Social factors that contribute to obesity in children from black and minority ethnic group

The research aims to understand social factors such as income, occupation, cultural values, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy dietary habits that contribute to obesity among children from black and ethnic minority groups. The methodology includes a literature review of relevant articles since 2018. The research objectives are to identify the social factors contributing to obesity and recommend effective strategies for minimizing them.

Independent Project in Health and in
Social Care ASS1183

ABSTRACT
The effects of unremitting public health issue of obesity have been severely inordinate
when specifically reviewing its effects in ethnic minority groups. The social factors including the
cultural factors affect the impact of this public health issue in minority groups. The purpose of
this project is to understand the concept of social factor that contribute to obesity among children
within black and ethnic minority groups by identifying those factors and understanding the
effects they have on minority groups. Also this understanding is used to suggest strategies or
ways for minimizing social factors which lead to obesity among children within black and ethnic
minority groups. For gaining the understanding of the concept research articles were found
which were relevant to the topic and out of the appeared searches the most relevant ones were
selected for presenting a literature review on those articles as an evidence for the understanding
developed. The discussion in this project includes the effect of factors such as importance of
money, importance of place where the child is residing and the lack of time that requires to be
devoted to diet needs of an individual. These factors have an inordinate effect on the health of
ethnic minority groups.

Table of Content
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................4
RESEARCH AIMS......................................................................................................................5
RESERACH OBJECTIVES........................................................................................................5
RESERACH QUESTIONS.........................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................6
Contribution of social factors towards obesity among children within black and ethnic
minority groups............................................................................................................................6
Effective strategies or ways for minimizing social factors which lead to obesity among
children within black and ethnic minority groups.....................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................14
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS..........................................................15
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION..................................................................................................18
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION..................................................................................................20
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22

TITLE
“Social factors that contribute to obesity in children from black and minority ethnic group.”
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Childhood obesity remains an endless public health issue affecting ethnic minorities. Most
of research has examine that ethnicity is the factor of childhood obesity (Andolfi and Fisichella,
2018). Overweight in children's as well as adult's is defined by the body mass index (BMI)
Childhood obesity is caused with serious morbidities which includes higher incidence of sleep
apnea, insulin resistance and asthma (Eisenberg and et. al., 2020). According to the evidence
based knowledge it indicates (Weaver and et. al., 2019) that childhood obesity generates the
adult obesity. Social status can also be determined by the manifestations of status differentials,
including inequality between groups or measurable differences in the ability for someone to
obtain basic life necessities, such as food security and quality life to each minorities people. High
levels of absolute income and wealth condition may be related to health not only through better
material conditions, but also through social position. Social factors that contributes to obesity
which includes income and occupation (Solmi Downs, 2021). In recent decades, obesity has
increased in adult as well as children. Obesity increase is the result of changing individual
behaviour due to high calories and good tasting and low cost food widely available that are
harmful for the children and they take more sweetened beverages that are more harmful for their
health. The aim and objective of this research is to better understand the social factors that leads
to obesity in children from black and minority groups and describe the relationships between
ethnicity and obesity-related lifestyle behaviours among school-aged children in England, and to
assess whether the effects of ethnicity on lifestyle. It is quite essential to address childhood
obesity as it is directly linked with severe well-being conditions consisting sleeping disorders,
type 2 diabetes, fatty liver illness and developing risk of cardiac illness. Within this, the mental
well-being problems like depression, discrimination, emotional trauma often accompany the
childhood obesity. Investigating about the prevalence of obesity among minority and ethnic
group children is essential because it involves a high concern about the enhanced risk of chronic
illness morbidity namely the disabilities, anxiety, cardiovascular illness, depression, cancer and
type 2 diabetes and many more. The childhood obesity can outcomes in the similar conditions,
with having premature onset with consisting high possibilities in the adulthood. The
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methodology of this research includes selection of articles relevant to the subject of the research
since 2018 and presenting a literature review on those articles. In addition, there has been used a
substantive literature review as a method for doing the research on the provided topic. Three
articles that are addressed social factors that contributes to obesity in children from minority
ethnic groups were identified for review. Theory and background of this research is all about to
understand the concept and strategies to minimize the social factors that leads to obesity in
children's with in different minority groups. It involves Marxism theory, which is the theory
related to social, political and economic perspectives focusing on struggles of capitalists and the
working class. The theory says that the health conditions and sick health should be viewed as the
problem of social class due to inequalities. The research identifies the correlation of Marxism
theory in regards to obesity in children from black and minority ethnic group. With addition, the
public policy was included in research in context with state and Marxism theory. Background of
this research is, in earlier historical records obesity was rare and people already recognized the
health disease (Forouhi and Wareham, 2019). But as increasing in modern period, it affected
large number of populations. Obesity is the major public health problem over the world. Obesity
are at high increased risk for many serious health conditions, which may be including high blood
pressure, type 2 diabetes high cholesterol, and coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease,
osteoarthritis, hypersomnia and respiratory problems. Additionally, this research includes the
aim and objective of the title and different literature review present on the research article,
research methodology, findings of research article and lastly it also includes the discussion (da
Costa Peres, 2020).
