Public Transport and Traffic Congestion in Jeddah

This research paper examines the issue of public transport and its role in reducing traffic congestion in Jeddah. It explores the challenges of traffic jumps and congestion in the city and proposes solutions using public transport.

Sociology
Public Transport
Name
Professors’ name
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Sociology
Executive Summary
Public transport is the transport of passengers where they do not need their own personal car or
vehicles. Most of the public transport allows passengers to travel at the same time. Some of the
common form of public transport comprises of buses and metros.
Pubic jumps and congestion has been an issue in the city of Jeddah. This paper is an empirical
study of the issue of public transport in Jeddah. Some of the issues relating to traffic jumps and
congestion in Jeddah will be examined and the solutions to it provided. The most probable
solution to the issue of traffic jumps and congestion that will be looked at in length in this
research paper is the use of public transport.

Sociology
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Rationale and Aims of the research 2
Literature Review 3
Research Question and Scope of the Project 4
Methodology 5
Timeline and Capability Development 6
Ethical Issues………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...8

Sociology
Introduction
Jeddah is a city that is well known for its strategic location in the coast of the Red sea in the west
of Saudi Arabia. As a result of the numerous tourists that come in of the country, Jeddah is a city
that experiences so much traffic jumps and congestion. Studies conducted indicate that Jeddah
will spend about $160 million on a series on new tunnels, flyovers as well as bridges to help
reduce the issue of traffic congestion in the city. Public transport is another aspect that can be
employed to help solve the issue of traffic congestion. This research paper examines the issue of
public congestion and how it can be used to solve the issue of public transport in Jeddah. This
research will employ both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection that will help
pin down the research question regarding how public transport can be used to minimize the issue
of public transport in the city of Jeddah.
Rationale and Aims of the research
Traffic congestion is a major problem in so many cities across the globe. This problem has
become an issue of concern to so many people in recent years. Studies indicate that traffic
congestion causes so many problems and illnesses such as anxiety and tension which may
develop more complex illnesses such as diabetes and/or high blood pressure especially if the
pressure and tension happen on daily basis (Aljoufie et al, 2016).
As a result of traffic congestion, quite a number of residents in the city of Jeddah are reluctant to
go shopping as well as their daily activities because of the fear of traffic. This situation is often at
its peak during various holidays such as Ramadan (Mondal, Das, Dolui, 2015).
Statistics indicate that each person spends about 400 to 1000 hours in their car every year. This is
so much time spent that could otherwise be used in doing other important issues (Aljoufie, et al,

Sociology
2013). The situation in Jeddah is worsening each and every day because of various reasons such
as an increase in population, which in turn results in increased cars. There is a need to address
the issue of traffic congestion in Jeddah. The solutions that need to be proposed should be
diverse in nature and should be in a position to address the situation (Mehmood et al, 2017) One
solution that could be proposed to address the issue of traffic congestion in Jeddah is the
introduction of public transport such as the use of metros and buses in Jeddah. Another possible
solution that could be used to address the issue of traffic congestion in Jeddah is the idea of
eliminating traffic islands in the middle of most streets in the city so as to provide space to
construct more lanes that could allocate the metros and buses. There could also be an
introduction of a park and ride system where cars and other vehicles could park and people
would make efforts to catch a bus or a metro to take them there (DeNicola et al, 2016).
Moreover, personal efforts could also be made by the residents if Jeddah as well as other road
cities in Jeddah so as to reduce road congestion and traffic jumps in the city. Some of the
personal initiatives that could be taken to reduce the problem of traffic congestion involve
avoiding peak times. Peak times in the city of Jeddah often occur during the evening and early in
the morning.
The traffic department in Jeddah has failed at a very great extent towards managing traffic on
most roads in Jeddah, most of the roads in Jeddah are chaotic. So many road users are
complaining about the situation in Jeddah both foreign road users as well as international road
users. Most of the roads such as the Amir Majed Road, Makrouna Road, Madinah Road, and
King Abdulaziz have so many branches, in the midst of these branches, there are numerous
concrete blocks that obstruct most of the exits.

