This document discusses the problems of social policy mainly the planning problems. The authors further identified that some problems cannot be solved by basic and traditional approaches. These particular problems were tagged as ‘wicked problems.’ Arnstein has created a ladder of citizen participation in order to explain the effect it holds. The ‘ladder’ demonstrates several levels and further illustrated the extent of citizen participation.

Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning

This article discusses the challenges in developing a scientific basis for social policy, highlighting the nature of policy problems as 'wicked' problems. It argues that there are no definitive solutions or objective answers to social problems, and that the concept of 'optimal solutions' is subjective and context-dependent.

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Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning and Ladder of Citizen Participation

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Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning and Ladder of Citizen Participation

Role of Wicked Government in Crises Managementlg...

Business Sustainability Analysis 2022lg...

Role of Wicked Government in Crises Management

Business Sustainability Analysis 2022