RESEARCH AIMS
To understand the social factor that contribute to obesity in children from black and minority
ethnic group.
RESERACH OBJECTIVES
 To identify the social factors that contribute towards obesity among children within black
and ethnic minority groups.
 To recommend effective strategies or ways for minimizing social factors which lead to
obesity among children within black and ethnic minority groups.
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RESERACH QUESTIONS
 What are the social factors that contribute towards obesity among children within black
and ethnic minority groups?
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review generally introduces an organized procedure of gathering the secondary
data that is more appropriate to the given topic. In this, there are several secondary resources for
example articles, books, journals as well as the research publication which are linked with the
provided topic. The main purpose of presenting a literature review is to effectively evaluate the
study gaps within the past learnings. In the current investigation, the main gap is about social
factors which will contribute to obesity among children from black and minority ethnic groups.
Within the past studies, there was multiple of information which are corresponding to the factors
contributing towards obesity among people but there was a lack the information about the
concept of social components which can contribute towards obesity among children within the
black and ethnic minority groups which were mainly linked to reduce the prevalence of obesity
among children between black and ethnic minority groups. It is specifically a main research gap
and to reduce this, there are various obesity risk reduction behaviours that must be implemented
among children and aim to seek help for leading cause of obesity among children within black
and ethnic minority groups within the UK.
Contribution of social factors towards obesity among children within black and ethnic minority
groups.
As per the view of Alexandra Lee, BS,Michelle Cardel, PhD, MS, RD, and William T
Donahoo, MD (2019), obesity is one of the most growing concern in the UK, specific among the
black children's. Obesity is an issue that needs to be addressed by the health professional’s
measures of social status and inequality are associated with increased energy intake and
decreased energy expenditure, which could place individuals of low social status at greater risk
for obesity development. In this research study the obesity and unhealthy lifestyle behaviour
among school aged children below the 6 years old facing many difficulties due to obesity
because obesity lead to cause many health issues such as heart disease and insulin resistance
(Alexandra Lee, 2019). Obesity is multifactorial diseases that is caused by social, environmental
and biological factors. According to Recent studies, WHO estimates that 28% of adults in UK
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are suffering from overweight or obesity (D'Agostino and et. al., 2018). Obesity can rapidly
occur at young population. In adults, hormonal changes and due to less active in physical
activities increases the risk of obesity. Having modern lifestyles and new technologies reduces
the physical activities that can contribute to significant weight gain because people and children
spend their more time with laptop and computers. Consumption of alcohol is also the major
factor of causing overweight. Obesity is a condition in which excess amount of body weight that
may lead to causing negative effects on health. High body mass index(BMI) is indication of high
risk causing depression and also a co-relational between obesity and depression. Obesity can also
occur due to unhealthy lifestyle intake of high diet with high calories, lack of fruits and
vegetables and fast food. There is also a co relation between social issues and obesity because
many minorities people faced difficulties due to lack of money and education in children's and
they don't have enough money to purchase the hygienic and healthy foods. Some people do not
have enough money to buy fruits, milk and vegetables. They also do not have safe place to walk
and do physical exercise, this situation increases the risk of causing the obesity (Gualdi-Russo,
2018).
According to the D’Agostino and et. al., (2021), there are notable ethic differences in their
life style risk factors for obesity. Children's from ethnic minorities group in the UK engage due
to lack of physical activity and consumption of dietary fat and many children's belongs from
black ethnic group are more likely to avoid the nutrition food and breakfast. One of the most
possible fact is that ethnic of obesity is directly related to the effect of cultural values. It results
as to reduce the health inequalities and address the issue of healthy lifestyle among high risk
ethnic groups. Children's from ethnic minorities group are represented in underprivileged area
and disadvantages is associated with people life style and their environment. According to
research, ethnicity is identified as the risk factor for obesity and also this will provide the
justification for the specific cultural behaviour interventions to decrease the health inequalities.
Most of the children are not physically active due to different modern technologies in which they
spend more time and they do not aware about the weight gain and it results in causing obesity
and overweight. According to the (Heller and et. al., 2020) research youth has provided evidence
for a moderating effect of food insecurity on the relationship between income and social status.
