Influence of University and Socio-Economic Status on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students

This research study aims to examine the influence of university and socio-economic status on the entrepreneurial intentions of students. It explores the relationship between various factors, including university support and socio-economic status, and entrepreneurial intentions. The study uses primary data collection and regression analysis to analyze the data. The findings will contribute to the understanding of the factors that influence entrepreneurial intentions among university students.

Running Head: SOCIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY
Name of the University
Name of the Student
Author Note

SOCIOLOGY 1
Abstract
In the last few decades, entrepreneurship has attracted attention. This problem is mainly because
businesses are increasingly needed by creating fresh thoughts and turning into lucrative
enterprises to accelerate economic development. Entrepreneurship is not just the incubator of
technological progress; it also offers opportunities for jobs and competitiveness. Very few
initiations have been made towards the research and finding of the factor of the influence of the
university and the support from the university towards the entrepreneurial intentions of the
students. This research study aims to find influence and the support of the university over the
entrepreneurial intentions of the university students. The problem statement of the research is an
attempt to fill the gap in the review of the literature with the examination of the relationship of
several of the factors, including the support and the influence of the university. The research
used primary data collection procedure followed by regression analysis. The study includes a
thorough discussion summing up with a conclusion in the following chapters.

SOCIOLOGY 2
Table of Contents
Chapter One – Introduction.............................................................................................................5
1.1 Overview...........................................................................................................................5
1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................6
1.3 Research Aim.........................................................................................................................7
1.4 Research Objectives...............................................................................................................8
1.5 Research Questions................................................................................................................8
1.6 Research Rationale................................................................................................................8
1.7 Structure of the paper.............................................................................................................9
Chapter 2 - Literature Review.......................................................................................................12
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................12
2.1.1 Entrepreneurial intentions.............................................................................................13
2.1.2 Attitudes............................................................................................................................17
2.1.3 Socio economic status...................................................................................................18
2.2 Theoretical background and Hypothesis Development.......................................................19
2.2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................19
2.2.2 Shapero and Sokal’s (1982) Entrepreneurial Event Theory.........................................20
2.2.3 Theory of Planned Behaviour - Ajzen’s.......................................................................21
2.2.4 The Holland’s Theory of Careers.................................................................................23
2.3 College Impact Models........................................................................................................24
2.3.1 The Input – Environment – Output (I-E-O) Model......................................................24
2.4 Empirical Studies.................................................................................................................27
2.4.1 Student Input Variables................................................................................................27
2.4.2 Guardian’s entrepreneurship.........................................................................................28
2.4.3 Educational goals..........................................................................................................29
2.4.4 University Support........................................................................................................30
2.4.5 Perceived contextual support............................................................................................32
Hypothesis.................................................................................................................................34
Chapter 3 - Methodology...............................................................................................................36
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................36
3.1.1 Research method outline:.............................................................................................36
3.2 Research Onion:...................................................................................................................37

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3.3 Research Philosophy:...........................................................................................................38
3.3.1 Justification for the chosen research philosophy:.........................................................39
3.4 Research Approach:.............................................................................................................39
3.4.1 Justification for the chosen research approach:............................................................40
3.5 Research Design:.................................................................................................................40
3.5.1 Justification for the chosen research design:................................................................42
3.6 Research strategy:................................................................................................................42
3.7 Selection of Sampling Methods and Sample size:...............................................................42
3.8 Data collection method:.......................................................................................................43
3.8.1 Secondary Research:.....................................................................................................43
3.8.2. Primary Research:........................................................................................................44
3.9 Data Analysis Technique:....................................................................................................45
3.10 Sampling Method...............................................................................................................46
3.11. Research limitation:..........................................................................................................47
3.12 Time horizon:.....................................................................................................................47
3.13 Summary:...........................................................................................................................48
Chapter 4 - Results.........................................................................................................................50
4.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................50
4.2 Demographic Analysis.........................................................................................................50
4.3 Inferential Statistics.............................................................................................................55
4.5 Regression Analysis.............................................................................................................57
4.6 Impact of controlled variables on Entrepreneur Intention...................................................58
4.7 Impact of Present Economic status on Entrepreneur Intention...........................................59
4.8 Impact of Childhood Economic status on Entrepreneur Intention......................................59
4.9 Impact of University Support on Entrepreneur Intention....................................................59
4.10 Impact of Present economic status on Entrepreneurship Intention- with Moderating
Variable......................................................................................................................................59
4.11 Impact of Current economic status on the Entrepreneurship Intention- With moderating
variable......................................................................................................................................60
4.12 Hypothesis Testing............................................................................................................60
4.13 Summary............................................................................................................................61
Chapter 5 – Discussion..................................................................................................................62
5.1 Discussion............................................................................................................................62

