Social Impacts of Information Technology

SOCIAL IMPACTS OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Running Head: Social Impacts of Information Technology

Social Impacts of Information Technology
Contents
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................2
AFFECTED INDUSTRIES DUE TO Y2K BUG..................................................................................3
1. Financial and Banking Industry.................................................................................................3
2. Education Industry.....................................................................................................................4
3. Telecommunication Industry.....................................................................................................4
4. Medical Sector/ Healthcare Sector.............................................................................................4
5. Power & Utilities Sector............................................................................................................5
6. Effect on Software Industry.......................................................................................................5
7. Transportation Sector.................................................................................................................6
FINANCIAL IMPACT & ECONOMIC IMPACT OF Y2K BUG........................................................7
SOCIAL IMPACT OF Y2K BUG.........................................................................................................8
RESOLUTION OF Y2K BUG ISSUE..................................................................................................9
FUTURE AFTER THE RESOLUTION OF Y2K BUG......................................................................12
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Social Impacts of Information Technology
INTRODUCTION
Y2K bug stands for “Year 2000 Bug” which is popularly known as Millennium-bug. It was
an issue that was thought to build havoc in the computer-networks in the year 2000 due to
default in coding system of computers. After this projection, every sectors and companies
started to prepare seriously for dealing with this problem. There were few serious failures
occurred due to Y2K bug from 31st December, 1999 to 1st January, 2000. Earlier,
programmers were of the view that with time all the companies would update their hardware
and software that would ultimately update the format of date which were in use from long.
However, this did not happen and the whole world got scared of the possible consequences
that could happen in the year 2000. This Y2K issue has the capability to destroy the entire
world. Therefore, proper measures were being taken by the whole world to tackle with the
potential problem that could arise in future. Government of every nation was spending a huge
sum of money to update their computer systems and whole networks. Many were of the view
that it could lead to launch of missiles as soon as we enter in the new year 2000.
In early days when computers were designed, 4-digits year were shortened to 2-digits while
writing the computer programs with an objective to save cost and space related to the storage
of data. For instance, the program was designed in such a way that computer recognised
‘1998’ as ‘98’. However, when the century changed then computer was unable to recognise
‘00’ as ‘2000’. Rather, it started to recognise ‘00’ as ‘1900’ (National Geographic, n.d.).
There were many who thought that in absence of the required program upgradation,
computers would start displaying wrong date from 1st January, 2000 as a result the
companies’ operation would be severely affected. There were many programs which were
designed to forecast figures of debt and budgets. However, in the year 1999 it failed to
forecast debt and budget figures for the year 2000. Additionally, there were few software
which forget to consider 2000 as a leap year.
Therefore, companies were scared that such issues in programming would lead the important
software and hardware to fail. This could have ultimately affected the operations of some
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essential services such as banks, police records, utilities-systems, insurance companies etc.
(Britannica, n.d.).
AFFECTED INDUSTRIES DUE TO Y2K BUG
1. Financial and Banking Industry
Financial Sector and banking sector are always considered to be bank-bone of any
economy. Any minor problem can change the entire shape of an economy. The famous
Y2K bug also seemed to affect the banking and financial sectors of few economies.
Financial and banking sectors were seemed to be quite affected due to Y2K bug. There
was a man in Germany who suddenly became the owner of six million dollars. His
bank account got credited with the same amount and transaction was dated as 30 th
December, 1899 instead of 1st January, 2000. Y2K bug was held responsible for such
an activity. However, this German person remained millionaire only by the time this
default remained unidentified and later $6million got debited from his account
(Serafino, 2019).
Companies and banks dealing in credit cards also faced problem. There were two
credit card companies dealing nationally and one local bank who found issues in their
software. As a result, the software displayed their customers and suppliers failed to
upgrade and are also not compliant to the policies.
The popular bank of Washington named Chevy Chase also faced problem due to Y2K
bug. The online customers of Chevy Chase bank faced aa lot of problem while using
the two versions of Windows namely Quicken 99 and Quicken 2000 (Hedgpeth, 2000).
Queensland bank situated in Cairns; Australia was also affected by Y2K bug. The
card-readers on POS machines were facing issues due to this bug. The transactions
carried on the credit cards as well as debit cards were not being accepted as these
cards were being displayed as expired due to defaults in date created by Y2K (Saran,
2010).
