The Role of Social Benefits in Achieving Social Equality: A Study on Education and Internet Use in the UK

This study analyzes the impact of social benefits such as education and internet use on achieving social equality in the UK. The study uses statistical analysis to establish a relationship between the variables and concludes that internet use has a positive impact on social equality while education has a negative impact.

Running head: DATA ANALYSIS
Data Analysis
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author Note

1DATA ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
1. Introduction:...........................................................................................................................2
2. Conceptual framework:..........................................................................................................3
3. Methodology:.........................................................................................................................5
4. Data analysis:.........................................................................................................................6
4.1 Statistical description:......................................................................................................7
4.2 Descriptive statistics:.......................................................................................................8
4.3 Correlation analysis:.........................................................................................................9
4.4 Regression Analysis:......................................................................................................10
5. Discussion and conclusion:..................................................................................................11
References:...............................................................................................................................12

2DATA ANALYSIS
1. Introduction:
Social equality represents a state of affairs, where all people have experienced same
status within a society based on some aspects. These aspects could be property rights, civil
rights and freedom of speech along with availability of basic goods and services in the
society (Aoki et al. 2014). Through maintaining equality within the society, the government
can reduce the probability of discrimination, which further can influence the society
adversely through generating economic costs. This type of security also considers economic
equality along with health equality. There are various obstacles that a society can experience
due to this economic phenomenon. For the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
inequality has become a central issue. This is because increasing inequalities in wealth and
income cause instability within an economy. As a result, social inequalities can generate
obstacles to adopt pro-environment behavior and strategies. Arguments for social equality are
based on five economic factors, which are health, social relationships, development of human
capital and economic progress as well as sustainable economies (Fagan and Rubery 2018).
Inequality occurs within the society when life expectancy remains low compare to the rates of
mortality. Social relationships consider social capital and trust. The levels of social cohesion
remain low for an unequal society. In addition to this, development of human capital also
indicates that a society moves towards equality. Moreover, economic progress along with
sustainable economies can reduce poverty through generating more employment
opportunities. Social benefits or services, in this context, work like a catalyst to lead the
society towards an equal one. Social benefit implies the total benefit that a society can obtain
through producing and consuming different goods and services (Jacobs 2018). Therefore,
social benefit considers entire private benefits along with external benefits related to the
product. Social benefits include education and communication facility such as internet

3DATA ANALYSIS
Education
Internet
Social activity
connection. According to researchers, education helps a society to generate human capital
while internet can help to obtain other social facilities within short time period (Leaton Gray
2017). Therefore the paper intends to discuss about the role of social benefits to bring
equality in society.
Aims and Research: The relationship of education and internet with social equality
In the first section, the paper has introduced the basic concept of the study and
provided the background of the entire study. In the following section, conceptual framework
has been derived to review the related literatures. This section helps the researcher to frame
concepts accordingly. This in turn can help the researcher to establish proper hypothesis. In
the section of research methodology, the paper will analyze the data to draw conclusions.
2. Conceptual framework:
The economy can experience many costs and benefits regarding unequal or
equal societies, based on wealth and household distribution. In this context, economists try to
investigate various social benefits that can reduce inequality among people. In these regard,
two chief components internet and capital are required to discuss. According to World Health
Organization (2014), has stated that an unequal society can generate more problems including

4DATA ANALYSIS
health, infant mortality, mental illness and obesity and so on. The researcher has observed
that equal societies tend to better educational facilities along with general health and higher
social mobility. Through developing educational facilities, a society can generate human
capital by large amount. This increasing number of efficient and skilled labors can produce
output at lower costs by utilizing available resources fully (Mordechay and Orfield 2017).
From previous studies, it is observed that the number of higher educational attainment is
comparatively low than that of developed countries. Consequently, these developing
countries cannot produce standard output by large extend through applying labor intensive
techniques. This in turn reduces the opportunity to export these products in other countries
and consequently the opportunity to foreign capital reduces. In other studies, researchers have
stated that through improving educational facility, a county can increase per capita income
significantly (Le Grand 2018). In addition to this, studies related to educational attainment
and its impact on society have identified that skilled workers earn comparatively more wages
than that of the unskilled or semi-skilled workers. These skilled workers capture a small
fraction of total labor force though earn almost half of the total wages. On the other side,
unskilled along with semi-skilled workers capture maximum share of the total work force
though earn comparatively very low wages (Bondi and Matthews 2017). As a result, the
society can experience unequal distribution of income. According to researchers, equality
implies the goal to provide same opportunities to all people without any within the society
does not benefit a particular section of people rather it benefits a society as a whole. Through
giving proper access of education, the economy can increase its accessibility through
increasing economic opportunities (Raju 2018). This factor mostly focuses on women
education.
Researchers also discuss about digital equality. In modern world, use of internet has
become an essential factor and this further can lead a society towards an equal world. In this

5DATA ANALYSIS
context, Correa (2016) has stated that inequality acts as one of the chief challenges that a
society experiences. In this context, researcher have argued that Web can help a society to
decline socio-political along with economic a gender inequality. Moore Jr (2016) has argued
that increasing use of online has centralized in few hands. Moreover, limited number of
people has the power to control this digital collection (Iliffe et al. 2017). Therefore, an
inequality has been generated within the society. Researchers have stated that open internet is
an essential tool to construct an inclusive society (Childress et al. 2018). However,
technology based companies generally form and restrict the accessibility of free and open
network (Boulianne 2015). Therefore, it is observed that digitization leads to inequality
within country and this in turn creates huge difference between poor and rich countries.
Hypothesis:
Depending on previous research articles, this paper generates two hypotheses to
conduct further research analysis.
Hypothesis 1: Impact of internet on social purpose/activity to achieve social equality:
Null Hypothesis (H10): The use of internet does not help a society to achieve equality
Alternative hypothesis (H11): The use of internet helps a society to achieve equality
Hypothesis 2: Impact of education on social purpose/activity to achieve social equality:
Null Hypothesis (H20): Education does not help a society to achieve equality
Alternative hypothesis (H21): Education helps a society to achieve equality
3. Methodology:
Research methodology plays significant role to obtain the desired outcome in any
research study. This research methodology considers the process of collecting relevant data

