Influence of social Institutions on CLASS BASED health inequalities

This paper describes the influence of social institutions on class-based health inequalities. It discusses sociological factors leading to class-based health inequality, how sociological class model influence class-based health inequality, sociological theories related to class-based health inequalities, and how to end sociological class-based health inequality.

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Influence of social Institutions on CLASS BASED health inequalities
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Introduction

Influence of social Institutions on CLASS BASED health inequalities
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Social Institutions refers to groups of persons who have come together with a common
goal. The major social institutions influencing people include: religion, family, economic,
education and political. A class can be defined as a sociological indicator of unequal distribution
of power and wealth across social structure. On the other hand, health inequalities can be defined
as avoidable and unjust differences across the population which affect peopleś health. This paper
will describe the influence of social institutions on class-based health inequalities. Firstly, the
paper will describe the sociological factors leading to class-based health inequality. Secondly,
the paper will discuss how sociological class model influence class-based health inequality.
Thirdly, the paper will describe sociological theories related to class-based health inequalities.
Finally, there will be an explanation on how to end sociological class-based health inequality.
Sociological factors leading to class-based health inequalities.
Sociological factors such as political, economic, and social factors have an influence on
the distribution of illness and health. This focuses on how poor working and living conditions
particularly inadequate nutrition, housing, employment opportunities, lack of education,
discrimination and poverty directly influence illness. Class analysis is used to address health
inequalities by analyzing the roles played by unemployment and employment. Employment may
have both negative and positive impact on health depending on the nature of employment. Those
employee working in the mining industry have high occupational morbidity and mortality rates
due to high risks associated with their work. Unemployment also has health consequences among
them high rates of chronic illness. Class analysis and structural approaches can be used to
describe how prescription of policy based on social factors for example welfare measure to
address the promotion of health-inducing work, improve workplace safety and poverty. Lack of

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social capital and psychosocial factors are linked to increased class-based health inequality in
developing countries (Layte & Whelan, 2014).
The social capital thesis
Social capital refers to networks and social relations that exist among communities and
social groups and provide access to opportunities and resources for mutual benefits. Social
capital depends on an expectation of reciprocity, trust, altruism and the level of community
participation. Access to social capital improves health outcome through the provision of social
interaction and lowering stress through democratic participation in community life (Tester,
2013).
According to Kirkpatrick (2016), social capital is not a property of an individual but
rather a community property. It involves both the community and state interplay by fostering
anxiety and insecurity. Majority of studies have not addressed the influence of social capital
though union involvement is a collective action and is evidence of democratic participation and
social cohesion in community life. Social capital as a sociological factor has an influence on
class-based health inequality by focusing on capital as a prerequisite for unemployment and
poverty in the community. Access to social institutions for example education, social services,
and employment opportunities provide better conditions of health-enhancing environments and
social capital.
The social gradient of health
The social gradient of health focuses on psychosocial factors and incomes inequality.
Increased levels of depression, anger, insecurity, anxiety, and stress in the community are
associated with widening income inequality. This negatively impacts health outcomes among
both those who experience the inequalities and the poor in the community. According to the

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social gradient of health, level up of employment improves health standards according to public
service hierarchy. The social gradient of health affect all levels of people regardless of their
class. This includes white collar workers, relatively well-paid workers and the poor are all
affected by the social gradient of health. Even though there is a health gap between the poor and
the wealthy, there is a graded relationship between each step up and health on socioeconomic
hierarchy thereby health standards improving the higher you go along social hierarchy
(Theodossiou & Zangelidis, 2009).
Health inequality among social classes focuses particularly on socioeconomically
disadvantaged groups. People´s health gradually deteriorates as you go down the social
hierarchy. This means that every social class has a different health status and the higher you go
across the class, the better the health standards. Class-based health inequalities are linked to
poorer health regardless of employment status. Both the working class and poor all experience
health inequality across social hierarchy (Vallgårda, 2008).
Social Structure
Social style of life reinforced and associated with the class is characterized by the
behavior of people within the community and their impact on health outcomes. Working class
individuals are associated with some health-related behaviors such as smoking. There is a
complex interrelationship between behavior, social structure, and culture. This results in a close
link between ill health or health inequality and class among social groups (Eckersley, 2015).
Sociological class model
The sociological analysis focuses on factors that reproduce and produce class differences.
There are three class models which are based on Weberian and Marxist consisting of working
class, middle class, and upper class. Among the characteristics which define these classes