Federal Reserve Bank situated in Chicago also got caught by the Y2K bug. The bank
faced issue in transferring tax payments amounted to $700000.
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CyberCash Inc.was a software which verifies the transactions done over the credit cards and
due to Y2K bug, it was facing a problem in its operation. There were many vendors and
merchants who did not update their systems for making it compatible to Y2K. As a result, the
transactions got duplicated for such merchants and suppliers.
There was a bank in Chicago who faced a lot of problem in processing and paying the
Medicare claims as a result of Y2K bug. Therefore, the processed Medicare claims to banks
were stored in CDs and then sent to banks by the insurance companies with the help of
courier. The help of courier to process claims were taken in order to keep these payments on
schedule.
The customers of Dutch bank found difficulty in postdating their electronic-transactions. It
was due to Y2K error in the online banking software used by Dutch bank and this software
was built by Apple.
The computer system used by Hong Kong Futures Exchange was also caught up with the
Y2K bug. Therefore, the system was unable to correctly calculate the number of days lying
between the day of trading and expiration date of many derivative contracts especially Hang
Seng Index options (Swarthmore College, n.d.).
2. Education Industry
Schools and colleges also faced issues due to the millennium bug. There were few
schools who had to on the water-heaters manually. Then other schools aid that their
computers were displaying an incorrect date. The most significant problem reported
by the schools of one district was that the computers used for teaching the students
were very old and therefore were facing problems in operating certain programs
(Swarthmore College, n.d.).
3. Telecommunication Industry
Y2K bug affected the operations of those mobiles which had Microsoft Windows in it.
The users who were on multiple carriers especially Verizon & Sprint were facing
issues with the incoming messages (Saran, 2010).
4. Medical Sector/ Healthcare Sector
Those equipment in hospitals which operates on the computer system and therefore the
operations of these equipment were disturbed by the Y2K bug. Hospitals in Malaysia
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faced a lot of issue related to the failure of medical equipment. The important
equipment like heart-monitors and defibrillators were among the ones which got failed
due to Y2K bug (Swarthmore College, n.d.).
The computer system in the hospitals of United Kingdom were hit hard by Y2K bug as
a result of which it generated wrong test results of Down ‘s syndrome. As per the test
results, one-hundred fifty-four pregnant women were Down’s syndrome positive.
These test reports were sent to the ladies which even lead to 2 babies’ abortions
(Wainwright, 2001).
5. Power & Utilities Sector
It was studied that only fifty-percent of the utilities got themselves ready for coping
with Y2K bug in United States (Bennett and Dodd, 1999).
There were commercial nuclear reactors in US that faced few problems due to Y2K.
There were computer systems that supported access control of physical plant and also
monitored the operational data. These computer systems faced glitches in its operation
which lead to problems in commercial nuclear reactors.
The same kind of problem were witnessed by Spain in their nuclear power-plants.
There was a nuclear weapon plant whose computer faced Y2K glitches. This computer
was involved in identifying the type of material used in nuclear and also the weight of
this nuclear material. The mission critical systems at Energy department got adversely
affected as a result of this bug. This power plant was situated in Tennessee.
6. Effect on Software Industry
The two popular software of Microsoft namely Microsoft Hotmail and Microsoft Internet
Explorer set “Get Year” as their name of programming command. This resulted in wrong
display of dates in both Microsoft Hotmail and Microsoft Internet Explorer. As per the ‘Get
Year’ command name the software was proposed to give the year in 2-digits format.
Microsoft was aware of this bug but instead of fixing it, it asked the programmers to
implement a new name of command “Get Full Year”. This solved the issue of wrong year
display.
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There were many networked slot machines which failed to operate for many hours. These
machines were used on the race-tracks. There was an application which was used in these
slot-machines and that particular application faced Y2K glitches. This glitch made that
particular application to see 3 days in advance (future).
Microsoft Visual 3.0 version and its older version are not compliant to millennium bug. In the
same way, Microsoft Access 2.0 version and its older version are also not compliant to the
above-mentioned bug. There might be an issue related to the programs written using
Microsoft Visual Basic due to the bug. But there can be a serious problem in the programs
written using Microsoft Access because these version fails to work appropriately in Windows
3.0.
