Smoking and Mental Health of Young People in UK: A Quantitative Study

This report analyzes the impact of smoking on the mental health of young people in the UK. The study uses quantitative research methods to examine the factors and trends that promote smoking among young people and how it affects their mental health. The report also provides ways to reduce the impact of smoking on mental health.

Quantitative Research Methods for Social
Scientists

ABSTRACT
The current report deals with habit relating to smoking and how it affects the mental health of the person. This is pertaining to the fact
that when a person smokes then it automatically affects the mental health of the person. Hence, it is necessary for the person to not
smoke and try to maintain the mental health in better manner. The methodology section of the study outlined that use of quantitative
study is very beneficial for the researcher to gain proper and accurate output. Also, with the finding it was evaluated that the use of
smoking affects the mental health of the person to a great extent. This is pertaining to the fact that when the person smoked more than
this will be affecting their mental health as they will suffer with more health issues.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................................................5
Methods used..............................................................................................................................5
Sampling.....................................................................................................................................6
Research process.........................................................................................................................6
Ethical consideration...................................................................................................................6
Reflexivity...................................................................................................................................6
RESULT..........................................................................................................................................6
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
APPENDIX 1.................................................................................................................................11
APPENDIX 2.................................................................................................................................36
APPENDIX 3.................................................................................................................................65
APPENDIX 4.................................................................................................................................68

Topic- To determine how smoking affects mental health of young people. A study on UK.
INTRODUCTION
Background
Smoking is being referred to as act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material. Smoking is a habit which
creates high negative impact over the life and mental health of person. The present study will outline the impact which is being created
by smoking over health of person. Along with this, study will also outline the factors and trends which promote smoking among
young people.
Rationale
In the current modern world, the young people are getting indulged in negative activities more. This is pertaining to the fact
that current trend is of smoking and young people gets attracted towards bad habits first. Hence, the reason behind selection of
smoking as the research topic is that it creates negative impact over the mental health of person. The present study will help in
enhancing knowledge relating to factors which promote smoking habit among young people and how it can be controlled.
Research question and aim
Aim
“To analyse how habit of smoking distresses the mental health of young people in UK.
Objective
 To develop understanding relating to concept of smoking and mental health
 To examine the factors and trends which promotes smoking among young people and results in affecting their mental health.
 To identify the association between smoking and the mental health with respect to young people.
 To develop some of the ways through which these impact over mental health can be reduced.
Research question
1. What is the concept of smoking and mental health?

2. What are the factor and trend that promote smoking among young people and how it affects mental health?
3. What is the association within smoking and mental health of young people?
LITERATURE REVIEW
In accordance with the views Niedzwiedz and et.al., (2021) smoking is not good for the person as it affects the mental health
and well- being of the person. The reason behind this fact is that smoking is an activity which affects health of the person to a great
extent. Along with this mental health is being defined as emotional, cognitive and behavioural well- being of the person.
Moreover, Smith and et.al., (2020) states that there are different factors which promotes habit of smoking within young people.
The most common reason is getting popular among the friends and peers and this peer pressure influences young people to start
smoke. Along with this, there is a tendency among young people that they must try new things which will make them connected with
young generation. Hence, this also motivates young people to start smoking even though it is not good for their health. Another reason
might be depression because young people try to involve themselves in some other activities for relaxing from depression.
In the opinion of Amos and et.al., (2020) the smoking causes negative impact over the health of child both physically and
mentally. This is because of the reason that there is different impact of smoking on health like cancer, stoke, lung diseases, chronic
bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and many other negative impact.
Along with this Agnew-Blais and et.al., (2018) states that other than physical health, negative impact is also created over
mental health as well. The smoking can cause anxiety among young people. In addition to this, the stress level of young people will
also increase in case they get addicted to smoking.
METHODOLOGY
Methods used
In the present case of analysis of smoking impacting mental health of young people, use of quantitative research is being
undertaken. The reason for selection of this method is that it will provide more accurate and concise outcome.

