. Smoking behaviour
which is used to maintained the primary factor which is based on the positive and negative
reinforcing which is based on the nicotine delivery in the instant way which make them
affordable and palatable. In addition to this, article used to explore about various intervention
that is based on maintaining and providing behavioural and pharmacological support that help to
improve the rate of which is undertaken in order to quite the attempt which is show successive
aspect. However, they also used to show the implementation national programme containing
these component which is associated with the term of tobacco smoking prevalence and they used
to reduce the smoking related death and their causes which promote various unnecessary disease
within the body (Mak, Loke and Wong, 2018).
The second article with the title smoking cessation intervention indicate that the cigarette
smoking used to represent the various important factor which is preventable morbidity and the
death which is related with the immature aspect. It is estimated that the 100 million death are
usually occur which is caused due to the tobacco used in the current century. There are more than
1 billion of people doing smoking in their regular habit. In addition to this, the tobacco
dependence is defined as the chronic situation require proper intervention which is in repetitive
manner that help to fulfil the need of smoking cessation. The evidence based guidelines which is
help to recommend nicotine replacement therapy, the bupropion SR and varenicline which is
term as the effective substitute for the smoking cessation. They are usually combine with the
behavioural intervention. The combination pharmacotherapy is also work as an indicated for the
highly nicotine-dependent smoker which is based on the patients who are used to fail with the
monotherapy and the patients with the carving. There is an additional form of the nicotine which
show the replacement therapy and or addition with the factor of non-nicotine replacement
therapy for the oral medication that is helpful. The rate of successful smoking cessation which is
based on the 1 year is 3 percent to the 5 percent when the smoker tries to stop, 7 to 16 percent of
the smoker are usually go through the behavioural intervention and they are used to 24 percent
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receiving pharmacological treatment and the behavioural support (Managing smoking cessation,
2016).
The third article with the title managing smoking cessation state that there are number of people
who used to smoke in their day to day life. It is also analysing that the 64 percent of the people
want to quit smoking. Smoking are used to experience various pleasure, also impactful in
reducing of stress and anxiety and augmentation of the certain physical and mental function
which is responsible when the regular nicotine is used to inhale with tobacco smoke attach to the
brain receptor. In this, the behavioural intervention is used which include provider delivered
treatment, adjunct behavioural treatment and goal of the treatment. In addition to this, the proper
use of medication also helpful to minimise the use and complication of smoking (West and et.
al., 2018).
CHAPTER 4 CRITICAL APPRAISAL
As per the review of article, it is clearly state the intervention is required in order to reduce
the complication which may cause issue with the smoker and impact the quality of health. The
chosen literature shows viable method and reliable source which acknowledge the information
that is productive or not. In addition to this, the proper strength of the article and research paper
usually focus on the emerging or the upcoming issue which is related with the smoking. The
proper evaluation and analysis is used to taken in order to create better understanding which is
reliable in order to maintain the quality of life and improve the standard of living after the
smoking cessation. There is other strength which is also explained that based on different aspect
which is related with study of smoking cessation. In addition to this, the approach which is
followed by various intervention to reduce the smoking and tobacco use such as enhancing the
price is the failure which show weakness with intervention and strategies. Moreover, it is also
analysing that the research paper is length and take longer periods of time to collect the data. In
addition to this, the research format is long and take prolong time to show the justification of the
intervention and strategies which initiated in order to reduce the rising issue due to habit of
smoking.
CHAPTER 5 EMERGING THEME
While taking the contrast of the study which is based on the different article majorly include
various which may be stated as the emerging theme. In this, the health promotion usually follows
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the Ottawa model for the smoking cessation which help to ensure and provide training in the
term of treatment for the tobacco dependence and help to introduce various reminder which is
associated with the electronic medical records and used to show the practice tool which help to
ensure that all the patients when they are ask about their smoking status and non-judgemental
advice. This is based on the advice which recommended and offer assistance in the form of
pharmacotherapy and behavioural support and they are offered to follow ongoing follow up.
Implementation of the Ottawa model for the smoking cessation which is associated with the
significant enhance in the long term abstinence and help to improve the health and utilisation.
CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
There are some of the recommendation which is associated with the smoking cessation
which is identified with the six article. In addition to this, the article used to provide various
recommendation which include advise them to stop using tobacco and provide them behavioural
intervention. In this, all smoker must try to quit except in the presence of the special
consequence, moreover, the special consideration which should be given before the using of
pharmacotherapy which is based on the selected populations. The five of the FDA approval
pharmacotherapies which is associated with the smoking cessation that majorly include
bupropion SR, nicotine and nicotine inhaler which is based on the nicotine patch. Other
associated recommendation which is related with the five medication, choice of the specific first
line pharmacotherapy must be guided by the various factor which include familiarity and
contradiction of the selected patients.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Carson‐Chahhoud and et. al., 2019. Community pharmacy personnel interventions for smoking
cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10).
Erku and et. al., 2019. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes) as a smoking cessation
aid: a survey among pharmacy staff in Queensland, Australia. Addictive behaviors, 91,
pp.227-233.
Farsalinos, K.E. and Niaura, R., 2020. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in the United States
according to frequency of e-cigarette use and quitting duration: analysis of the 2016 and
2017 National Health Interview Surveys. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 22(5), pp.655-
662.
Grange and et. al., 2020. Smoking and smoking cessation in pregnancy. Synthesis of a systematic
review. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction, p.101847.
Jackson and et. al., 2021. Smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women attending
treatment for substance use disorders: A systematic review. Addiction.
King, J.L., Merten, J.W., Wong, T.J. and Pomeranz, J.L., 2018. Applying a social–ecological
framework to factors related to nicotine replacement therapy for adolescent smoking
cessation. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(5), pp.1291-1303.
Leas and et. al., 2018. Effectiveness of pharmaceutical smoking cessation aids in a nationally
representative cohort of American smokers. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer
Institute, 110(6), pp.581-587.
Leelavathi, L., 2019. Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation-An
Overview. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(11).
Mak, Y.W., Loke, A.Y. and Wong, F.K., 2018. Nursing intervention practices for smoking
cessation: a large survey in Hong Kong. International journal of environmental research
and public health, 15(5), p.1046.
West and et. al., 2018. Factors associated with the efficacy of smoking cessation treatments and
predictors of smoking abstinence in EAGLES. Addiction, 113(8), pp.1507-1516.
Online (Six articles)
Smoking Cessation, 2021 [Online] Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482442/
Managing smoking cessation, 2016 [Online] Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5135525/
Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions, 2017 [Online]
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5490618/#:~:text=Main
%20causes%20of%20death%20from%20tobacco%20smoking%20and%20benefits
%20of%20stopping.&text=Most%20smoking%2Drelated%20deaths%20arise,Smoking
%20and%20Health%2C%202016b).
Clinical Effects of Cigarette Smoking: Epidemiologic Impact and Review of Pharmacotherapy
Options, 2017 [Online] Available from:<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28956852/>
Smoking cessation intervention: an evidence-based approach, 2010 [Online] Available from:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20203458/
How to Quit Smoking, 2021 [Online] Available from: https://www.webmd.com/smoking-
cessation/quit-smoking
10

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APPENDIX
CASP table
Questions Tiffani
Sealock,
2021
Robert,
Gillian
and et.
al., 2016
Robert
West,
2017
Daniel
and et.
al.,
2017
Rafael,
2010
Sachdeva
Poonam,
2021
Philosophical perspective
and research
methodology.
✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ☐
Research objective and
aim.
✘ ☐ ☐ ✔ ✘ ✘
Method used in data
collection and selection.
☐ ☐ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Participants and their
recommendation
✔ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘
Ethical inclusion and
exclusion criteria
✘ ☐ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔
✔= Criteria met
✘= Criteria not met
☐= Criteria not clear
12

PRISMA table
13
Records identified from*:
Databases (n = 120)
Registers (n = 210)
Records removed before
screening:
Duplicate records removed (n
= 80)
Records marked as ineligible
by automation tools (n = 45)
Records removed for other
reasons (n = 15)
Records screened
(n = 100)
Records excluded**
(n = 10)
Reports sought for retrieval
(n = 110) Reports not retrieved
(n = 30)
Reports assessed for eligibility
(n = 150)
Reports excluded:
Reason 1 (n = 10)
Reason 2 (n = 15)
Reason 3 (n = 10)
etc.
Studies included in review
(n = 10)
Reports of included studies
(n = 15)
Identification of studies via databases and registers
Identification
Screening
Included