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5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................66
Chapter 6 - Conclusion................................................................................................................71
6.1 Limitations and future research suggestion.........................................................................71
6.2 Conclusion and Summary....................................................................................................72
References......................................................................................................................................77

SOCIOLOGY 5
Chapter One – Introduction

SOCIOLOGY 6
1.1 Overview
The economic growth of the nation and the empowerment of the individuals are being driven by
the entrepreneurship. From the times of the primitive ages, the economists have recognised the
development or the emergence of business together with the success of small and mediocre
business forms are associated with the factors like the creation of jobs and innovation. The
context of the entrepreneurship offers some of the significant changes or the opportunities for the
individual towards the achievement of their financial independence (Saeed et al. 2015). The
discovery of the factors that impacts the choice of an individual for pursuing the ownership of
independent business leads to insights that affect the economic growth and economic
development.
The essentiality of the educational training and support of entrepreneurship has been long
recognised as one of the essential factors for the start-ups. According to the research,
entrepreneurship has got the attention of the scholars and the policymakers due to the
requirement for the entrepreneurs contributing to the development of the economy.
Entrepreneurs help in the event by the generation of the ideas and turning them to profitable
ventures that provide excellent job opportunities (Pruett et al. 2009). Thus the boost towards the
opportunities of entrepreneurship is very much essential for the stimulation of the growth where
the individuals in the society can learn the stimulation of the intensity and volume reading the
activities of entrepreneurship.
In the last few decades, entrepreneurship has attracted attention. This problem is mainly because
businesses are increasingly needed by creating fresh thoughts and turning into lucrative
enterprises to accelerate economic development. Entrepreneurship is not just the incubator of
technological progress; it also offers opportunities for jobs and competitiveness.

SOCIOLOGY 7
In the entrepreneurship literature, however, there is little proof of the measurement of ES among
learners who learn in schools far from the real entrepreneurial culture in the metropolitan area.
Unlike in urban fields, in developing and rural regions, academic organisations have limited
access to give students a practical orientation to start up and run a company; for example,
internship opportunities (Denanyoh, Adjei and Nyemekye 2015). Those who learn there could,
therefore, have insufficient business expertise which could lead to a negative situation for
entrepreneurship. If so, it would add another question that policymakers should address, since it
does not only increase unemployment problems and also delays the financial development and
progress of the country. Consequently, it is equally important to assess the entrepreneurship
perspective between many learners from rural schools, comparable to the metropolitan areas.
1.2 Problem Statement
Though there has been several of the previous studies demonstrating the relationship
among the characteristic of the individual including the factors such as the beliefs,
characteristics, entrepreneurial intentions and attitudes, very few initiations have been
made towards the research and finding of the factor of the influence of the university and
the support from the university towards the entrepreneurial intentions of the students. The
influence and the support of the university furthermore includes the factors like career
choice of student, environment of university, socio economic status of students that needs
to be analysed since very little empirical research has been done towards the connection
and the relationship among the environment and the support of the university and the
development of the intention of the university students for owning and starting their own
business structure (Shook and Bratianu 2010). Till the current date, the research
regarding the relationship among the university and the intentions of the entrepreneurship

SOCIOLOGY 8
of the students has been limited to the specific business courses and the environmental
variables and not the support of the university management and the socio economic status
of the students.
The problem statement of the research is an attempt to fill the gap in the review of
literature with the examination of the relationship of several of the factors including the
support and the influence of the university characterizing academic disciplines, ensuring
the introduction of new courses and workshops for extending the involvement of students
and developing entrepreneurial intentions among them.
1.3 Research Aim
The aim of the research study is towards the investigation of the influence of socio economic
status of students over the entrepreneurial intentions and also if the influence and the support
of the university do matter or not. The aim of the research study is to examine the influence
of the environment of the university towards the development of the entrepreneurial
intentions of the students. With the importance of the business of the economy, the political
and the educational communities have called for rising of the attention and the importance of
the academic and policy that needs to be directed towards the major understanding of the
factors increasing the supply of the entrepreneurs
1.4 Research Objectives
The objectives of the research study is as following:
 To examine how socio-economic status influences the entrepreneurial intentions
on the students of university.