This means that low income is more strongly associated with low subjective social status when
the household is also food insecure. Families have also a major in their children's overweight.
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Family is the primary environment for children to learn about healthy and unhealthy eating
habits. The dietary preferences and the physical activities are most important to give shape at an
early childhood, influenced by family environment. Young children are highly affected by the
parental behaviour and it is the crucial period for the parents to take care of his child and they
should have to teach about the healthy lifestyle and importance of health. Children's are more
likely to overweight when they do not know aware about their healthy and continuous taking the
junk food, unhygienic and unhealthy food which leads to overweight.
Marxism theory describe sick health and current health perspectives of community
people due to inequality (Theorising health inequalities, 2015). The black and ethnic minorities
are prone to several inequalities from the historical era, their health conditions are not
significantly given priorities. Along with that the discriminations are the reason for their
deprived health. There are several policies regarding the inequalities and treatment for better
(Disparities in Health and Health Care, 2021). Policy can be defined as the course of action
adopted by person having power in order to achieve the certain goals. The public policy has
several dimensions in a political process, which is analysis, administration and method
evaluation. The Marxist perspective on policy says that socially and politically strong people
avoids the desire of weak people, the Marxist theory focus on the class power. A Public health
policy mainly include regulations, laws, implementation of the effective decisions in the
community, specific actions to effectively promote the health and ensure that the significant
well-being goals are met (Public Health Policy, 2021). The Public health policies usually range
from the formal legislations to the community outreach efforts. In the case of obesity, the policy
can help to overcome the prevalence of obesity among people and encourage the welfare of
whole public. The ethnic minorities and black people from the periodic period are facing
discrimination and an inequality which can be justified by Marxist perspective and policy
(McCartney and et. al., 2019).
As per the view of Caprio, S. and et. al., (2008), overweight in children of black and
ethnic minorities is defined by their body mass index (BMI), and it is linked with some serious
relative incidence such as insomnia, diabetes mellitus, abnormal lipid levels, high cholesterol etc.
Children belonging to black and ethnic minority are more prone towards obesity due to several
risk factors. Race discriminates population on the basis of biological characteristics like skin
colour and genes. Whereas, ethnicity discriminates cultural characters like religion, language,
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history, traditions etc. Reason for prevalence of obesity among black and ethnic minorities may
be the genetic compositions, cultural effect, socioeconomic status, environmental factors and
social factors. Obesity in children is mainly linked with their disturbed quality of life. As per the
author's view social factors leading to obesity among black and ethnic minority are Poverty,
importance of residential conditions, choice between money and time etc.
Poverty: People with poverty problems consume widely available low cost food with
poor nutrition values. For examples, fast foods, snacks, soft drinks, frozen foods etc. are
associated with poor nutrition. These food types are available at low cost and do not have shown
any rise in their prices since many years. Whereas, the vegetables and fruits which are
considered among healthier foods have shown a rise in their price. Fruits and vegetables are high
in nutrition’s but low in their energy values (Matsuzaki and et. al., 2020). Fast foods and food
with high sugar intakes have low nutritional values but high in their energy values. Price
difference between fast food and healthier food is responsible for increased consumption of such
nutrition less food among poor black and ethnic minorities. Cost of fresh food is higher in
comparison to cost of fats and sweet. As per the survey described in the article it was stated that
food like fresh vegetables and fruits have shown a hike in their price by approx 20% over past
two years. Whereas, price of foods that are rich in sugar and fat are constant (Lee, A. and et. al.,
2013). Female in majority consume less vegetables and fruits, such food consumption does not
provide enough of the nutrition but increase body mass index and lead to obesity. Children like
taste of fast food more as compare to nutrition rich food like fruits and vegetables. This moves
children towards the consumption of fast food, high sugar intake etc. Poor people have difference
in living of their lifestyle when compared with different people. Poor people face several issues
like lack of education and lack of knowledge regarding type of food and their nutrition values.
Lack of education is responsible for wrong choice of food for consumption. Similarly, lack of
knowledge regarding food type as well as the nutrition values the food is having, have impact
over obesity among children. Minorities are facing increase prevalence of obesity due to poverty
because of the discrimination they face with most of the situations like employment, education,
workplace etc. such discrimination affects them with their financial conditions and force them
towards consumptions of food that are not good for their health.
