Individual and Society Portfolio: Sociological Themes and Perspectives

This portfolio, a student's submission for the Individuals and Society course (FYA007-0), comprises four key tasks. Task 1 involves a 500-word public information leaflet addressing a sociological perspective on either identity and prejudice, poverty, or female safety. Task 2 requires a 750-word summary of a provided fact sheet on the sociological perspective on health, including two direct quotes. Task 3 necessitates summarizing two media articles with direct quotes, totaling 750 words. Finally, Task 4 presents a 1000-word research plan outlining the methodology for investigating a chosen topic related to the course themes. The portfolio explores social differences in health, health inequalities and their causes, and the impact of poverty on society. It also incorporates a reflective account of the student's learning journey.

Individual and society
portfolio

Table of Contents
TASK 1...............................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2...............................................................................................................................................4
Title- Social Differences in Health..................................................................................................4
TASK 3...............................................................................................................................................6
TASK 4...............................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................9

TASK 1
Covered in leaflet
TASK 2
Title- Social Differences in Health
Health inequalities refers to the systematic differences in the health status of different
population groups and there are significant role-played because of different population and groups.
By considering the article it has been analysed that WHO is stated that complete physical, mental
and social well-being not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. Then on the basis of Dubos
and Pines it has been analysed that good health is different from one another because it is depended
on the different level of physical levels such ass food requirement, stress vary and other disease.
Health is only related to the societies in which there are different type of thresholds of discomfort
and pain tolerance capacity in order to understand the concept of other indicative symptom (Jun,
Chow and Bleich, 2022).
Due to the cross culture people are not able to understand the different level of society
which can be varied from pain and discomfort also there are different type of symptom are faced in
order to focus on problem which are defined with societies. The chance of long and healthy life
there are individual social characteristics which are help for including social class, ethnicity, age,
gender etc.
In this article it has been analysed that there are two pieces of research in UK such as Black
report that belongs to department of health and social security 1980 and other is health divide with
the references of whitehead 1987. Also, both of the research are considered as controversial which
has been identified by the failures of NHS and there are different opportunities are claimed. From
last twenty years of extensive research there are some cases which can be increasing difference and
mortality with morbidity rates as well as it can be not related to regions of country and ethnic
groups.
There are different type of theories are explained the social differences related to health.
Social constructionist it has been analysed that there are different type of reason which are
necessary for evidence and measure on the basis of methodologies and inadequacies by changing
the nature or process. In addition to this, natural and social selection can be interpretate on the basis
of ethnic groups and gender which help for analysing the biological and psychological difference
in groups. Then materialist structuralist can be explained the rates of morbidity and mortality of

different class, ethnic groups which can bes focus on class circumstances. Further, cultural
behavioural can be related to different types of groups in the basis of values, knowledge and
behaviour (Mittnik and Harbeck, 2019).
By considering the point of author whiteheads it has been analysed that cultural and social
factor are main contribution for health differences. There are class divided in order to focus on
health and social class with the evidence of life expectancy for men in the context of managerial
and professional occupations for 7 years of unskilled. In addition to this there are social
constructionists are based on valid comparison in order focusing on different occupational groups
as well as social class V can be revealed by health differences by age not by social class. It has
been criticized that social class V is large group of people which can be despite declining
proportion of population.
In addition to this, materialist structuralist can be emphasis on different type of living
condition between social groups which can be contributed in the differences or health experience.
There were inadequate diets or lack of space for material changes which can be impact on health.
On the basis of sociology fact sheet it can be said that there are health and gender related evidence
are required such as life expectancy. Also, female illness are more than compared to men and by
considering the males consult doctors are report less by not appear self-reliant and tolerate the pain.
Due to this female are suffered by various problem such as child birth, pregnancy, other medical
services which can not get by women. Then in context to health and ethnicity it can be said that
female who belongs to minor group have higher mortality as compared to white population then
due to this there are different type of diseases are strongly associated with the example of blood
disease sickle cell anaemia that affect people.
TASK 3
Title- Health inequalities and theirs causes
Health inequalities are related to the differences which can be cause on the basis of health
status and distribution of health resources between different population and groups which can be
arises from the social condition by which individual can be grown, born, live, age and work. Also,
health inequalities are unfair and can be reduced by right mix of government policies.
According to this ample of evidence it can be said that there are different type of factors
which are also included employment status, education , gender, income level etc (Health-
inequities-and-their-causes, 2020). There are different type of incomes of an individual on the