Sampling
The sample is being referred to as selection of some of participant from whole population. This is necessary for the reason that
selecting small sample will provide better data and analysis will be done better (Snyder, 2019). In the present case of researching
relating to impact of smoking on mental health sample of 20 young people was selected. The young people was selected because
smoking is prevailing among young people to a great extent.
Research process
For the process of research, the use of primary source of data is undertaken. The reason underlying this fact is that primary
source will provide the first hand information which is good for the success of study. Further the different statistical methods are also
applied in order to prove the objectives correct.
Ethical consideration
The ethical aspect considered by the researcher is that there is informed consent being taken from the respondents (Newman
and Gough, 2020). This is essential to be taken because the researchers use personal information of participant and because of this
there is requirement of taking informed consent.
Reflexivity
In the present case I played the part of analysis of data and this was the most crucial part. The reason for selection of the data
analysis as part is that without this aspect the study cannot be successful.
RESULT
Descriptive statistics
Statistics

Age Gender Q1. Are
you
aware of
concept
of
smoking
and
mental
health?
Q2. Do
the
mental
health
being
affected
by
smoking
or not?
Q3. Do
you agree
that along
with
mental
health,
physical
health is
also
affected
by excess
of
smoking?
Q4. Are
there any
factors
which
promotes
habit of
smoking
among
young
people?
Q5. From
the
following
what are
the factors
which
promote
smoking
among
young
people?
Q6.
According
to you is
there any
association
between
smoking
and mental
health of
person?
Q7.
What is
the
impact
of
smoking
over the
mental
health of
person?
Q8. Can
the habit
of
smoking
be
reduced
within
the
young
person?
Q9. What
are the
strategies
through
which
smoking
habit can
be
reduced
among
young
people?
Q10. Will
compliance
to these
strategies
will
improve
reduction in
smoking
habit?
N Valid 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 2.0500 1.5000 1.3500 1.4500 1.3500 2.5000 3.0000 1.3500 1.6000 1.3500 3.0000 1.3500
Median 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 2.0000 3.5000 1.0000 2.0000 1.0000 3.5000 1.0000
Mode 1.00 1.00a 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 4.00 1.00
Std.
Deviation 1.14593 .51299 .48936 .51042 .48936 1.10024 1.16980 .48936 .50262 .48936 1.16980 .48936
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

With the analysis of the descriptive statistics it is clear that average participant states that they are aware of the concept of
smoking and the its impact over health. Along with this it is also evident then with mental health, physical health of young people is
also affected by use of smoking. Moreover, with the descriptive it is clear that there are different factors which promotes smoking
among young people and this creates negative impact over health of person. This was supported by average participant that
consumption of smoke affects the mental health of person. With the help of age frequency (table 2), it is clear that 45 % of population
belongs to young category and 20 % belongs to middle and above 50. Also with the analysis of gender (table 3) is 50 % were male and
50 % were female. Further with help of table 9 it was analyzed that 65% of the respondent stated that there is association between the
smoking and mental health of person.
Cross Tabulation
Attached in appendix
Further with the help of cross tabulation it was clear that majority of people states that smoking of habit must be reduced
among the people. With the help of cross tabulation table 51, it is clear that 9 male states that yes there is association between smoking
and mental health. Also, the significance value is 0.019 which is less than 0.05 and this implies that there is proper association being
based in both these variables. Also on the basis of age this is not being proven as the significance value is more than standard 0.05
(table 27). Also, with help of another table relating to impact of smoking on mental health (table 54 and 55) it was proved that there is
negative relation being created over the mental health of person. This is particularly because of the reason that the significance value is
0.00 which is less than 0.05 and because of this it can be stated that there is negative impact over mental health of company.
DISCUSSION
With the above finding and result it is evaluated that smoking affects the health of person to a great extent. This is particularly
because of the reason that smoking has different impact over the mental and physical health as well. With the finding it was clear that
majority of the respondent agreed that there are different factors which increases smoking habit of young people.