Importance of residential conditions: As per the author of the research paper (Caprio, S.
and et. al., 2008) considered for this research objective, apart from the factor related to money
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another factor that affects the chances of children being obese is the importance of place. This
factor is linked with the area in which the child is spending his childhood in. through this factor
the author tries to simplify the relation between the social and economic and prevalence of
obesity in children. This factor as well is indirectly linked with the money factor. The elements
of the residing area that can have an effect on the prevalence of obesity are the poverty levels of
that area, the value of property taxes and value of land and houses in that area. These elements
can provide a better insight on the how deprived the neighbourhood to the area where the is
residing is. This insight will further help to assess the opportunities of availability of healthy
nutritious food and opportunities for children to get involved in physical activities. The more the
area is deprived of these opportunities, more are the chances of the children residing in that area
to be affected by the public health issue of obesity. The author stated that the controlling of the
elements of education, occupation and income of people residing in deprived areas also does not
have any significant effects on the management of obesity in people living in high poverty areas.
As the people belonging to ethnic minority groups are more subjected to live in high poverty
areas therefore, their children are more prone to be obese (Dinsa, and et.al, 2012).
Choice between money and time: The author (Caprio, S. and et. al., 2008) in his research
article mentioned the poverty of time as yet another factor that affects the prevalence of obesity
amongst the children. As there is prevalence of poverty in the ethnic minority groups they are
more likely to give importance to earning money than taking care of the maintaining the healthy
dietary habits. With the rise of service providing based jobs there has been noticed a drastic
change in the dietary habits of many families. This is because in the desire to step out of the
condition of poverty the females of the family also get involved in service based jobs due to
which the children are deprived of the availability of healthy food. This situation results in
children resorting to easily available snacks which comes in the category of junk and fast foods.
This forms a habit of unhealthy eating in the children contributing to children being obese. These
efforts to get the family rid of poverty leads to making their children habitual of unhealthy eating
habits. Also these minority groups being poverty stricken cannot get themselves back from being
obese as they do not have access to sufficient opportunities for getting their children involved in
physical activities. Also these minority groups even face discrimination in terms of having access
to proper health care therefore, it would also be difficult for the parents to get their obese
children the treatment that might help them get back to normal weight (Sahoo, and et.al, 2015).
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Effective strategies or ways for minimizing social factors which lead to obesity among children
within black and ethnic minority groups
As per the view of Justin D. Smith, PhD, Emily Fu, MPH and Marissa Kobayashi, MHS
(2020), the childhood obesity generally has become a global epidemic within the evolved
countries generally leading to the host of clinical conditions which can be influenced to enhance
both premature death and morbidity as well. As per the author's point of view, the main cause of
obesity within childhood and the adolescence are quite complex as well as many-sided. In this,
mainly impacted by the genetics, psychosocial as well as the biological elements and the well-
being behaviours, the obesity and overweight among childhood is mainly the complex public
well-being issues influencing the majority of evolved countries across nation. In this, the key
contributors to the obesity can involve such as lack of physical activity, reduced diet, these are
generally among the significant leading cause of more preventable deaths of the youth, an
economic well-being burden and a chronic illness. In order to prevent the public such as children
within the black and ethnic minority groups, their classification is mainly aimed to stress the
well-being risks of obesity, can remove a person's blame, as well as can produce the new
implications and the specific opportunities for the interventions. There are two theories which
helps in prevention of childhood obesity that is social learning theory and behavioural theory.
UK government implement Social learning theory suggest that children learn eating habit from
their homes and where they live. Childhood obesity can be prevented by having the parents who
is more focused on eating healthy diet and maintain their weight. Social learning theory is more
beneficial and effective for children which can give positive impact on child health. It is essential
as it can suggest that people can learn the specific behaviours from observing other people and
then start mimicking such kind of behaviours. In addition, most of the eating habits are learned
behaviours which the children can see in their own places. In addition to this, the classification
can aid to promote a wider understanding about the obesity conditions within public as well as its
linked stigma, the prevention efforts, the insurance compensation for the effective interventions,
effective study for care treatment and management and the clinical education. In addition to this,
the significant intervention strategies for overcoming as well as managing the childhood obesity
that can occur in several contexts and within and in coordination with various care service
delivery systems. It is generally due to a wide part towards the risk elements mainly inherent
towards the familial, educational and the community levels. The author described here some of
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the points about effective interventions to reduce excessive weights among children and are as
given below:
Community interventions: In this, the communal care interventions are mainly described
as incorporating the effective strategies and policies which are aimed at decreasing the
developing risk of obesity among population. It can be done through specific legislations, some
alterations towards the built environment, provide provision towards accessible resources as well
as alterations in pricing or the food subsidies. Within this, the community interventions can
significantly consist the use of social media, business such as hotels, the community gardens,
their well-being services, the city planning and many more. In addition to this, the interventions
which are delivered within the community settings have the capability to give an advanced level
of access and the exposure towards the strategies and the effective programs to racially diverse,
having reduced income children, who are generally at a greater risk of developing obesity and
overweight.