6DATA ANALYSIS
and information to conduct further analysis to find outcome of the study. In this regard, the
exploratory type of research has been done to address proper research problem. Based on this
type of research methodology, the researcher can successfully establish the relationship
between dependent and independent variables. The data, collected for a research analysis, can
be classified into two categories. These are primary data and secondary data. The researcher
obtains primary data directly from the field through conducting survey or interview. On the
other side, the concerned person can collect secondary data from previous articles or
literature reviews or other online as well as offline sources. In this paper, the researcher has
collected the data based on the UK from 1959. Moreover, the researcher has applied non-
probability random sampling technique, which can choose a particular set sample from a
large population.
The collected data can be of two types, which are, quantitative data and qualitative
data. Quantitative data considers numerical value that can be divided into small fraction while
qualitative data describes some features of the data set. After collecting data, the researcher
intends to analyze this with help of proper statistical method. In this context, researcher has
selected the process of quantitative data analysis. The first analysis describes about the shape
as well as nature of the distribution. Through descriptive statistics, the researcher describes
about the concept of mean, median and standard distribution of the collected data.
Furthermore, the study analyses correlation for providing a rough concept regarding the
relationship between dependent and independent variables. At the end, the researcher has
analyzed statistical validation of social equality based on education and internet.
4. Data analysis:
This section focuses on various statistical analyses to establish the hypothesis from
which an outcome can be drawn.

7DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Statistical description:
Before analyzing the data in a detailed statistical process, it can be helpful for the
researcher to observe that whether distribution of targeted follows any assumptions of
standard statistics, such as, linearity, normality, multicolinearity or homoscedasticity. To
investigate the assumption of normality, the researcher has drawn histograms. For the
available histogram, it is seen that state of education as well as social benefits or services
have bell shaped curve, indicating that data are distributed normally. On the contrary,
distribution of internet use is negatively skewed.

8DATA ANALYSIS
4.2 Descriptive statistics:
The following table represents the descriptive statistics for state of education, internet
use and social activity to achieve social benefits
Table 1: Descriptive statistics
Statistics

9DATA ANALYSIS
Internet use,
how often
State of
education in
country
nowadays
Social
benefits/service
s lead to a more
equal society
N Valid 1959 1887 1931
Missing 0 72 28
Mean 4.02 5.76 2.98
Median 5.00 6.00 3.00
Mode 5 7 2
Std. Deviation 1.509 2.062 .911
According to above table, the value of mean median and model can be observed as 4,
5 and 5. This implies that internet use acts as an important social service that can lead a
society towards equality. The mean, median and mode of state of education are 6, 6 and 7,
which imply that this dependent variable also has significant importance in the UK to bring
social equality. In addition to this, the value of mean, median and mode are 2, 3 and 2. This
sharply indicates that social benefits have successfully lead the society of UK towards
equality.
4.3 Correlation analysis:
Table 2: Correlation analysis
Coefficient Correlationsa
Model Years of full-
time education
completed
Internet use,
how often
1
Correlations
Years of full-time education
completed 1.000 -.350
Internet use, how often -.350 1.000
Covariances
Years of full-time education
completed 3.268E-005 -2.982E-005
Internet use, how often -2.982E-005 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Social benefits/services lead to a more equal society

10DATA ANALYSIS
The above table represents correlation coefficient between internet use and years of
full time education as -0.350. This value indicates that these two variables have a negative
association that is comparatively week (Ye 2014). However, this value of correlation does not
provide any significant value based on level of significance of 5%.
4.4 Regression Analysis:
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Years of full-
time education
completed,
Internet use,
how oftenb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Social benefits/services lead to a
more equal society
b. All requested variables entered.
The regression analysis is applied to establish a valid relationship between internet
use and social equality along with state of education and social equality (Chatterjee and Hadi
2015). For this a regression analysis has been done where social equality acts as dependent
variable and internet use as well as state of education acts as independent variable.
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .031a .001 .000 .911
a. Predictors: (Constant), Years of full-time education completed,
Internet use, how often
b. Dependent Variable: Social benefits/services lead to a more equal
society
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

11DATA ANALYSIS
1
Regression 1.479 2 .739 .891 .410b
Residual 1584.726 1910 .830
Total 1586.205 1912
a. Dependent Variable: Social benefits/services lead to a more equal society
b. Predictors: (Constant), Years of full-time education completed, Internet use, how often
The coefficient of internet use is -0.20 while that for years of full-time education is -
0.04. This implies that years of education has a negative relationship with social equality in
the UK while use of internet has a positive relationship.
5. Discussion and conclusion:
Therefore, from the above discussion it is observed that internet use has positive
impact on the UK to bring social equality while the use of education plays an opposite role.
Therefore, from this analysis it can be concluded that use of in modern world, internet has
vital role in a society. On the contrary, higher educational attainment cannot play any vital
role in the UK to lead to society towards an equal one.

12DATA ANALYSIS
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