In support of this states Why Kids Start Smoking, (2022) that these different factor affect the mind of young people and they
get addicted towards smoking. These factors generally involve peer pressure that is other friends are also smoking so this influence the
young people and they start smoking. Along with this another factor encouraging smoking habit among young people is the thinking
of having all the latest trend and trying something new.
Moreover, the finding also stated that the smoking creates negative impact over the health of young people both mental and
physical. In support of this Chen (2020) articulates that this creates the negative impact on health because smoking causes different
types of diseases. These diseases involve cancer, lung disease, heart diseases, COPD, emphysema. Moreover, it also creates impact
over mental health and well- being as well. this creates the impact of increase anxiety, depression, stress and many other factors (Jacob
and et.al., 2020). The stress might be developed because of the reason that young people might think that their friends are smoking and
in case they will not do smoking then this can affect the social presence. Thus, it can be stated that smoking creates a negative impact
over mental health of young people.
CONCLUSION
In the end the above report evaluated the fact that smoking is a bad habit and this creates negative impact over the health of
person. Particularly in young people this is currently trending and it creates negative impact over the working and health of them.
Also, the factor identified from the study were peer pressure, interest of doing something new and many other. In the end it was
analysed the smoking causes negative impact over mental health of person along with physical health.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Agnew-Blais, J. C., and et.al., 2018. Young adult mental health and functional outcomes among individuals with remitted, persistent
and late-onset ADHD. The British journal of psychiatry. 213(3). pp.526-534.
Amos, R., and et.al., 2020. Mental health, social adversity, and health-related outcomes in sexual minority adolescents: a
contemporary national cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 4(1). pp.36-45.
Chen, D. T. H., 2020. The psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in smoking behavior: Evidence from a
nationwide survey in the UK. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 6.
Jacob, L., and et.al., 2020. The relationship between physical activity and mental health in a sample of the UK public: A cross-
sectional study during the implementation of COVID-19 social distancing measures. Mental health and physical activity. 19.
p.100345.
Newman, M. and Gough, D., 2020. Systematic reviews in educational research: Methodology, perspectives and
application. Systematic reviews in educational research, pp.3-22.
Niedzwiedz, C. L., and et.al., 2021. Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19
lockdown: longitudinal analyses of the UK Household Longitudinal Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 75(3). pp.224-231.
Smith, L., and et.al., 2020. Correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression and mental wellbeing associated with COVID-19: a
cross-sectional study of UK-based respondents. Psychiatry research. 291. p.113138.
Snyder, H., 2019. Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of business research. 104.
pp.333-339.
Online
Why Kids Start Smoking. 2022. [Online]. Available through: < https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/helping-teens-quit/why-kids-start-
smoking>

SPSS output
APPENDIX 1
Table 1- Statistical data for all variables
Statistics
Age GenderQ1. Are
you aware
of
concept
of
smoking
and
mental
health?
Q2. Do
the
mental
health
being
affected
by
smoking
or not?
Q3. Do
you agree
that along
with
mental
health,
physical
health is
also
affected
by excess
of
smoking?
Q4. Are
there any
factors
which
promotes
habit of
smoking
among
young
people?
Q5. From
the
following
what are
the
factors
which
promote
smoking
among
young
people?
Q6.
According
to you is
there any
association
between
smoking
and mental
health of
person?
Q7. What
is the
impact of
smoking
over the
mental
health of
person?
Q8. Can
the habit
of
smoking
be
reduced
within the
young
person?
Q9. What
are the
strategies
through
which
smoking
habit can
be
reduced
among
young
people?
Q10. Will
compliance
to these
strategies
will
improve
reduction
in smoking
habit?
N Valid 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Missing0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 2.0500 1.5000 1.3500 1.4500 1.3500 2.5000 3.0000 1.3500 1.6000 1.3500 3.0000 1.3500
Median 2.0000 1.5000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 2.0000 3.5000 1.0000 2.0000 1.0000 3.5000 1.0000
Mode 1.00 1.00a 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 4.00 1.00