SOCIOLOGY 9
 To identify and examine the conditions by which socio economic status can
influence the entrepreneurial intentions of the students of university.
1.5 Research Questions
The research questions of the study are the following:
 How does SES influence entrepreneurial intentions of students?
 If SES influences EI under what conditions does this happen?
1.6 Research Rationale
The rationale of the research highlights the purpose of the multi-institutional study for the
examination of the impact of the environment of the university over the development of the
entrepreneurial intentions of the university students. The significance or the rationale of the
study includes the analysis and examination of the variables in the environment of the
university that includes types, degree of students involvement which are typically encouraged
by several of the academic disciplines which have been linked to a wide number of outcomes
(Saeed et al. 2015). These are the university grade point average or GPA, persistence towards
the gradation and satisfaction with faculty of the university. The rationale of the research
study adds towards the general body of research by the examination of the connection and
relationship among the environment of university and development of intentions of
entrepreneurship.

SOCIOLOGY 10
1.7 Structure of the paper
STRUCTURE OF DISSERTATION
Title of Chapter Description of the Chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter of the research study includes the
background of the research and an introduction of
the study for the research followed by the research
questions it aims and objectives and reasons why it
will be valuable to the field of study. The chapter
ends with the development of the hypothesis for the
research and the brief overview and the structural
patterns of research study.
Chapter 2 Review of Literature This chapter provides an in-dept literature review
of both teaching methods and entrepreneurship
education and how they interlink the relevant
theories and findings will be presented from
previous research article showing how the research
will overcome the issue
Chapter 3 Research Methodology In this chapter, the data collection methodologies,
purpose for research structure, and the design of
the research will be discussed. the research
methodology that has been adopted this will allow
the reader to understand how the data was collected
by the researcher and will help distinguish
similarities and differences with other studies and

SOCIOLOGY 11
literature review
Chapter 4 Key findings and
Interpretation
This will carry the research findings and help the
reader to see how the data results findings were
analysed
Chapter 5 Conclusion and
recommendations
This will include recommendations and
conclusions of the research that will help the reader
to understand how the recommendations can help
in the future also the research limitations will be
discussed to show and clarify how the reach has
some boundaries. The s can help in helping in
suggestions to future researchers that intend to
complete or further the research on the area of
study .

SOCIOLOGY 12
Chapter 2 - Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
In the current years, entrepreneurship has played an essential role in the creation of
employment and has contributed to the overall national prosperity and economic growth (Saeed
et al. 2015). For the last few decades, the promotion of entrepreneurship has emerged as essential
for policymakers and scholars. Entrepreneurs have always been considered as the backbone of
the industries since they come up with some of the major innovative ideas related to business that
finally contributes to the economic and social growth.
Universities and colleges have recognized the importance of enterprise education and are trying
by means of an Enterprise Education Program to encourage learners ' private growth.
Entrepreneurial education's fundamental role is to apply for a job and generate new employment.
However, the significant investment in business education in universities and schools does not
enhance the business rate of university learners considerably. There has been very few research
that has been able to investigate and discuss the intentions of the entrepreneurial interest over
university students. This sections will highlight the review of the literature by various of the
researches discussing and reviewing their thought over the social, economic status. The part will
also include entrepreneurial intentions of the university students, together with the supports of
the university towards their plans (Van Gelderen et al. 2008). The section will state some of the
significant factors in the context of the university that plays a significant role in influencing the
students within the university.
This particular study overlaps the overall mainstream of literature of entrepreneurship regarding
the studies focusing on the characteristics and the personal traits of students of the university.

SOCIOLOGY 13
The main contribution of this particular research study is towards the testing of the socio-
economic status of the intentions of entrepreneurship and also the practical examinations of the
moderating impact of the support of university over the effects of entrepreneurship and the socio-
economic status of students.
2.1.1 Entrepreneurial intentions
In the current decade, the context of entrepreneurship has been playing one of the major
role for the creation of the jobs and the contribution towards the economic growth and the overall
prosperity of the nation.
Karimi et al. (2016) defined the term entrepreneurial intention can be defined as the planned and
conscious determination that drives the necessary actions for launching and the development of
the business. It is furthermore regarded as the cognitive state that has been immediately
following the actions related to entrepreneurships. It is the state of the mind directing the
experience, attention and the behaviour of an individual towards the objective of the entrepreneur
and also the methods of the behaviour (Piperopoulos and Dimov 2015). The concept of the
entrepreneurial intention among the students of the university includes their approach towards
behaviour and intentions for starting business. Liñán and Fayolle (2015) in his study measured
the entrepreneurial intention as the cognitive variable that state the preferences and estimates the
likelihood of pursuing of the self-employment for the opposing of the employment of the
organization.
The entrepreneurial approach of learners at university is not a simple development for
research. A persona commitment that has an essential impact over shaping new and innovative
ventures generally discovers from the entrepreneur intentions. Entrepreneurial intent refers to the
choice a person has not made in the present but perhaps in the immediate future, often after many

