This report discusses the Australian health care policy, Medicare, which provides free health care benefits to the Australian public. It explores the history, reasons behind its implementation, and the impacts on Australian society.
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Running Head: SOCIOLOGY0 Australian Health Care Policy Student Name
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SOCIOLOGY1 Executive Summary The Social policies are the policies implemented by the government, which relates to social services and welfare state. These policies implemented as per the requirement of the public. Due to the global challenges, environmental changes, economic changes, migrations and globalisation, it becomes necessary for the government to take necessary steps by generating social policies for the social benefits. This report contains the discussion on one of the Australian social policy that is Australian health care policy, ‘Medicare’. Since 1984, Medicare provides free health care benefits to the Australian public in the areas such as speech pathology, physiotherapy, dentist and dieticians. For more details, read the following paragraphs.
SOCIOLOGY2 Contents Introduction....................................................................................................................3 Social Policy...............................................................................................................3 Australian Social policies...........................................................................................3 Australian Health Care Policy........................................................................................3 Medicare.....................................................................................................................4 History of Medicare...................................................................................................4 Reasons behind Medicare..........................................................................................5 Free Public Health Care.........................................................................................5 Subsidies provided by Private Health Care............................................................5 Reduce the Cost of Medicine.................................................................................5 Australian Health Insurance Premium...................................................................6 Impacts and Effects of change within Australian Society.........................................6 Conclusion..................................................................................................................7 Bibliography...................................................................................................................8
SOCIOLOGY3 Introduction Social Policy The Social policies are the combinations of various principles, activities and guidelines, which are in the favour of society. Poverty reduction, justice, health care, social rights, family policy, child protection, housing, pension, crime and justice, security, wellbeing and welfare are the areas in which government generates social policies to serve human welfare(What is Social Policy?, 2019). Australian Social policies Australia is the country having culture, climate, geography, population, and history in a unique and diverse manner. To maintain this uniqueness, it is important to fulfil the needs of society for education, work, health, security and wellbeing. Australian government imposed some necessary social policies. Some of the social policies are public housing policy, health care policy, unemployment welfare and neoliberal policy(Kerr & Carson, 2017).This report explains the ‘Australian Health Care Policy,’ of the Australian Government. Australian Health Care Policy The Australian Government takes the initiative under health care policy and that social policy follows the universal health care system named as ‘Medicare’(Dixit & Sambasivan, 2018). It isone of the best health systems in the world. Under this scheme, the Australian Government provides funds for primary health care to the permanent residents, citizens and refugees in Australia. Health care and financial protection provide to all residents of Australia in this universal health insurance scheme, which help in improving the
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SOCIOLOGY4 health services. In addition, Australia government provides financial risk protection in medical sector. Medicare In Medicare System, the government provides funding and responsibility to federal and state government and this makes complex in nature. Still, Australia has a beneficial universal health system(Galan, 2018). This system provides various benefits to the societyin monetary terms as pubic do not have to pay the doctors and specialist consultation fees, tests prescribed by a doctor is free of cost and most of the surgery procedure do not involve health care cost. The Australian Government is a federal government, which shares responsibility of the health system, specified below. a)The Australian government is responsible for leading the ‘National Health Policy’. This policy fall under the Act named as ‘National Heath Act’. In 1953, the government regulated this act, which provides the provisions for sickness, dental, pharmaceutical, miscellaneous hospital benefits and disease care services. b)The State and territory Government is responsible for providing funds to states and territories for public hospital services and manage them. Only government has the authority to regulate and provide license to private hospitals. In addition, they provide services such as cancer screening, immunization programs and ambulance. c)The local Government is responsible for the healthy activities related to environment such as water fluoridation, health promotions, water disposal and home based health services.
SOCIOLOGY5 History of Medicare In 1975, Whitlam Government introduced the program named as ‘Medibank’(Harris, 2012). Inthe program Australian got the most efficient and equitable means of health insurance coverage, but after the change of government in 1976, the new program was launched named as, ‘Medimark II’. This program is not in the favour of the public. It include some percentage of levies on taxable income. In addition, as this program is not in the favour of public interest. Therefore, Hawke reintroduced this program in 1984 and renamed it as ‘Medicare’. Later on, Hawke includes some acts in ‘Medicare’. The names of the acts were Nation Health Act 1953, Health Insurance Act 1973, Health Insurance Commission Act 1973 and Health Legislation Amendment Act 1973. Reasons behind Medicare Free Public Health Care Medicare covers 100% cost of the doctors’ treatment in public hospitals in Australia. This includes the entire test prescribed by the specialist. This is one the most important reason government enacts this program as it give financial protection to public regarding health sector. Subsidies provided by Private Health Care If an individual does not want the treatment from the public hospital, but still wants to avail Medicare advantage, an individual can do so in private hospitals also. Some percentage of the bill will be subsidies by the government, under this program. This is the reason government implement it. As it helps the public in availing, health care facilities with low cost not only in public hospitals but in private hospitals also.