Std.
Deviation 1.14593.51299 .48936 .51042 .48936 1.10024 1.16980 .48936 .50262 .48936 1.16980 .48936
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Frequency Table
Table 2- Frequency of age
Age
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Young (0- 35) 9 45.0 45.0 45.0
Middle (36- 50) 4 20.0 20.0 65.0
Above 50 4 20.0 20.0 85.0
4.00 3 15.0 15.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 3- Frequency for gender
Gender

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Male 10 50.0 50.0 50.0
Female 10 50.0 50.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 4- frequency for question 1
Q1. Are you aware of concept of smoking and mental health?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 5- frequency for question 2
Q2. Do the mental health being affected by smoking or not?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 11 55.0 55.0 55.0
No 9 45.0 45.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 6- frequency for question 3
Q3. Do you agree that along with mental health, physical health is also
affected by excess of smoking?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 7- Frequency for question 4
Q4. Are there any factors which promotes habit of smoking among young people?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Strongly agree 2 10.0 10.0 10.0
Agreed 11 55.0 55.0 65.0
Neutral 4 20.0 20.0 85.0
Disagreed 1 5.0 5.0 90.0
Strongly disagreed 2 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 8- Frequency for question 5
Q5. From the following what are the factors which promote smoking among young people?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Peer pressure 3 15.0 15.0 15.0
Depression 4 20.0 20.0 35.0
Excitement to try some new
thing 3 15.0 15.0 50.0
All of the above 10 50.0 50.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 9- Frequency of question 6
Q6. According to you is there any association between smoking and
mental health of person?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 10- Frequency of question 7
Q7. What is the impact of smoking over the mental health of person?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Positive 8 40.0 40.0 40.0
Negative 12 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 11- Frequency of question 8
Q8. Can the habit of smoking be reduced within the young person?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 12- frequency of question 9
Q9. What are the strategies through which smoking habit can be reduced among young
people?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Take help from expert and
professional 3 15.0 15.0 15.0
Working on good diet 4 20.0 20.0 35.0
Make friends with non-
smoking friends 3 15.0 15.0 50.0
All of the above 10 50.0 50.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Table 13- frequency of question 10
Q10. Will compliance to these strategies will improve reduction in
smoking habit?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
Yes 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
No 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

APPENDIX 2
CROSSTABULAITON DATA
Crosstabs
Table 12
Q1. Are you aware of concept of smoking and mental health? * Age
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Q1. Are you aware of concept of
smoking and mental health?
Yes 6 4 2 1 13
No 3 0 2 2 7
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 13
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.883a 3 .274
Likelihood Ratio 5.076 3 .166
Linear-by-Linear
Association 1.175 1 .278
N of Valid Cases 20

a. 7 cells (87.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.05.
Table 14
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .249 .231 1.089 .290c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .202 .240 .876 .393c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q2. Do the mental health being affected by smoking or not? * Age
Table 15
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Q2. Do the mental health being
affected by smoking or not?
Yes 6 2 2 1 11
No 3 2 2 2 9
Total 9 4 4 3 20

Table 16
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.145a 3 .766
Likelihood Ratio 1.159 3 .763
Linear-by-Linear Association 1.000 1 .317
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 8 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.35.
Table 17
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std. Errora Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .229 .216 1.000 .330c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .231 .216 1.006 .328c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q3. Do you agree that along with mental health, physical health is also affected by excess of smoking? * Age
Table 18
Crosstab
Count
Age Total

Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Q3. Do you agree that
along with mental health,
physical health is also
affected by excess of
smoking?
Yes 6 4 2 1 13
No 3 0 2 2 7
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 19
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.883a 3 .274
Likelihood Ratio 5.076 3 .166
Linear-by-Linear
Association 1.175 1 .278
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 7 cells (87.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.05.
Table 20
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .249 .231 1.089 .290c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .202 .240 .876 .393c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.