Sociology
The aim of this research is to address the issue of traffic congestion and jumps in the city of
Jeddah. It’s specifically going to address how public transport can be used as a tool towards
addressing the issue of traffic jumps and congestion in the city of Jeddah.
This research is very essential as it provides an analysis on one of the actions that can be taken to
reduce the problem of traffic congestion is not only Jeddah but also other cities across the globe.
A reduction in traffic congestion has numerous advantages. Some of the advantages that are
associated with reduced traffic congestion are outlined below;
Reduced traffic jumps and congestions in the cities reduces noise pollution. Major cities and
towns that are often affected by the issue of traffic jumps and congestion often suffer from noise
pollution as a result of the many automobiles in the cities. When the issue of traffic congestion is
dealt with, noise pollution is reduced.
A reduction in traffic jumps and congestion also improves the quality of air around major cities
and towns. Traffic jumps and congestions often reduce the quality of air around cities and towns
because of the excessive emission of air and other pollutants.
Statistics indicate that traffic congestion and jumps often causes accidents. Most of the accidents
that do happen in major cities and towns are attributed to the issue of traffic jumps and
congestion. A reduction of traffic jumps and congestion, therefore, reduces accidents by at least
13% (Oses Rojí Cuadrado, Larrauri, 2015).
Moreover, a reduction in traffic congestion also reduces greenhouse gas emission into the
atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are could be really toxic and harmful to the environment as well
as human health. Some of the commonly known greenhouses gasses such as nitrogen dioxide
and sulfur dioxide cause issues such as global warming.

Sociology
Literature Review
Traffic congestion is an issue that has been a challenge for quite some time now. Traffic
congestion simply refers to a situation where there are more vehicles that try to use a certain road
facility more that it can actually handle. Statistics indicate that there are two parameters that
reattributed to the cause of congestion in major cities. These two parameters are a balance
between the supply and demand of road space. According to various scholars and other
academicians, increase use of public transport is one of the best ways of reducing traffic
congestions.
Studies conducted have shown that public transport plays a very crucial role in reducing traffic
congestions and public jumps. It is important to note that there are certain cases and places where
public transport has not been the solution to the enormous congestion that has been experienced
in most of the roads in various places around the globe especially in major cities.
According to the studies conducted, motor vehicles so much space per traveler in public roads.
As a result of this, a small number of motorists and people on vehicles can easily cover up and/or
fill a road which eventually results in traffic congestion. This has been the reason as to why most
major cities have been experiencing the problem of traffic congestion (Pane et al, 2013). This is
not often because there are so many people on the roads but rather because of the many vehicles
that are present in the city streets. Statistics indicate that only 40 motorists are capable of causing
a traffic jump in a city. In addition to this, technology can also be blamed for the increased levels
of public jumps in the cities. As a direct consequence of technology, there has been an increased
number of single occupant vehicles (SOVs) in the cities. It only takes a small number of single
occupant vehicles to cause so much traffic congestions in the cities.

Sociology
Traffic congestion is an issue that has been a challenge for quite some time now. Various means
have been proposed on how to deal with the issue of traffic transport such as the increased use of
public transport. Public transport is one way in which traffic congestion can be reduced in the
cities. There are, however, certain exclusive ways and/or methods with which public transport
can be used to reduce public transport. When these methods are implemented then it is very
possible that public transport can be reduced.
Some of the techniques that could be adapted to facilitate traffic congestion in public transport
are outlined below;
First and foremost, there is a need to provide exclusive lanes for public transport. Exclusive lanes
enable buses as well as trams to avoid congestion (Momani & Fadil, 2013). This is so because
these exclusive lanes provide a way with which buses and trams can increase their speed without
any problem and/or fear of causing congestion. There has, however, been concerns on the issue
of exclusive lanes. It is believed that exclusive lanes take space that could otherwise be used by
private vehicles.
Secondly, the use of regulations and traffic engineering is another technique that can be adopted
to help reduce the issue of traffic congestion in the cities and other major towns (Al-Enazi,
2016). As we all know public transport can be really challenging but through the adaptation of
regulations and traffic engineering then there is no doubt that traffic congestion will be reduced.
These regulations involve adding various restrictions that would play a very vital role in reducing
traffic congestion, some of the common traffic regulations that could be adopted are outlined
below;

