Health Promotion and Public Health Services

This report emphasizes the need for government to develop processes to make people aware about health services. It highlights the influence of social and economic factors on health, discusses barriers to providing services, and underscores the importance of promoting health services to the public through awareness and education.

Health Promotion

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1. Explanation of Dehlgren and Whitehead 1992 determinant of health model.........................1
2. Identification of government sources based on three reports..................................................2
3. Determining the Tudor Hart concept of inverse care law.......................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Define and explain two models of health promotion and two health strategies in
contemporary practise.................................................................................................................4
2.2 Two government health strategies for health education at regional level.............................4
3........................................................................................................................................................5
a) Explain the role of health professionals in health promotion................................................5
b) Discuss the importance of routines in maintaining good health............................................5
4........................................................................................................................................................6
a) Explain the concept of health belief with examples ..............................................................6
b) Explain the relationship between health belief theory through transtheoretical model of
health behaviour..........................................................................................................................6
c) Explain the relevance of providing health information to public through schools, workplace
and neighbourhoods....................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
A good health leads to a better society. This is possible when healthy environment is
developed within the society. It is done by providing effective and proper information to people.
It is the responsibility of government to ensure that healthy environment is maintained. They
control and regulate the health services within nation (Lewis, 2015). Also, they set standards to
measure the services. This report will show socio economic influences of the health. Also, health
related inequalities will be identified and barriers will be evaluated. Also, the role of government
and professionals will be discussed in promoting health. In another section, effects of conflicts
with local industry and importance of health information will be studied. Further, health related
plans will be discussed.
TASK 1
1. Explanation of Dehlgren and Whitehead 1992 determinant of health model
Health services are influenced by the two factors. These are social and economic. Any
changes in these two factors will have a great influence on health. It is important to reduce the
influence of these factors so that effective health services can be provided and healthy
environment can be maintained (Yanek, Becker and Koffman, 2016). In this, there are many
determinants that describe the socio economic influences. These are as follows:
Dahlgren and Whitehead defined social determinants on the basis of two factors through
a model known as rainbow model. They created a relationship in between individual,
environment and health. In this, individual is kept at the centre and they are surrounded by
factors of health environment such as lifestyle, working conditions, community, etc,. They have
described the three layers.

Figure 1: Rainbow model
 Individual lifestyle factors - The first one describes the personal behaviour that how an
individual can promote health at his or her own level. It states that individual can damage
or develop his health. It also contains age and sex factors that influences individual
health. For example – the choice to smoking will not be affected by friendship or
community norms.
 Social and community factors - The second is social layer that can influence both in
positive and negative way. It can provide support in critical situation (Dickerson and
et..al 2018). Also, it cannot help in promoting health that will have a negative effect.
 Socioeconomic and cultural environment- The third layer consists of structural factors
that include housing, working conditions, etc. All these elements are important in
providing basic and essential facilities of health.

2. Identification of government sources based on three reports
Inequalities occur in providing the health services. There have been many cases regarding
this. So, it is important to remove those in health services so that a proper environment can be
maintained. It is the responsibility of government to report inequalities and remove them. The
inequalities are identified from government sources. In this, three sources are taken that are as
follows:-
The Black report 1980- It was published by the UK government in 1980. It has shown that
illness and death are unequally distributed in the UK. This is increasing inequalities and
widening the gap in society. It has also shown that inequalities are influencing income,
education, etc. This report gives measures to reduce the inequalities in health as well (Eldredge
and Parcel, 2016).
The Aicheson report 1998- This report was published by Donald Acheson. It emphasises on the
social and economic determinants of health rather than focusing on other factors. Also, it has
considered the rate of life expectancy and infant mortality.
3. Determining the Tudor Hart concept of inverse care law
They are shown some other types of social barriers such as distance, cost, time involved
in accessing the health (Phull, Wills and Dickinson, 2015). These barriers are mostly faced by
poor people. Tudor believed that good medical care varies depending on the needs of people. He
also stated that higher income level people are given with more attention. They are given with
more facilities in the hospital.
Marmot review reflects on the fair societal healthy lives. In this six objectives was
developed that will help in reducing inequalities in health.
The second thing that was identified by them was health services operate more
effectively in areas where market areas are highly exposed and less where it is exposure is
reduced. This leads to inequality in accessing health. They have highly focused on market forces
that acts as a barrier. Hart said that private sector has provided solutions to improve the health
care delivery but they have focused on market from where a large amount of profit is generated.
The inverse law is applicable in today’s world as it states that market forces determine what