School-based interventions: The school based effective interventions are mainly
described as taking place during the school hours or after the school hours for the children within
the kindergarten via high school and being concentrated within the educational institutions. It can
be considered that most of the children can spend a particular time period in the schools, various
effective preventative care interventions generally have leveraged the schools as an entry point in
order to enhance the obesogenic surrounding environment by simply encouraging additional
physical activities within the physical education classes and recess as well. It can also include to
enhance the school playgrounds as well as the nutritional options within the educational
cafeterias and can furnishing a healthy living style education within the classes or the other
school policies.
Family-based interventions: In this, the family-based environment such as daily family
routine, limit settings, the household chaos and crowding as well generally has a long that is
being considered as one of the most powerful impact over the healthy behaviours of the children
and obesity results as well. Playing a central role in the physical activity, screen time, diet, sleep,
the parents can demonstrate a positive parenting care practices like as a role modelling, setting
limits and so on. It can also give a healthy and a supportive environment like provisions of fresh
fruits as well as vegetables, thereby shaping the lifelong habits of children and generally
preventing the onset of the childhood overweight. In this, the family-based interventions are
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mainly described as involving either a passive or an active parental involvement, more frequently
with the parents viewed as a primary or a sole agents of alteration. In addition to this, having an
active participation of the parents can entail a repeated participation like counselling,
engagement within workshops, educational sessions and many more.
Primary healthcare: In this, the primary healthcare effective interventions are
specifically described as a well-being promotions or the management of weight programs
generally conducted among or in a close coordination with the primary well-being care system.
The primary care is generally viewed as an ideal, or a real world environment for the
management of weights interventions it is because of the accessibility as well as the frequency of
the visiting such as daily visit of a child. Within an analysis, generally evaluating the
management of weight interventions specifically delivered within the primary care settings,
found an entire effect size of about 0.26, depicting a small care treatment effects, as well as the
smaller effects than has been found within the wider meta-analytic reviews (Prevention and
Management of Childhood Obesity and its Psychological and Health Comorbidities, 2020).
In this, there is also another strategy for aiding the overweight children to reduce their
excessive weight. Losing weight is not a positive method for the young people, since their bodies
are developing and growing as well. As the restrictive diet will not supply enough nutrients and
energy which is required for the normal growth and their development. In addition to this, the
most effective preventive strategies for obesity are adopting a healthy eating behaviours as well
as decrease the sedentary activities like videotapes, watching television and playing the computer
games and many more. In addition to this, the dietary guidelines can give a general diet and a
healthy lifestyle recommendation for children ages two years and above. In context with promote
a healthy lifestyle, the parents and care providers can significantly aid in preventing the obesity
rates among childhood by effectively providing a healthy snacks and meals, regular physical
activities and the nutritional understandings. In addition to this, having a healthy meal as well as
snacks can give adequate nutritional amount for the bodies while modelling a healthy eating
behaviour and its attitude. Behavioural theory is also one of the most effective theory which can
aware children to maintain their health and it is most preferred intervention for obesity. This
theory helps in keeping food activity record and nutrition education which can encourage
children to engage in physical activity. The theory is essential because it can be targeting the
alterations in physical activity and diet are generally the cornerstone of treatment for the
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management of weight in obese people. Moreover, an enhanced physical activity can
significantly decrease the well-being risks as well as can aid in managing the weight. The
understanding about nutritional component can aid the children can improve an awareness of
good nutrition as well as a healthy eating habits for a long-terms.
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is generally a significant process or the techniques mainly used to
determine, select, process as well as analyse the data about a topic. Within the research, the
methodology part can enable the reader to critically measure the overall validity and reliability of
the research. In this, research strategies are important to collect the effective data which is linked
with the provided topic that is based on social components which can contribute towards obesity
among children in the black and ethnic minority groups. In this, for collection of an effective
data and its selection is significantly based on multiple websites. Therefore, there are several
websites and the search engines that are available in which the relevant and reliable journals and
articles are selected for the review and collect some effective information from the chosen
journals and articles. In this, there are PubMed and PMC selected as a high aspect of data
gathering platform that is effectively validated for the study process. In addition to this, both
PubMed and PMC is mainly considered as a great source of data which is helpful for collection
of the information that is required for the investigation (Exploring PubMed as a reliable
resource for scholarly communications services, 2019).