Sociology
a) Parking restrictions-Studies indicate that one of the major cause of traffic congestion is
the delays that are often experienced while waiting for private vehicles to maneuver in an
out of parking spaces. Upon the implementation of parking restriction, it is very clear that
such delays will be no more and public transport will be enhanced and issues of traffic
congestions will be greatly reduced (Holman, Harrison, Querol, 2015).
b) Loading restrictions- For quite some time now the issue vehicles loading on public streets
has been a challenge. Careful design of loading areas can really improve transit priority
especially for public transport and therefore reducing traffic congestions and jumps at a
really great extent.
c) Turing restriction- This restriction requires that vehicles in the cities should not be
allowed to turn anywhere along the roads. Turing restriction will pay a really vital role in
reducing traffic congestion in the cities.
Finally, another technique that can be adopted to help reduce the issue of traffic congestion in the
cities is through the use of innovative ideas that would help reduce traffic impacts on pubic
congestion. This technique involves being innovative and having a clever application of the
existing technology as well as new technology (Longo, A., Zappatore, Bochicchio, Navathe,
2017).
Clever application of the existing technology involves an application of various traffic signals
and a combination of exclusive public transport lanes. The most commonly used of these are;
queue bypasses and queue jumps (Rahman & Khondaker, 2012). It is, however, important to
note that before implementing the above-mentioned measures there should be a thorough
analysis of specific local conditions.

Sociology
New technologies are also being developed to combat the issue of traffic congestion in most
cities. Some of the most recently developed technologies comprise the real-time public transport
lanes. Rea time public transport lanes are lanes that employ the use of real-time traffic control
devices such as changeable message signs. Changeable message lanes are specifically used to
clear street lanes for public transport (Currie & Shalaby, 2012).
Research Question and Scope of the project
This research seeks to access the issue of public transport in Jeddah. As mentioned earlier Jeddah
is a city that has had so many challenges in terms of traffic jumps and congestion. The situation
in Jeddah is worsening each and every day because of various reasons such as an increase in
population, which in turn results in increased cars (El & Shafik, 2016). The traffic department in
Jeddah has failed at a very great extent towards managing traffic on most roads in Jeddah, most
of the roads in Jeddah are chaotic. So many road users are complaining about the situation in
Jeddah both foreign road users as well as international road users. Most of the roads such as the
Amir Majed Road, Makrouna Road, Madinah Road, and King Abdulaziz have so many
branches, in the midst of these branches, there are numerous concrete blocks that obstruct most
of the exits.
The research question that this research seeks to answer is;
‘How Public transport reduces traffic jump by lowering dependence on vehicles for mobility?’
In addition to this, there will be an analysis of;
Whether or not public transport will be appropriate in Jeddah

Sociology
How public transport can reduce pollution that has currently been witnessed because of the issue
of so many automobiles
How public transport can benefit the city of Jeddah in general
Methodology
This research is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative. As a result of this, various
methods will be used for data collection. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data
collection will be used so as to pin down the research question which seeks to determine how
public transport reduces traffic jumps in Jeddah by lowering on vehicles for mobility (Al-
Fouzan, 2012).
The qualitative methods that will be used with the aim to determine the trends and current issues
in the issue of public transport in Jeddah. Some of the qualitative techniques of data collection
that will be used comprise of; observations, and textual and/or visual analysis. These will be
obtained from various scholarly books and articles that have been used to examine the issue of
public transport in Jeddah.
Quantitative methods of data collection will also be widely used in this research. Some of the
qualitative techniques that will be used comprise of; surveys, use of questionnaires and
interviews.
It is important to note that this research will use both qualitative and quantitative methods of data
collection with the aim of pinning down the research question. Some of these methods are
discussed below;

Sociology
Interviews-Interviews is a very important method of data collection that will be employed in this
research. It is also important to note that this method of data collection will be used because of
some of the advantages that it's associated with (Aljoufie, 2014). As mentioned earlier, the
research seeks to determine how public transport reduces traffic jumps in Jeddah by lowering on
vehicles for mobility. In regard to this, various stakeholders concerned with the issue of transport
especially government officials, drivers, and passengers will be interviewed. It is expected that
these people will provide useful information regarding the issue of traffic congestion and jumps
on various roads in Jeddah. In addition to this, this method of data collection will be used
because of the numerous advantages that are associated with it. For instance, interviews are often
used in situations where personalized information is needed (Omidvarborna, Baawain, Al-
Mamun, 2018). For this case, personalized information is needed. The interviews will be
conducted with the aim of obtaining personal information and thoughts about how people feel
regarding whether or not public transport can reduce cases of traffic jumps and congestion in
Jeddah (Ducruet & Notteboom, 2012).
It is also important to note that various methods of interviews will be used. Some of the common
interview methods that will be used are; telephone interviews and face to face interviews. It is
expected that face to face interviews with the best method in terms of the quality of information
that it will deliver (Aljoufie, 2015).
Use of questionnaires- Use of questionnaires is a very important technique that is often used in
data collection. It’s a data collection method that involves a certain target a series of oral or