SOCIOLOGY6 Reduce the Cost of Medicine Under this program, there is the scheme named as Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, which help the public to buy the medicine at lower prizes. To avail the benefits of this Scheme, individuals should always have own Medicare Card. Australian Health Insurance Premium Another reason of Medicare preferable by the Australian Government as it provides the rebate on the bills private health care(Zuckerman, Skopec, & Guterman, 2017).The Australian avails the health insurance from the registered Australian insurer. If the individual qualifies in availing this insurance, he or she will get the reimbursement on the bill. Impacts and Effects of change within Australian Society There is a huge change in Australia after the implementation of Medicare. The impact and effect of Medicare within Australian society, reduces the cost of health care by providing private health insurance(Sowa, et al., 2018). Some of the impacts and effects ofMedicare, which has changed the Australian society, are as follows: i.After the implementation of Medicare, hospitals and doctors probably faces pay cut from the public, but get the bill fully paid by them(Hardie & Critchley, 2008). ii.Due to Medicare, Australian is one of the country having lowest smoking rates. In addition, drug companies having smaller profits comparatively. iii.The number of Private Health Insurance(Glover, 2019)companies is declining day by day as Medicare already providing rebates to the public under the Australian Health Insurance Premium.
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SOCIOLOGY7 iv.The people who avail the Medicaid have to pay the higher taxes to get more choices of doctors and hospitals, but after Medicare, now they have to pay the lesser amount and still they get more choices. v.Medicare is universal, so the uninsured people will also avail the benefits of Medicare(Williams, 2009). vi.In 2009, Labor government introduced the program under Medicare named as ‘Bulk Billing’ in which the practitioners charged their bills directly to the ‘Department of Human Services’. Practitioners have both the choices either to charge bulk bill or private bill to the patient(P.Dempsey, 2009). Conclusion According to the above report, it can be concluded, that every Country has its own healthcare system. Medicare is one the most effective health care policy in Australia. Australian public pays as the Medicare levy to the government, so the government does free expenditure on health care. It subsidizes the medical cost, which help all the communities of Australian Society. The Medicare implementation helped the Australian government in increasing the medical Standards. Although, Medicare some negative aspects also but all over it is a beneficiary plan for the Australians.
SOCIOLOGY8 Bibliography What is Social Policy?(2019). Retrieved from University of York: https://www.york.ac.uk/spsw/about/what-is-social-policy/ Dixit, S. K., & Sambasivan, M. (2018). A review of the Australian healthcare system: A policy perspective.SAGE Journal, 6. doi:doi.org/10.1177/2050312118769211 Galan, N. (2018, 12 30).What are Medicare and Medicaid?Retrieved from Medical News Today: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323858.php Glover, L. (2019).The Australian Health Care System. Retrieved from International Health Care System Profiles: https://international.commonwealthfund.org/countries/australia/ Hardie, E. A., & Critchley, C. R. (2008). Public perceptions of Australia’s doctors, hospitals and health care systems.The Medical Journal of Australia, 189(4), 210-214. Harris, M. F. (2012). Who gets the care in Medicare?The Medical Jounal of Australia, 197(11), 598-599. doi:doi: 10.5694/mja12.11532 Kerr, L., & Carson, E. (2017). Australian Social Policy in Practice. In L. Kerr, & E. Carson, University of South Australia(pp. 169-170). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P.Dempsey, M. S. (2009). General practitioners' perceptions of psychologists: A response to the Medicare changes in Australia.Australian Psychologist, 44(4), 279-290. doi:10.1080/00050060903080110 Sowa, P. M., Kault, S., Byrnes, J., Ng, S.-K., Comans, T., & Scuffham, P. A. (2018). Private Health Insurance Incentives in Australia: In Search of Cost-Effective Adjustments.
SOCIOLOGY9 Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 16(1), 31-41. doi:10.1007/s40258-017- 0338-6 Williams, R. F. (2009). Private psychiatry and Medicare: Regional equality of access in Australia?Journal of Mental Health, 18(3), 242-252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230802053375 Zuckerman, S., Skopec, L., & Guterman, S. (2017, 12 21).Do Medicare Advantage Plans Minimize Costs? Investigating the Relationship Between Benchmarks, Costs, and Rebates. Retrieved from The Commanwealth Fund : https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/dec/do-medicare- advantage-plans-minimize-costs-investigating