For doing the investigation more thoroughly, a substantive literature review method is
being chosen. It is generally a condition for doing the thorough, substantive and a sophisticated
study. With help of various Journals and review articles, it includes a deep down reading on the
topic of interest so that researchers can get more reliable and validated information on topic
(Literature review as a research methodology, 2019). A method is chosen because it creates an
in-depth understanding and awareness of the author of the topic of interest. Through accessing
various websites and databases such as Cochrane, PubMed Central and many more will provide
an in-depth understanding and knowledge has been gathered to write a research. The study
initially researched the relevant articles with help of Science direct, PubMed, Google scholar and
many more using the key words regarding topic. Within this, the abstracts from each of the
search engine were effectively read and retrieved and the search terms are revised to add more
significant and reliable words with including terminologies as well. After that more search
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engines were added consisting Medline, CINAHL and Biomed Central. All of these, the articles
are generally being chosen from research gate, Biomed Central to in-depth study the topic. In
addition, the articles from 2015 to 2022 are mainly reviewed on the provided topic such as Social
factors that contribute to obesity in children from black and minority ethnic group (Social and
Environmental Factors Influencing Obesity, 2019). The chosen articles include the role and
various challenges faced due to social media among them. In order to attain the specific
perceptions regarding the topic over time, this time period is being chosen. In addition to this, the
chosen investigation consists the qualitative factors which can enable the review regarding role
of social media and how it can contribute towards obesity among children and black and
minority ethnic groups. A Substantive literature review include qualitative methods that consists
the focus group discussion, challenges and effective strategies that have been analysed to force
the impact of the social media which can contribute towards obesity in children from black and
minority ethnic group. Within this, the reference list of the articles which were selected are also
reviewed and a full text of potentially interesting study was effectively examined. In addition to
this, the selection of the articles was mainly based on the description of the study, methods that
are used within the study as well as the description about the role and challenges of social media
which the children generally face in context with obesity. There was generally searched
databases out of which 98 articles was yielded and after removal of the delicacies, the 15 articles
were remained. Among all of these, only four articles are chosen for the study. Furthermore, the
final review was mainly done over the chosen four articles which can review the possible factors
of social media that can contribute to obesity among children from black and minority ethnic
group.
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Theme 1: Role of social factor that contribute to obesity among public in the UK.
It has been find out by the systematic literature review that obesity is occurring in ethnic
group of people due to the geographic effects because minority group people have different taste
preference they are not able to take the healthy diet nutrition. Ethnicity effects the children's due
to lack of education and their economic status, parents have not enough knowledge about the
obesity and their effects which is the main reason of causing obesity in the children's. Lower cost
foods are the reason of socio-economic status of majority group individual which effects their
children's health. Lack of physical activities is linked with the obesity to children's as well as
15

adults which increased the high risk of other health related issues such as hypertension and
cardiovascular diseases. Finding data shows that 62.5% of adults of minority groups such as
children in England facing the overweight problem (Prevalence of Obesity in the UK According
to Sex, Age and Ethnicity, 2017). The highest percentage of ethnic group of people are found
because of the lack of poverty and this is related to the individual eating choice. Ethic minority
group of people facing the discrimination among the public of UK due to their low economic
status and lack of education which are the main contributor of causing the obesity. The most
relevant information finds that the reason of causing obesity among children due to the
environmental factor, geographical factor and their income status is more responsible for causing
the overweight among the black ethic groups. Due to the lack of diseases it may causes the long
term health diseases and sometimes leads to cause the death (Carson and et. al., 2019).
Theme 2: Contribution of social factors towards obesity among public in the UK.
It is founded by the study that the obesity is caused higher in minority group people
mainly among children due to their income capacity, lack of nutritional diet and unhealthy
environment. Food unavailability is the major cause of obesity in the children which is found by
the research (Biener, Cawley and Meyerhoefer, 2020). Rural areas have distant between the
clinics and unhealthy diet causes the overweight because they have not enough hygienic
environment in which they can assesses to do the physical activities. Fast food has been
positively linked with the overweight in black ethnic minority group of children's as well as
adults. According to research findings, WHO estimates that 28% of adults in UK are suffering
from overweight. In black minority groups children's having the cause of obesity is due to lack of
activities and unhygienic food, drinks are the main contributor to the childhood overweight.
Obesity has been increasing the risk factor of other health related issues in adults. According to
the finding data approx. 80-90% minority group children's experienced the overweight (The
Epidemiology of Obesity, 2015). Under nutrition has been the major health concern in children's
because minority groups of people are lack of healthy diet and unhygienic food. It is found that
obesity causes the other health related issues which includes cardiovascular diseases,
hypertension and hyperglycaemia. Many children's have found with hypersomnia, asthma and
chronic kidney diseases which affects the children's health that leads to cause death. Several
research finds that the strong negative effects have been found in ethnic group of children's and
adult’s comparison to the other public of UK (Weaver and et. al., 2019).