Problem were faced in the renting business too as the software used for the calculating the
total renting days got defaulted to the bug. A person of New York was claimed to pay 91,250
dollars for renting a movie for hundred years. The name of the movie was ‘the general’s
daughter’. This miscalculation happened due to Y2K bug in the persons’ software.
There were many families at Berlin who became ineligible to receive subsidies mandated by
the government. It occurred because the payroll software got stuck with Y2K bug and
miscalculated the age of family members. This happened because when the year 2000 arrived
the payroll software took it as 1900. So, the members who were born in 1995 were
considered to be of 95 years of age thus making them ineligible for receiving the subsidies
offered by the government.
7. Transportation Sector
Transportation sector plays a very important role in transferring goods and services for an
economy to work. Any problem in this sector could create problem for the important sectors
like Healthcare.
During Y2K around 670 nations started too late for complying and getting prepared to deal
with the Y2K bug (Bennett and Dodd, 1999).
The aeroplanes got delayed in the east-coast of US due to millennium bug stuck in the
software used by the Airways (Swarthmore College, n.d.).
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FINANCIAL IMPACT & ECONOMIC IMPACT OF Y2K BUG
During the last two three years of 1990s, the economy realised that a serious problem
could arise in the form of Y2K bug. All the people and companies started to replace
and purchase new computer systems, toasters, water heaters and every possible device
that operated directly or indirectly through computers. There were many businesses
who made up their mind of holding technology related expenses to zero or minimum
for the next 5 years. This resulted in sudden and drastic boom of the economy. the
cash flow increased in the economy. The demands were exceeding supply. The
technology companies were unable to fulfil the customers’ demand. Technological
sector became favourite for the investors. Investors started to invest heavily in the dot
com companies. People started giving credit to dot com revolution for the economic
boom witnessed by the technological sector. However, the money invested to deal
with the Y2K bug in future was driving factor of boom in technological sector.
On 1st January, 2000 everyone was scared, worried and were literally on standby. In
United States, Automated Telling Machines were working perfect and then even in
United Kingdom no major issues were noticed. Everyone was relaxed and happy.
However, now the economy which was experiencing boom started to face recession. It
happened because now people stopped purchasing every tech related thing. The sales
graph of dot com companies in the year 2000 who earlier witnessed high sales figure
and were also expected to play a major role in technological sector’s boom, started to
fall sharply and came down to 0. The investors stopped buying the shares of these dot
com companies as a result of which their stock prices started to decline. Hence, most
of the dot-com companies crashed heavily and the companies like E-bay and Amazon
survived due to high cash reserves. As a whole, in the year 2000 the economy started
to fall. In order to hold the economy from any further decline, reduction in the rate of
tax was announced by the then President Bush (White, 2010).
In order to fix this Y2K bug, the most proactive country was United States. It took a
variety of measures to update their computer systems and various important software.
It cost the entire nation including companies around 100 billion dollars to get these
fixes done. Out of these 100 billion dollars, only 9 billion dollars were spent by the
government of United States. Around 3.5 billion dollars were used by the defence
sector of the country. However, the intelligence and defence system still faced issue in
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their system which took 3 days for their proper functioning (Serafino, 2019). Rest 91
billion dollars were spent by the companies of major sectors like banking,
telecommunication, Utility, airlines etc. (Manjoo, 2009).
Around 600 million dollars were spent by the Commonwealth Government for fixing
their system and making it compliant enough to avoid Y2K bug (Quiggin, 2004). The
largest banks of Canada spent around 1 billion dollars in order to upgrade their system
and making it ready for dealing with Y2K (Laucius, 2019).
Overall, the total amount spent by the entire world was around 300 billion dollars to
500 billion dollars (Manjoo, 2009).
Multi-millionaire corporations like General Motors spent around 565 million dollars to
deal with the issue arising due to Y2K bug. Similarly, Citicorp had to borne a cost of
600 million dollars to fix Y2K bug. MCI which is a telecommunication company had
to witness a cost of 400 million dollars to fix the glitches of Y2K bug (Halton, 2020).
(BBC News, 2000) Also, Cegetel a famous telecommunication company of France
spent around $33 million dollars for fixing Y2K bug.