Sociology
written questions with the aim of extracting vital information that can help in the pinning down
of a research question (Rahman, Khondaker, Hasan, Reza, 2017).
Questionnaires will be used as a method of data collection in this research. The questions that
will be presented in these questionnaires will seek to extract vital information regarding the issue
of public transport and traffic congestion in Jeddah.
Surveys- A survey is a set of resultant data and/or information that is obtained from a sampled
number of respondents that are involved in a certain study. In this research, the people that will
be targeted comprises of all possible stakeholders in public transport in Jeddah (Aljoufie, 2016).
Various methods of surveys will be employed. Some of the methods of data collection that will
be used comprise of; face to face surveys, online surveys and telephone surveys. All these
methods of the survey will be used; this will be so in order to avoid some of the limitations that
are associated with each single survey methods of data collection.
Timeline and capability development
DATE Activity Urgency of activity
8th May-10th May Preliminary study
regarding the traffic jumps
and congestion is
conducted. This entails an
initial exploration of issues
that are somewhat related
to traffic jumps and
congestion in Jeddah. This
This activity is really
important as it provides a
basis with which this
research will be conducted.
It will also serve as a tool
of reference in the entire
research

Sociology
will entail information
obtained from various
scholarly books and
articles as well as carrying
out preliminary field visits
on areas that are often
affected by the issue of
traffic congestion in Jeddah
(Brussel & van 2013).
11th May-13th May Identification of the
problem. This stage
involves identifying the
problem that needs to be
addressed. As mentioned
earlier, the problem of
interest here is the issue of
traffic jumps and
congestion in Jeddah. Here
deliberate actions will be
made to reach the city of
interest (Jeddah) so as to
determine the extent of the
problem and therefore
It is important that this is
conducted as it provides a
basis with which the
research will be conducted.

Sociology
brainstorming what would
be the best possible way of
addressing the problem.
14th May-15th May Defining the population.
This stage involves
determining a specific
focus group that would be
used in the study. These
participants will provide
information regarding the
issue of traffic jumps and
congestion in Jeddah
(Ascoura, 2013). It is
important to note that this
research will major only on
a certain kind of
participants. The
population will comprise of
various stakeholders in the
traffic department in
Jeddah as well as other
road users in the city that
could either be local or
It is important the
population of interest is
defined so that there would
be easy work in selecting
the participants needed for
the study.

Sociology
foreign
16th May-18th May Development of an
instrumentation plan. This
involves developing a plan
for the study. This will
basically serve as
instrumentation for the
entire study (Alshehry &
Belloumi, 2017). Unlike
the previous stage, this
stage will specify who will
participate in the study and
why they will do so. In
addition to this, this stage
will also mention and
identify how the data will
be collected, when the data
will be collected and where
the data will be collected.
Moreover, the various
methods that will be used
to for data collection will
also be identified in this
This stage is really
important as it provides an
outlay and/or framework of
the research. This is so
because it mentions aspects
such as methods to be used
in data collection and why
they have been preferred
over other methods of data
collection.

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stage stating the reason as
to why its chosen in the
first place.
19th -20th May Data Collection. This is a
really critical stage in this
research paper as it plays a
very instrumental role in
providing relevant
information that can be
vital in pinning down the
research question
(Alshehri, Rezgui, Li,
2013). Various methods of
data collection will be
employed in this stage such
as the use of surveys, use
of questionnaires and
observations.
This stage is really
important as it will provide
information that is needed
in order to address the
various elements in the
research question and
therefore aid in answering
the research question
21st -23rd May Data Analysis. This stage
will involve analyzing the
data that has been obtained
from various data
collection techniques
This stage is really
essential as it will enable
the researcher to be in a
position to deduce
conclusive information