basis of wide disparities or health status of others groups. When the income group of an individual
are related it can be said that there is social economic position and the risk is comparatively higher.
Then health inequalities are different population group by which there are significant social and
economic cost can be measured on the basis of societies and individuals.
In this article pictures given in which first picture it has been analysed that there are school
children who work in garbage. Also, in this picture it help to describe that due to poverty they face
health issue as well as children are getting ill. This is impacted bad on their health and not able to
maintain the hygiene at home. Further, there is bad outcome on their health inequalities as well as
the distribution of health resources between groups can be arises for population groups and other
social condition which can be grown, born, age and work.
From the second picture it has been analysed that there are more than 16000 children before
5 years old. The reason behind their death is malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea and any other diseases
also infants are died in sub-Saharan African. That are belong to poor family background and more
than 20% of household are twice as before fifth birthday of child.
The third picture shown in the context of maternal mortality which can be key indicator of
health and inequity (Skopek, Triventi and Buchholz, 2019). Maternal mortality can be defined due
to death and other compliance from pregnancy or childbirth. In the developing countries it can be
said that there are 99% of annual death are caused due to childbirth. This is lifetime risk faced by
women by which they are not able to maintain their family in good condition.
Tuberculosis is as diseases of poverty which is shown in fourth picture also around 95% of
TB diseases are developing in world according to World health organization and this is affected
young children in order to focus on productive years. This is social disease which can be
considered as the social illness which are affecting on the basis of majority of those affected and in
the dense group it helps for dense group and other life characteristics biological features of the
diseases. The reason behind these diseases is unhealthy research which can be lead by people as
well as their bad eating habit with the compromise of immunity levels. That is why TB is an
endemic disease which are impacted by 80 to 90% people in the country. The economic condition
in the family are even harder which is necessary to improve their personal economic condition and
their families.

Then premature deaths is very common because poverty impacted by not getting better
treatment which can be impacted by more than 87% of death in the world. There are millions of
people are affected by development as well as it is necessary for being not in the good condition.
The life expectancy theory are varies by 34 years s between countries in which country
which are low income their average expectancy is related to the 63 years on the other hand, on high
income countries are 81 years. Further, health disparities are huge in cities because it is related to
preventable in the burden of disease on the basis of violence, disease and injury. With the
references of race and ethnicity it can be said that there are different range impacted due to
inequalities on the basis of disparities which can be occurred across socio-economic status,
geography, disability status, sexual identity and orientation. When individual get health disparities
there are different factors which are depend on other factor such as genetics by which individual
affected on the behalf of their parents, access to care, poor quality of care, community features that
can be depended on in adequate access such as poverty, limited personal support, and violence.
There are often used of social and economic condition which are considered and unequally because
of racial disparity in hiring and health between rich and poor.
TASK 4
Topic- Poverty cause and effect in society
I have chosen this topic because this is one of the important topic by which there are people
impacted by not having facility of education and illiteracy.
Process- I would like to plan my research on this topic which is very common and related to health
and safety inequalities. With the help of poverty there are large number of people are not getting
enough food due to poverty as well ass there are 25%s of children are died before their fifth
birthday.
Sources: online sources are one of the best sources by which I will find the information that can
bes easy to access.
On the basis of critical research theory it can be said that this is social theory which aim for
critique and change the society by analysing different aspects. Then on the basis of critical theory I
can attempt different type of assumption related to social life which can be keep people truly and
fully understanding as whole. In context to research topic this theory help for analysing the
situation in better way as well as it help for getting information from reliable sources.

There are different reason of poverty by which in the country because resources are limited
so that those who are belonged to low income group are not able to getting facility for clothing,
shelter and clean drinking water. Then are more than 25% of people are suffering from poverty and
on the basis of demographic issue it can be said that poor agriculture infrastructure are affect
economy by limited sources of incomer and other environmental factor are affected by owing due
to low income groups. The unequal distribution of assets are related to upper and lower income
group. Then in context to faster earning it can be compared by leading to income inequality. Due to
lack of education and illiteracy this is the main reason of poverty as well as it increases other
customer and by which individual are not able to work on their health as well as it is impacted on
other issues (Bettache, Chiu and Beattie, 2020).
Other issues are related to domestic violence in the situation of poverty. One of the
common reason is to obtain consent so that both partner taking action accordingly. This is one of
the important thing which is necessary for both the partner so that it can not create violence and
coercion that can be display restraint and understanding. This is suggested that respect religious
teachings help for creating love, faithfulness, kindness etc. All the religion are help for
understanding the ways which are help for prevention. WHO (world health organisation) has noted
that gender inequality increases the risk of violence of men against women and inhibit the ability of
those who attacked for seek protection.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Jun, S., Chow, R.M. and Bleich, E., 2022. Chronic frames of social inequality: How mainstream
media frame race, gender, and wealth inequality. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 119(21), p.e2110712119.
Mittnik, A. and Harbeck, M., 2019. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age
Europe. Science, 366(6466), pp.731-734.
Skopek, J., Triventi, M. and Buchholz, S., 2019. How do educational systems affect social
inequality of educational opportunities? The role of tracking in comparative
perspective. Research handbook on the sociology of education.
Bettache, K., Chiu, C.Y. and Beattie, P., 2020. The merciless mind in a dog-eat-dog society:
neoliberalism and the indifference to social inequality. Current Opinion in Behavioral
Sciences, 34, pp.217-222.
Online references
Health-inequities-and-their-causes., 2020. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/health-inequities-and-their-
causes#:~:text=Health%20inequities%20are%20differences%20in,right%20mix%20of
%20government%20policies.>