health care services have to be provided and in what area. This is the reason for growth in
inequalities in society.
Barriers occurs in inverse case laws are as follows:-
Cost – the cost of health services are getting very expensive. This is restricting the people living
in rural areas to get those services.
Distance – hospitals are being established in urban and developed areas. So, this restricts poor
people to travel to those places to get services. moreover, it is a very time consuming process.
Inequalities in health services- it is the most popular barrier that occurs in inverse care law. In
many health centres people are given services according to their standards. Poor people are given
low quality health services as compared to high class people. This is leading to imbalance in
society and between living standards of people.
TASK 2
2.1 Define and explain two models of health promotion and two health strategies in
contemporary practise
It is necessary to promote the health services to public. This is because; it helps in
creating awareness and educating people about health services. For this, there are several models
that is used by government for promoting health (Lindström, 2018). These are as follows:-
Behavioural change model – This model focuses on the lifestyle of people and their
behavioural impact on health. It helps in seeking people to live a healthy lifestyle. This model is
related to provide the information to people about health services that will change their attitude,
beliefs, etc. towards health. It also emphasises on individual efforts. But in many cases, this
model does not work because change in factors like political, social, environmental, etc. affects it
to a great extent.
Self-empowerment model – It is related to self-power to control individual own health status
with respect to environment. Its emphasis on developing personal identity and life skills. This
help a person in enhancing decision making and problem solving skills. This model is used for
individual purpose rather than at population level. By using this a person can identify his or her

own health needs and get services to fulfil them. Thus, it helps in improving own living standard
in society. Also, a person motivates others to improve their health status.
2.2 Two government health strategies for health education at regional level
There are two health strategies that are followed by UK government. These are given
below:-
 National health promotional strategy – UK government follows this strategy to
promote the health services (Sallis, Owen and Fisher, 2015). It is done at national level in
co-operation with statutory and non-statutory bodies. They plan, manage and deliver
services and then evaluate it with set standards.
 Public health England – It is a strategy that focuses in improving the nation well-being.
It helps in promoting health and reducing inequalities. They provide and share
information with each other. Also, they are responsible for developing a public health
system.
One model of health promotion
Collective action model – It defines the interrelationship between individual and environment.
In this health factors are determined by external factors that is not under the control of
individual. In this people must acquire and understand things individually.
3
a) Explain the role of health professionals in health promotion
Health services are provided by the integration of efforts of both professionals and
government. Their role is to ensure that people are given effective health services. The role of
professional in this is vital. It is because they develop plans through which targets are achieved.
There are many professionals involved in this such as nurses, social care givers, etc. Their role
of professionals in health promotion is as follows:-
Community health worker- they are social worker who are involved in providing health
services to people. They act as nurses and help professionals. They interact with people on
regular basis and identify their needs (Flood ,and et..al 2015). On this basis they help by

providing effective services. in this way they promote health needs of individual and initiate in
various programs and seminars. Furthermore, they are involved in fulfilling needs of people.
Community development worker- These people play a vital role in promoting health services.
They engage with community programs and promote health services. Especially these workers
promote health services related to children and families. This help families to know information
about health services. apart from this, they organise workshops and seminars at various hospitals
and rural areas with the help of NGO’s. in this way health promotion is done.
Psychiatric counsellor – they are the doctors that access the mental status of people. Then they
provide suggestions on how they can improve their health. Besides this, fosters also play a vital
role. In the absence of family they take care of children. In this way they promote health. For
this, a program is started by them known as every child master. It has helped in promoting health
services in an effective manner. Many families have attracted towards this program.
b) Discuss the importance of routines in maintaining good health
Making people aware about health services is necessary. It is because it leads to healthy
living. Besides this, it helps in minimising the inequalities. Moreover, if people are given a
proper routine to follow and its benefits then, it will be easy to encourage them. In addition to
this, community nurses can also be involved in educating people about routines. They can
educate about basic health related information (Lewis, 2015). Also, why they must have regular
check-up, how disease can be diagnosed, etc. this will motivate people to build an effective
routine and implement them. People will also educate others about benefit of following routine.
In this way the entire society health living will be enhanced. It will lead to rise in standard of
living of people. The role of routine is that it helps people to know about what basic things must
be followed by them. It shows them a proper diet plan.
4
a) Explain the concept of health belief with examples
A health belief of a person states his or her behaviour and the impact on psychology. On
the other hand, health behaviour refers to reasons behind change in behaviour during illness. The
theories and health beliefs are interrelated to each other. This can be stated by the fact that