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(Broto & Bulkeley, 2013).
An analysis of the data will
be quite a detailed
procedure as it will involve
establishing patterns
regarding the various
findings in the research
with the aim of revealing
significant trends that
could help to pin down the
research question.
Here comparisons on the
issue of traffic congestion
will be done with traffic
congestion issues in other
areas in the globe.
regarding the issue interest
(public transport in Jeddah
and how it will be in a
position to address the
issue of traffic jumps and
congestion in the city)
Ethical issues
Informed and Voluntary Consent-This ethical consideration requires that all participants that
would be involved in the research project should do that willingly. None of them should be
forced to participate in the research without consent. Here obtaining consent involves informing
the subjects about various issues regarding the research such as some of their rights in the
research, things they should or should not do based on their rights, the purpose of the study,

Sociology
procedures to be undergone and some of the potential risks associated with the study as well as
the benefits (Alghnam et al, 2017). After disclosing all this information to the participants, they
should be let to decide whether or not they will be willing to participate in the research.
Participants in this particular research would be various stakeholders in the traffic department in
Jeddah as well as other local and foreign road users in the city of Jeddah, it would be made sure
that the issue of informed and voluntary consent is sought before the research is conducted.
Confidentiality and Anonymity-This ethical consideration are often used when dealing with
human subjects. These two terms can be used interchangeably but at times have different
meanings (Al & Nayer, 2016). Confidentiality refers to a condition where the researcher clearly
knows the identity of a research subject but takes a deliberate step towards protecting the identity
of that research subjects so that it does not get known to other third parties. In research where
human subjects are involved, it is a requirement that the researcher obtains a sign of consent
from their participants and thus making them aware of the identity of their participants thus
protecting their identity becomes a priority. Anonymity, on the other hand, is a condition where
the identity of subjects is not known to the researcher (Al-Enazi, 2016).
This ethical consideration requires that participants have a pick on whether or not they should be
confidential or anonymous. Various participants in this research will have a pick by signing a
consent form.
Minimization of harm-A research project whatsoever often has some various harms that are
associated with it. This ethical consideration requires that the researcher takes all deliberate
actions to minimize the possible harms that can befall the research participants in the cause of the
research project (Alharbi, 2017). Although this research is not associated with so much ham,

Sociology
there are certain instances that might happen anyway. It is therefore important that appropriate
action is taken to minimize such harms.
Avoidance of conflict of interest-A conflict of interest in research exists when a researchers or
investigators other financial interests and/or obligations that could either be real or perceived
have the presumed potential to bias a research project or even cause harm to human subjects that
are involved in the project (Aina, 2017). In many cases, a person would conduct research with
the aim or revealing something important that could later result in financial gains. It is required
that this should not be the case but rather the safety of the participants should be a priority. In
this particular research, traffic congestion in Jeddah is a huge challenge that has been challenging
the residents of Jeddah for quite some time now. Research suggesting that public transport could
be a solution to this problem might be in a position to result in enormous financial gains to the
researcher (Akyildiz et al, 2014). Despite this, it should be made sure that safety as well as well
being of the participants are given a priority.
Limitation of deception-In a research deception occurs in various forms such as direct and
indirect deception. Direct deception happens when deliberate misinformation is provided to the
subjects of the study about some really essential components of the study. Indirect deception, on
the other hand, happens when a certain subject in the study usually participants agree to postpone
the full closure of the nature of the study as well as the goals of the study are not conveyed to the
participants in full (Ahmad et al, 2016).
Deception is really unacceptable in a research project and it should, therefore, be made sure that
it's avoided under all circumstances whatsoever.

Sociology
Cultural and social sensitivity-Cultural and social responsibility involve being in a position to
understand all general cultural as well as social dimensions about a certain research topic. In
regard to this particular research, for instance, the issue that is being looked at is the issue of
traffic jumps and congestion in Jeddah (Abou-Korin & Al-Shihri, 2015). It is required that a
researcher has a full understanding and adequate knowledge regarding the social and cultural
aspects of the issue o traffic jumps and congestion.
Recommendations
Based on this research there are a number or recommendations that can be made. First and
foremost, the issue of public transport in Jeddah needs to be addressed. Secondly, there are quite
a number of solutions that can be applied to solve the issue of public congestion in Jeddah bit the
best possible way that this issue can be handled is through the use sensitizing in the issue of
public transport. This is so because on the nature of the roads in thecity.
Conclusion
Based on this research, it is clear that public transport can be one of the best possible ways on
how to deal with the issue of traffic congestion in Jeddah. As mentioned above, various studies
have indicated that traffic congestion and jumps is brought about by so many road users both
local and foreign trying to use the various roads in the city each with their own private means of
transport. About 40 road users are likely to cause congestion in the city.

Sociology
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