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Theme 3: Effective strategies used to reduce the impact of social factors in the UK.
It is generally determined by the systematic literature review that a black minority group
childhood obesity is now become a global epidemic among the evolved countries that is leading
towards the host of the clinical conditions that effectively influence to improve both the
premature death and morbidity as well. It has been find out by the study that obesity is mainly
impacted by the psychosocial, genetics and the biochemical factors as well as the well-being
behaviours. The key contributors towards the obesity generally include absence of effective
physical activity, low diet these such are generally the significant leading cause of more
preventable deaths among the youth, an economic well-being burden and a chronic illness as
well (Childhood obesity: causes and consequences, 2015). In addition, it also has been
determined that to prevent the population like children within the black and ethnic minority
groups, their grouping is mainly aimed to stress the health risks of obesity, can remove a person's
blame, and can create several new implications and the specific opportunities for the
interventions. from the above systematic literature review, it has been identified that specific
interventions are used among public to lower the weight gained like the school based
interventions for children, family based interventions for teenagers and younger people and the
community based interventions for older adults as well. Apart from that, there is also a
discussion about the government funded programs that effectively help the people to advance
their well-being by implementing the conducted programs for weight reduction and being a
healthy individual (Cairns, 2019).
In addition to this, it also has been concluded by the critical review of various authors
that specific theories can also help the individuals to cope with prevalence of obesity. It has been
find out that the social learning theory will effectively suggest the children to learn eating habit
from their homes and where they live. Furthermore, a childhood obesity can be efficiently
prevented by having the more focus on eating healthy diet and maintain their weight. Social
learning theory is considered as beneficial and effective for children that can provide a positive
impact on child health. Apart from that there is also discussed above a Behavioural theory that
can helps in keeping the food activity recorded and nutrition education that can support various
children to engage in physical activity more positively (Kite and et. al., 2018).
In addition to this, the major findings from overall research is that obesity creates major
health issues among people and children as well. It effectively develops the chronic illness
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morbidity such as type 2 diabetes, disability, cardiovascular illness, depression and various
cancer and so on. In order to reduce such prevalence of diseases, there are discussed the possible
interventions that can help to reduce its impact among public (Health benefits of physical
activity, 2006). The interventions include, theories like social learning theory, behavioural theory
and school based, family based and community based interventions which can help to effectively
reduce obesity among black and ethnic minority people more appropriately.
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
According to the research study, it is observed that there are various ethnic variations
within the overweight or obesity in England. Obesity is of the major cause of public health
among the UK population. The highest rate of obesity in minority group of children's which
causes the most health issues such as hypertension, liver diseases and other chronic diseases
which affects the children's health at the childhood age (Flemming and et. al., 2020). Most
research analysis the cause of obesity among the minority group of people. Changes in food
environment including low energy nutritional food, fast food and fat content food which are
more responsible for causing the overweight in black ethnic minority children's and adults.
Childhood obesity is the major health issue in the UK, overweight can cause the many diseases
in black ethic children's due to their family economic status weak, lack of healthy nutritional
balance diet and lack of physical exercise. Approximately 500 billion of adult's children in UK
are facing the obesity problem among the minority group people because they have not enough
money to purchase the healthy fruits and nutritional balance diet which can cause the health
issues in children's and adults (Vazquez and Cubbin, 2020).
The most important measure is the family environment from where the children learn
about the obesity precautions and causes, in minority group of people they have not enough
education they give their child. Overall, there is high risk of causing obesity in black ethnic
group because these people have not the hygienic environment in which they can do the physical
activities and also they don't have the knowledge to aware about the obesity. Children's from
ethnic minorities group in the UK facing the discrimination due to lack of physical activity and
consumption of unhealthy diet. Development of new technologies are beneficial or harmful for
the UK population because due to new technologies people are more independent on the artificial
technologies which effect the public health. UK population has not aware about the health and
their weight increasing at very high level due to lack of physical activities. The ethnic minority
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group people belongs to the low class and due to their geographic environment affect the
children's health. Childhood obesity causes the many health issue in children's such as
hypersomnia, liver disease, chronic kidney diseases and cardiovascular diseases at their
childhood age which inhibits the further development of the children's. Overweight and obesity
among the young population is problematic across the England (Blüher, M., 2019).