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include; wage labor, qualifications, ownership of marketable skills, scarce economic resources
control and ownership.
Upper Class: This is a sociological class model referring to those individuals who
manage and own economic resources for example workspaces, technology, and raw materials.
Individuals in this class are assumed to have high incomes thereby being in a position to control
how work is carried out and work.
Middle Class: Individuals in a middle class are considered to possess some skills and
qualifications which enable them to get better working conditions and earn higher wages
compared to unskilled workers. Example of people in this group includes self-employed
individuals, small business owners, teachers, and health professionals.
Working Class: This group of individuals consists of non manual and manual unskilled
workers who earn their income from selling their labour power.
The concept of the class model is used to reflect on the real life situation where people
share the same working and living conditions. Among indicators used to identify class inequality
among the population is wealth distribution among social classes which may include household
wealth.
In the sociological analysis, the class is used in shaping individual access to social
rewards, for example, health, education, employment, behaviors, and beliefs.
Class and health inequality
Classification of class model results into a relationship between poor health and manual
occupation. This results in high morbidity and mortality rate among disadvantaged groups due to
assumed behaviors or lifestyle. This may include behaviors such as obesity, overweight, and

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smoking. The disadvantaged groups end up being victims of their behaviors because they might
not afford health services as a result of low-income status.
Health inequalities among social classes can be grouped into five major groups;
psychosocial, materialist, cultural, natural and artefact (Dahl & Malmberg-Heimonen, 2010).
Artefact explanation. In this group of health inequalities, the link between health and
class is artificial which is a result of an inability to make a correct measurement of social
phenomena. Artefact explanation of class-based health inequality addresses the assumption
where healthcare and class are measured in social research and explains that methods of
measurement can influence either positive or negative on the size of health inequality from the
research.
Natural explanations. This explanation states that health and social inequalities came as
a result of biological inferiority. The explanation affirms the existence of class and health
inequality but assumes that inequality is inevitable and natural which means that there is nothing
which can be done about it. According to the explanation, poor occupational achievement and
educational performance are associated with poor health early in life.
Cultural/Behavioural explanation
This explanation defines health inequality by determining related behaviors such as poor
dietary intake, excessive alcohol consumption, drug taking and smoking which are considered
the primary cause of illness. The explanation further states that assumption individual behavior
of social processes, social relations, ignoring social the context and social vacuum affect their
lives. Among conditions which affect individual health and is outside individual control includes
working environment and stress. According to the explanation, individual exposure to risky

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environments influence their behaviors which end up having an impact on their general health
(David, 2010).
Materialist/Structural explanation
This explanation focuses on the role of political, economic and social factors in
determining the distribution of illness and health within society. The main focus of this
explanation is to explain how poor living conditions, lack of education, discrimination,
employment opportunities, and poverty is influence health directly. The explanation explains the
role played by unemployment and employment when addressing health inequalities among
society. Those people who work in a better working environment will be less likely to expose
themselves to work-related hazards, unlike those people who provide manual labor and work in
the unsafe environment leading to their exposure to work-related hazards such as injuries which
end up affecting their health negatively (Polyakov, 2014).
Psychosocial explanation
According to this explanation, increased levels of depression, insecurity, anger, anxiety,
and stress are associated with unemployment which thereby affects health negatively. The
explanation suggests that health continued across occupational hierarchy leading to health
inequality which affects both those who are well paid and those in poverty. But the explanation
also suggests that as you go up the social hierarchy, peopleś health improves while when you go
down the hierarchy health status reduces within the social classes (Piaget, Smith & Brown,
2011).
Sociological theories
Social Darwinism Theory

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According to this theory, biological inferiority leads to health and social inequalities. The
theory explains the relationship between health and class but assumes the cause of inequality is
natural thereby being inevitable. Furthermore, occupational achievement and poor educational
performance result in poor health status among people in early life leading to social and health
inequality. Poverty causes social disadvantage leading to health inequality among people
(Marciano & Koppl, 2009).
Social exclusion theory
According to this theory, social isolation, poor housing, unemployment, and poverty
leads to social disadvantage among people or groups within society. Social exclusion maybe as a
result of a criminal record or disability which leads to negative social reactions. This prevents the
disadvantaged people from participating in political processes and social institutions (Freedman,
Williams & Beer, 2016).
Conclusion
To help reduce social class based health inequality, there is a need for individual
strengthening through health education to give people more knowledge on health risks associated
with their behaviors. Knowledge of poor health behaviors can help people in societies to
understand how simple health risks can be prevented to avoid spending more on treatment.
Health education can also address the need for community members to identify environmental
health hazards which can cause harm to them especially among people who are living in poor
areas.
Improvement of both working and living conditions through preventive services,
affordable recreation facilities, nutritious food, and safer workplaces can also help in reducing
social inequalities through making these services affordable to all people regardless of their

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income status or employment status. Better working and living conditions help in reducing
infectious diseases like communicable diseases which affect people who stay in over populated
areas. Provision of safe housing and improved workplace preventive equipment can help in
reducing diseases and injuries.
Finally, there should be an encouragement on cultural change and macroeconomic
through income maintenance especially for people in poverty state. Training and education
programs can be initiated to encourage income-generating activities among all people to reduce
on poverty rate which increases the risk of health illnesses. Income redistributions can also help
in reducing social class inequalities through a fair taxation policy among the social classes and
income rate.
References
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