b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q4. Are there any factors which promotes habit of smoking among young people? * Age
Table 21
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Q4. Are there any factors
which promotes habit of
smoking among young
people?
Strongly agree 2 0 0 0 2
Agreed 4 4 2 1 11
Neutral 3 0 1 0 4
Disagreed 0 0 1 0 1
Strongly disagreed 0 0 0 2 2
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 22
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 21.957a 12 .038
Likelihood Ratio 19.208 12 .084
Linear-by-Linear
Association 6.034 1 .014

N of Valid Cases 20
a. 20 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .15.
Table 23
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .564 .173 2.894 .010c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .404 .219 1.876 .077c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q5. From the following what are the factors which promote smoking among young people? * Age
Table 24
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Q5. From the following what
are the factors which
promote smoking among
young people?
Peer pressure 0 0 0 3 3
Depression 1 0 3 0 4
Excitement to try some new
thing
3 0 0 0 3

All of the above 5 4 1 0 10
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 25
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 32.528a 9 .000
Likelihood Ratio 28.141 9 .001
Linear-by-Linear
Association 9.490 1 .002
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 16 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .45.
Table 26
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.707 .132 -4.238 .000c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.569 .204 -2.938 .009c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q6. According to you is there any association between smoking and mental health of person? * Age

Table 27
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Q6. According to you is
there any association
between smoking and
mental health of person?
Yes 6 4 2 1 13
No 3 0 2 2 7
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 28
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.883a 3 .274
Likelihood Ratio 5.076 3 .166
Linear-by-Linear
Association 1.175 1 .278
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 7 cells (87.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.05.
Table 29
Symmetric Measures

Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .249 .231 1.089 .290c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .202 .240 .876 .393c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q7. What is the impact of smoking over the mental health of person? * Age
Table 30
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Q7. What is the impact of
smoking over the mental health
of person?
Positive 4 0 2 2 8
Negatvie 5 4 2 1 12
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 31
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.796a 3 .284

Likelihood Ratio 5.191 3 .158
Linear-by-Linear
Association .406 1 .524
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 7 cells (87.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.20.
Table 32
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.146 .231 -.627 .539c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.094 .242 -.399 .694c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q8. Can the habit of smoking be reduced within the young person? * Age
Table 33
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00

Q8. Can the habit of
smoking be reduced within
the young person?
Yes 6 4 2 1 13
No 3 0 2 2 7
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 34
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.883a 3 .274
Likelihood Ratio 5.076 3 .166
Linear-by-Linear
Association 1.175 1 .278
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 7 cells (87.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.05.
Table 35
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .249 .231 1.089 .290c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .202 .240 .876 .393c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

Q9. What are the strategies through which smoking habit can be reduced among young people? * Age
Table 36
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Q9. What are the strategies
through which smoking
habit can be reduced among
young people?
Take help from expert and
professional 0 0 0 3 3
Working on good diet 1 0 3 0 4
Make friends with non-
smoking friends 3 0 0 0 3
All of the above 5 4 1 0 10
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 37
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 32.528a 9 .000
Likelihood Ratio 28.141 9 .001
Linear-by-Linear
Association 9.490 1 .002
N of Valid Cases 20

a. 16 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .45.
Table 38
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.707 .132 -4.238 .000c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.569 .204 -2.938 .009c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q10. Will compliance to these strategies will improve reduction in smoking habit? * Age
Table 39
Crosstab
Count
Age Total
Young (0- 35) Middle (36- 50) Above 50 4.00
Yes 6 4 2 1 13

Q10. Will compliance to
these strategies will
improve reduction in
smoking habit?
No 3 0 2 2 7
Total 9 4 4 3 20
Table 34
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.883a 3 .274
Likelihood Ratio 5.076 3 .166
Linear-by-Linear
Association 1.175 1 .278
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 7 cells (87.5%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.05.
Table 35
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .249 .231 1.089 .290c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .202 .240 .876 .393c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