SOCIAL IMPACT OF Y2K BUG
When people realised the seriousness of Y2K bug it not only created a financial and
economic impact but it also created social impacts on the society. Social impact is the
effect of something, which can be good or bad, positive or negative on the people
living in the society (Wharton University of Pennsylvania, n.d.).
The news of Y2K bug started to create fear in the minds of people and forced them to
think that it could be the end of the world leading to mass deaths and sufferings. The
main reason of this fear was the little knowledge about this bug among the people and
their inability to contribute in the management and fixation of this problem.
People were quite scared that this bug could lead to the failure of power-plants, entire
system of communication would be defected which would create food shortages etc.
There were some who thought that this bug had the potential to create riots which may
arise when people would fail to obtain food.
There were many companies which did not take the proper measure for reporting the
problem of Y2K bug. Therefore, people were scared that such businesses would
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Social Impacts of Information Technology
unable to continue their operations which could ultimately lead to recession and
drastically increase the unemployment rate.
There were churches in USA which started considering this Y2K bug as a message
from god to the people on Earth about the end of this world (Ropolyi, 2001). People
started thinking that god wanted to warn them for their dependency on computers and
wanted to make them ready for a complete non-technological world.
We have always seen the people who believes in making profit at such critical
moments by playing with the fears of people. Same happened at the time of Y2K bug
when Y2K SOURCE WEBSITE started to address people about the essential
commodities, they would need in the year 2000 for tackling with the upcoming issue.
It also provided these essential commodities like non-perishable food, weapons, map,
generators, fuel etc.
There also exist people who created panic in the society. As per them, public should
be prepared for the worst scenario and therefore should run from the city for saving
their lives.
Also, there were people who were concerned about the banking system and therefore
updated their banking documents for avoiding any bank related issue in future. There
were other people who were concerned about the traffic lights, public utilities,
potential war of food and water, transportation problem, communication issues etc.
(Wellhausen, 1999).
RESOLUTION OF Y2K BUG ISSUE
In 1999, the project which received maximum importance and attention of IT
companies was Y2K bug. Every company and their programmers were busy in
rectifying millennium bug and wanted to complete the task before the arrival of
January 1st, 2000. This Y2K project was undertaken by IT companies with a real
intention of solving this bug and money was never their ultimate objective. The
process involve in Y2K projects involves maintaining inventory of systems and
software, these existing software and computer systems are properly evaluated to find
the issues, probable solutions to the detected problem are discovered and then the
most appropriate solution is followed to resolve the issue (Gerrard and Grierson, n.d.).
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There are certain steps which were primarily followed to resolve Y2K issue:
1. Firstly, awareness about the problem of Y2K were spread
2. Issues were identified in the computer system of different companies
3. Proper plans were prepared and implemented for the evaluation of systems
suffering from problems.
4. Then issues were subdivided into non-critical and critical issues. Critical-issues
were resolved by following a proper plan and non-critical issues were coped using
a plan again.
5. Tests were conducted to on 31st December, 1999 to check the success of the plan
implemented to remove the Y2K bug. This test was necessary to confirm the
possibility of the organisations to function in the year 2000.
6. Emergency plans should be prepared for those operations that could not run
properly or if stopped for few hours can create a big problem like communication
and medical services etc. (Nln, n.d.).
There are different ways to resolve the problem of Y2K bug in legacy-system which
includes:
1. Expansion-of-Date: This method of fixing the bug was effective and easy to continue but
at the same time it was highly expensive to afford. Under this method, two digits used for
defining the year in computer system was expanded to four digits. It also requires lot of
testing and evaluation making it a lengthy process.
2. Defining New Programming Code: Software used in the computer system was updated.
Now, under this software understood two digits 00 and 19 as 2000 and 2019. This was
easy and cost-effective method but it had the potential to create new Y2K bug again in
future.
3. Method-of-Windowing: fixed or sliding windows were entered in the application
program-logic to determine the century data in the date-field. This method did not involve
the file conversion for processing the two digits of the year. The method of Windowing is
prepared on the basis of ‘Pivot date’ and is perfect method to resolve Y2K bug because of
the following reasons:
a) The problem due to Y2K bug in computer system and software were identified
quickly
b) This method does not require a lot of effort
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c) It is a very simple and generic technique which is capable of being adapted in any
software or computer system due to pivot year date.
d) There are specific cases with which windowing is concerned. It includes the cases like
it is important to see that date fields had more than or less than conditions between
literals, actions which had modification of reference, exit from the window-logic etc.