theories help in identifying factors behind change in behaviour of person (Yanek, Becker and
Koffman, 2016). Thus, models and theories focus on promoting the health services. The health
beliefs of people in UK are :-
Lack of personal risk – People contribute to development of society. They think that it will help
in enhancing lifestyle.
Fatalistic beliefs- Many individuals thinks that their role in health is externally influenced. It
means that they have developed a fear that if once a disease is developed, there will be no way to
save from that.
A society must remain healthy so that it can grow and develop. In today's era, health is
becoming the major issue in person’s life. It is because; various types of diseases are spreading
in society at a fast rate. Due to inequalities, there has been rise in the conflicts. It has allowed
government to take the legal actions against them. This has affected the quality of health
services. People are not getting basic and equal health facilities. Thus, for reducing the conflicts,
government has taken several steps. They have implemented various measures.
b) Explain the relationship between health belief theory through transtheoretical model of health
behaviour
Behaviour of a person is related to his or her belief. It can be identified by values a
person possess. These values are inherited from family, society, etc. and values is identified by
the actions of person and attitude. Actions means how you act in a particular situation and
attitude refers to how you treat others. Thus, in this way beliefs of person reflects their
behaviour.
The relationship between them can be shown by transtheoretical model. This model
focuses on the decision making of individuals for intentional change. It states that the behaviour
of people is not changed quickly. It takes time to change. There are various stages in this:

Figure 2 Transtheoretical model
 Pre contemplation – It refers to the stage when no action is taken by people. It is
because they are unaware about their behaviour. This stage generally results in pros of
the changing behaviour.
 Contemplation – At this stage, people take the first step towards changing their
behaviour. In this, people recognise that their behaviour is creating problem and analyse
the pros and cons of results.
 Preparation – In this, people initiate the first step. A small step is taken for changing the
behaviour. It might result in leading a healthy life.
 Action- At this stage, behaviour of people is changed (Dickerson and et..al 2018). They
move forward in this direction. People solve problems by finding out the solution.
 Maintenance – In this, people make efforts to maintain their behaviour. This is because;
they know that it will help them in the future.

 Termination – At last, people do not want to go back to unhealthy state. They focus on
maintaining good health.
c) Explain the relevance of providing health information to public through schools, workplace
and neighbourhoods
People must be provided with health related information from time to time so that a
healthy environment in society is maintained. It enables in providing effective and proper health
facilities to them. The importance of providing health information to public is that it helps in
improving living standards, health of people, etc. (Eldredge and Parcel, 2016). Also, by making
efforts it will help in creating a better surrounding. If a person eats healthy food, quit smoking,
etc., it will automatically develop clean surrounding. There are various ways of spreading
information to public. Some of them are like:
Schools – In this, social workers and professionals can visit schools and organise seminars. It
will help students to gain knowledge about various diseases and the way to diagnose them. When
children will be more educated, it will create a better environment in school.
Workplace – In this, workshops can be organised in organisation to provide information to
employees. By this, employees can take effective measures to improve their health. Also, it will
help them to develop a healthy environment at workplace.
Neighbourhoods – Social workers can provide information by organising health campaigns in
society or in particular area (Phull, Wills and Dickinson, 2015). People will know about what
change they have to do and it will also help them to follow specific routine. They will make
efforts in creating a healthy society.
CONCLUSION
From this report, it can be concluded that government must develop certain processes to
make people aware about the health services. They are influenced by two factors. These are
social and economic. Any change in these two factors will have a great influence on the health.
Inequalities occur in providing the services. These barriers can affect the quality of health
services. These services are provided by the integration of efforts of both; professionals and

government. It is necessary to promote the health services to public. This is because; it helps in
creating awareness and educating people about it.