According to the research poverty is the major cause of overweight in the black ethnic
minority group of people because they are lack of education and also not advice their children's
to aware about the obesity and avoid the unhygienic food. Different region people have their
food different taste preference and due to the fast and fat content food causes the obesity among
the black ethnic children's and their family member. Sometimes people face the severe situation
due to the obesity because obesity also cause the major health issue in adults such as
hypertension, type diabetes and kidney disorder which affects the human health and leads to
cause the death. Having modern lifestyle people do not aware about their health and do not
move and consuming the high fat content food which leads to cause the overweight (Ross and
Gipson-Jones, 2018).
According to the above discussed, there are various strategies to reduce the obesity issue
among the minority group of children's and adults. Environment characteristics includes the food
availability and environment in which the minority group of families start to consuming the
healthy, hygienic and nutritional diet which can reduce the obesity risk and improves the quality
of life of ethic black children's. Minority families should take the advantages of the government
facilities which encourages the people about the health which can also take care about their
children's. Providing proper education to the children's helps in understanding the cause of
obesity and encourages children's to involve in different physical activities. Improvement and
changes in environment factors helps minority group of people to overcome with the challenges
and obesity by which they can give them protect their children's from the unhygienic food. The
methods and strategies applied by the UK government to give the quality care to the minority
group of children's. Minority class of people have not enough money to occurs changes in their
lifestyle and also in their children's (Obinna, 2021). Minorities people experiencing obesity due
to poverty because of the discrimination they facing in occupation, education, job opportunities
such discrimination affects minority class of people financial conditions and force them towards
19

consumptions of food which causes the health issues among the black ethnic children's and their
families.
Government of UK implement the changes for the minority group of people with changes
and permitted them to take advantages of social characteristics and transport facilities and
admitted their children's in the schools. These changes in occupation related to the physical
activities which enhance the capabilities of individual which impact the positively on the public
health and reduce the risk of causing obesity. Providing the opportunities to the children to adopt
and interact with the new technologies by which they can aware about the obesity and health
related issue. Government identified and ban to give the alcohol and smoking to the children's
and analysing the health status of minority group of people which includes dietary preference,
alcohol, physical activities (Halbert and Harrison, 2018). Providing the healthy nutritional foods
to the students for their growth and also improves their physical strength by giving opportunities
to participate in physical activities. Minority group of people facing most difficulties because of
insufficient money and other food resources which can leads to cause the health issues.
Sometimes the people belongs to the minority group are unable to take the best treatment
because of the money and resources that can cause the death in severe conditions. Children's of
ethnic black minority group facing lots of complexity at their childhood age because of their
family is not able to provide them unhygienic food and environment, these families are
supported and upgraded by the UK government.
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it is concluded that childhood obesity is the major cause
among the black minority group of children's. Children's are facing many complexities which
includes hypersomnia, liver disorder and chronic kidney diseases. Obesity is a condition in
which excess amount of body weight that may lead to causing negative effects on health. The
ethnic people experiences the discrimination in the workplace, occupation and employment due
to these factors people discriminate and leads to cause the health related issues. Minority group
of people are unable to give food and other facilities to their children's which are the major cause
of obesity problem in the UK. Due to development of new technologies people should not aware
about their health and spend more time in sitting which leads to cause the obesity and other
health issues such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Children's from ethnic minorities group
are represented in underprivileged area and disadvantages is associated with people life style and
20

their environment. People belongs to low minority group faces the more complexity in their life
because of insufficient money and food resources by which they can survive their life. According
to the findings, it is reported that the higher chance of causing obesity in young population is
most among the black ethnic minority group of people due to their low economic status, lack of
education and insufficient resources. There is a relation between the social factors and the
obesity because minority group of children's and adults does not have enough money to purchase
the healthy foods which the major problematic issue among the minority group of people.
Various factors which are responsible for causing the obesity with minority group of people the
economic status is more responsible for their complexity.
There are various strategies which can reduce the risk of obesity in children's which
includes community interventions, education and family support interventions which helps black
ethnic children's to overcome with the excess weight. These interventions are more advanced and
helpful for the children's which encourages and enhance the capabilities and physical strength
among the children's. Family members also provides the better environment which improves the
children's behaviour and provides them nutritional healthy diet. Family and school education
should aware children to involve and understand about the health and avoid the consumption of
fast food, drinks and unhygienic food. Primary healthcare is also one of the most effective
interventions for the children's which provides the various methods to prevent from the
overweight. In context, it can promote the healthy lifestyle of minority group of people which
can improves the quality of life and reduce the risk of obesity among the black ethnic children's.
The importance of understanding the nutritional balance diet and the health which improves the
children's health. These interventions can also increase the awareness among the children by
which they can protect themselves and avoid the consumption of fast food, smoking and alcohol.
These methods and interventions are more effective in reducing the obesity problems among the
minority group of children's.
21

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