(Gothard and Rodner, 1998).
4. Re-Partitioning of Date: there were many data which could not be changed and
therefore Year/month/day codes comprising of 6 digits were converted to 3 digits code
for year and days. The instructions which needed change for the date-field was I/O and
any other operations or instructions did not need any change. There are many phases of
system development life cycle which were necessary to follow for writing the entire
system again using the strategy of re-engineering. The phases of system development life
cycle involve analysis of requirements, detail-specifications, functional-design etc. All the
codes, formulas, logics, screens, reports etc. of the older program would become obsolete
and outdated and turned out to be useless during the process of compete re-engineering.
All the necessary inputs and components for carrying out the reengineering process came
o the light at the time of fixing Y2K bug.
5. There were different kits like IntelliFIX 2000, Attack of the Y2K bug, Millennium bug
kit, Norton 2000 BIOS Test and Fix, Date Report etc. which were used by people to fix
their personal computers (CNN, 1999).
So, fixing the Y2K glitch proved to be one of the most challenging tasks for every
organisation in 2000. All the companies were indulged in finding the best method for
making their system ready for the year 2000. The best method was the one which
saved both cost and time of different companies. Overall, most of these companies
preferred Windowing technique for fixing the bug and making computer systems ready
to use in 2000.
An agency was set up named Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council with
an aim to check the efforts of banks and various financial institutions for dealing with
Y2K bug. This committee was responsible for ensuring that computer systems and
networks used by banks are all updated before the arrival of new year 2000. Federal
Financial Institutions Examination Council was formed with the collaboration of The
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Social Impacts of Information Technology
Federal Reserve Board, The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, The Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), The National Credit Union Administration
(NCUA) and The Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) (Bennett and Dodd, 1999).
YEAR 2000 INFORMATION AND READINESS DISCLOSURE ACT was passed by
the government of US in order to prepare the entire economy for dealing with the Y2K
bug in future. Under this Act, a President's Council was formed which consisted the
senior personals from significant agencies such as FEMA. FEMA stands for Federal
Emergency Management Agency. This council was set-up with the objective of
monitoring the efforts of different companies in upgrading their systems and making it
ready to deal with Y2K bug (Halton, 2020).
A new act was introduced on November 10, 1977 by the Senator Bennett. This act was
named as Computer Remediation and Shareholder Protection Act of 1997 or CRASH
Protection Act. The objective of the Act was to ensure Securities and Exchange
Commission increases their disclosure regarding their preparation for Y2K bug. This
Act actually made SEC to twice its effort for getting ready for Y2K (Bennett and
Dodd, 1999).
In order to deal with Y2K bug issues and effectively deal with its impact on the entire
economies, a cooperation was set up by the United Nations in the year 1999. This
cooperation was named as ‘YK Cooperation Centre’ which was abbreviated as
(Y2KCC). This cooperation was funded by the World Bank (Gerrard and Grierson,
n.d.).
Senator Bennett wrote a letter of concern to the President Clinton. The letter was
written with an intention to raise awareness and establish leadership for Y2K
preparation in the country. It was suggested to appoint ‘czar’ for ensuring the
compliance of Y2K after which Executive-order 13073 was issued by the president to
perform the Y2K compliance (Bennett and Dodd, 1999).
FUTURE AFTER THE RESOLUTION OF Y2K BUG
There were some analysts and researchers who found that the economies of different
countries benefitted and especially their technology sector improved after the resolution of
Y2K bug. The analysts said that it gave almost all the economies a chance to update their
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system and make the entire system run more smoothly as a result of fast, streamlined and new
networks.
As per an economist of United States named Lawrence Kudlow who worked at Schroder and
Co investment bank, the entire economy of United Sates got benefitted after the resolution of
millennium bug. As a result, the net surplus of the US economy went up.
The energy sector of United Kingdom was happy after the resolution of Y2K bug as it helped
the entire Britain economy to get rid of old computer system and software which got
redundant.
The telecommunication sector of France was also delighted and was expecting a boom in
near future as this fixation of Y2K bug helped the sector in bringing improvement to the
technology used by them (BBC News, 2000).
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