Cross tabulation of gender with other question
Q1. Are you aware of concept of smoking and mental health? * Gender
Table 36
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q1. Are you aware of
concept of smoking and
mental health?
Yes 9 4 13
No 1 6 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 37
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.495a 1 .019
Continuity Correctionb 3.516 1 .061
Likelihood Ratio 5.936 1 .015
Fisher's Exact Test .057 .029
Linear-by-Linear
Association 5.220 1 .022
N of Valid Cases 20

a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 38
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .524 .179 2.611 .018c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .524 .179 2.611 .018c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q2. Do the mental health being affected by smoking or not? * Gender
Table 39
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q2. Do the mental health being affected by
smoking or not?
Yes 7 4 11
No 3 6 9
Total 10 10 20

Table 40
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.818a 1 .178
Continuity Correctionb .808 1 .369
Likelihood Ratio 1.848 1 .174
Fisher's Exact Test .370 .185
Linear-by-Linear
Association 1.727 1 .189
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 41
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .302 .213 1.342 .196c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .302 .213 1.342 .196c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

Q3. Do you agree that along with mental health, physical health is also affected by excess of smoking? * Gender
Table 42
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q3. Do you agree that
along with mental health,
physical health is also
affected by excess of
smoking?
Yes 9 4 13
No 1 6 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 43
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.495a 1 .019
Continuity Correctionb 3.516 1 .061
Likelihood Ratio 5.936 1 .015
Fisher's Exact Test .057 .029
Linear-by-Linear
Association 5.220 1 .022
N of Valid Cases 20

a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 44
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .524 .179 2.611 .018c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .524 .179 2.611 .018c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q4. Are there any factors which promotes habit of smoking among young people? * Gender
Table 45
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q4. Are there any factors
which promotes habit of
Strongly agree 0 2 2
Agreed 9 2 11

smoking among young
people?
Neutral 1 3 4
Disagreed 0 1 1
Strongly disagreed 0 2 2
Total 10 10 20
Table 46
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.455a 4 .033
Likelihood Ratio 12.796 4 .012
Linear-by-Linear
Association 2.643 1 .104
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 8 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .50.
Table 47
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .373 .180 1.706 .105c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .334 .242 1.503 .150c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

Q5. From the following what are the factors which promote smoking among young people? * Gender
Table 48
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q5. From the following
what are the factors which
promote smoking among
young people?
Peer pressure 1 2 3
Depression 1 3 4
Excitement to try some
new thing 1 2 3
All of the above 7 3 10
Total 10 10 20
Table 49
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.267a 3 .352
Likelihood Ratio 3.372 3 .338
Linear-by-Linear
Association 2.338 1 .126
N of Valid Cases 20

a. 6 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.50.
Table 50
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.351 .207 -1.589 .129c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.373 .207 -1.708 .105c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q6. According to you is there any association between smoking and mental health of person? * Gender
Table 51
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q6. According to you is
there any association
between smoking and
mental health of person?
Yes 9 4 13
No 1 6 7

Total 10 10 20
Table 52
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.495a 1 .019
Continuity Correctionb 3.516 1 .061
Likelihood Ratio 5.936 1 .015
Fisher's Exact Test .057 .029
Linear-by-Linear
Association 5.220 1 .022
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 53
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .524 .179 2.611 .018c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .524 .179 2.611 .018c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

Q7. What is the impact of smoking over the mental health of person? * Gender
Table 54
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q7. What is the impact of
smoking over the mental
health of person?
Positive 0 8 8
Negatvie 10 2 12
Total 10 10 20
Table 55
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 13.333a 1 .000
Continuity Correctionb 10.208 1 .001
Likelihood Ratio 16.912 1 .000
Fisher's Exact Test .001 .000
Linear-by-Linear
Association 12.667 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.00.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Table 56
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.816 .112 -6.000 .000c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.816 .112 -6.000 .000c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q8. Can the habit of smoking be reduced within the young person? * Gender
Table 57
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q8. Can the habit of
smoking be reduced within
the young person?
Yes 9 4 13
No 1 6 7
Total 10 10 20
Table 12

Table 58
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.495a 1 .019
Continuity Correctionb 3.516 1 .061
Likelihood Ratio 5.936 1 .015
Fisher's Exact Test .057 .029
Linear-by-Linear
Association 5.220 1 .022
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 59
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .524 .179 2.611 .018c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .524 .179 2.611 .018c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

Q9. What are the strategies through which smoking habit can be reduced among young people? * Gender
Table 60
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q9. What are the strategies
through which smoking
habit can be reduced
among young people?
Take help from expert and
professional 1 2 3
Working on good diet 1 3 4
Make friends with non-
smoking friends 1 2 3
All of the above 7 3 10
Total 10 10 20
Table 61
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.267a 3 .352
Likelihood Ratio 3.372 3 .338
Linear-by-Linear
Association 2.338 1 .126
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 6 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 1.50.

Table 62
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R -.351 .207 -1.589 .129c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation -.373 .207 -1.708 .105c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.
Q10. Will compliance to these strategies will improve reduction in smoking habit? * Gender
Table 63
Crosstab
Count
Gender Total
Male Female
Q10. Will compliance to
these strategies will
improve reduction in
smoking habit?
Yes 9 4 13
No 1 6 7
Total 10 10 20

Table 64
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (2-
sided)
Exact Sig. (1-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 5.495a 1 .019
Continuity Correctionb 3.516 1 .061
Likelihood Ratio 5.936 1 .015
Fisher's Exact Test .057 .029
Linear-by-Linear
Association 5.220 1 .022
N of Valid Cases 20
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Table 65
Symmetric Measures
Value Asymp. Std.
Errora
Approx. Tb Approx. Sig.
Interval by Interval Pearson's R .524 .179 2.611 .018c
Ordinal by Ordinal Spearman Correlation .524 .179 2.611 .018c
N of Valid Cases 20
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
c. Based on normal approximation.

APPENDIX 3
Questionnaire
Name:
Age:
Gender:
Q1. Are you aware of concept of smoking and mental health?
 Yes
 No
Q2. Do the mental health being affected by smoking or not?
 Yes
 No
Q3. Do you agree that along with mental health, physical health is also affected by excess of
smoking?
 Yes
 No
Q4. Are there any factors which promotes habit of smoking among young people?
 Strongly agree
 Agreed
 Neutral
 Disagreed
 Strongly disagreed
Q5. From the following what are the factors which promote smoking among young people?

 Peer pressure
 Depression
 Excitement to try some new thing
 All of the above
Q6. According to you is there any association between smoking and mental health of person?
 Yes
 No
Q7. What is the impact of smoking over the mental health of person?
 Positive
 Negative
 No impact
Q8. Can the habit of smoking be reduced within the young person?
 Yes
 No
Q9. What are the strategies through which smoking habit can be reduced among young people?
 Take help from expert and professional
 Working on good diet
 Make friends with non- smoking friends
 All of the above
Q10. Will compliance to these strategies will improve reduction in smoking habit?
 Yes
 No

Q11. What are some of the recommendation for improving the mental health and reducing the
habit of smoking?

APPENDIX 4
Response table
Participant age gender concept
mental
health
affected
physical
health
factors
present
factor
promoting
smoking association
impact
of
smoking reduce strategies compliance
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
4 4 2 2 2 2 5 1 2 1 2 1 2
5 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2
6 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
7 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
8 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 4 1
9 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
10 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
11 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
12 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 2 2
13 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
14 4 2 2 2 2 5 1 2 1 2 1 2
15 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
16 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 2
17 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
18 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
19 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
20 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1