SOCIOLOGY 14
years and in the majority of cases at the end of their studies. However, entrepreneurship study
has created models that combine the intention to implement, in future, a certain course of action.
Most contributions focus on the notion of entrepreneurial purpose, perhaps even a person's "self-
confirmation that they intend to establish and plan to build a fresh company enterprise at some
point along the way. This literature relates to a background study of two extremely
complementary models of the individual conduct: the theory of scheduled conduct of Ajzen
(1991) and the model of the entrepreneurial case of Shapero and Sokol (1982). The first model is
helpful for explaining how the history of an action can be regarded as a particular orientation or a
certain purpose. The second model was created to apply the Ajzen model to business conduct.
Several scientists and political leaders have been drawn to the predictive power of
entrepreneurial intention. In the absence of any predictor of entrepreneurial conduct, the
intention, in contrast to convictions, character or demographics, can indeed provide interesting
insight into the character and structure of entrepreneurship (Santos, Roomi and Liñán 2016). A
increasing amount of research in this field have lately explored both individually and
contextually the sources of entrepreneurial intentions. Though the analysis related to the
entrepreneurial intentions are numerous in nature, measures related to the entrepreneurial
intentions are some of the factor that has been part of the evolution of the models and the
theoretical frameworks regarding entrepreneurial intentions occurring from the year 1980.
According to Turker and Sonmez Selçuk (2009) the personality of the student tends to
influence indirectly towards their intentional for starting a new business through their traits and
attitudes. The personality traits of the university students can be categorized in two of the major
states that includes the specific and the general traits of personality.

SOCIOLOGY 15
The approach of the general personality includes the openness towards the extraversion,
experiences, agreeableness and more. The specific personality traits includes the needs for
achievement, innovativeness and the context of autonomy. The preview of the study targets the
approach of the entrepreneurship that has captured the attention of both the policy makers and
the scholars from the last few decades. The main focus of the reasons is the increasing need for
entrepreneurs who influences the economic development through the generation and the
development of the ideas and converting them towards the ventures that are profitable.
According to Sánchez (2011) the entrepreneurial actions are not the influencer and
incubators of the innovation of technology, they have been providing opportunity of employment
together with the increased level of competitiveness. The author in his research highlighted the
fact that since the encouragement of the entrepreneurship is an essential term for the stimulation
of the growth, it is important to learn the intensity and the volume of the activities of the
entrepreneurship.
Some of the few researchers characterizes the intention of entrepreneurship as the
perspective that the individual wishes for making towards other firm or some of the other
existing organization (Jansen et al. 2015). From the point of view of boarder, the institutional and
the cultural frameworks furthermore impacts the context of entrepreneurship. This section of the
research paper illustrates the review of literature on the entrepreneurship focusing on the
university students of the University of United Kingdom. As per the insight by Falck and
Woessmann (2011) several different stories of the successful entrepreneurs tends to stimulate the
debate over the famous paradigm regarding their birth. It gets difficult for ignoring the possible
effects of the personality traits of the students. This review of literature states various of thoughts

SOCIOLOGY 16
and studies by research scholars highlighting the impact of these factors (Shook and Bratianu
2010).
It is clear that the training and education are among the most essential element within the
development of the human resources.
The education that is offered by the university tends to affect and influence mostly the
career selection of the pupils within, the university can be seen as the potential source regarding
the future entrepreneurs. In the current day most of the universities in UK have been spending
most of the significant amount of money for designing the viable education for the
entrepreneurship studies for their students.
As per the wider conception of the education of entrepreneurship, it is defined as the
whole set of the training activities within the system of education that try for the development in
intentions for the performance of the entrepreneurial traits or regarding the elements that affect
intentions like the desirability, knowledge and the activity of the feasibility of entrepreneurs
(Dohse and Walter 2012).
The scholars of the entrepreneurship have expended some of the considerable attention
for the identification of the predictors and the precursors with the inclusion of the examination of
wide range of demographic factors, personal characteristics, social and environmental
conditions.
According to the research there lies a wide variety of the factors as antecedents towards
the traits and the behaviour of entrepreneurship which includes the essentiality of the
achievement, having guardians or parents who are entrepreneurs, male gender and the working
experiences.

SOCIOLOGY 17
Krueger (1993) focused over the role of the intentions as the alternative to the theories
that has been using the personality traits and the demographics for the explanation of the
emergence of the entrepreneurial behaviour of individual. The approach of the intentions are the
reliable predictors regarding a variety of situations. The relative complexity of becoming an
entrepreneur of owning a business is generally regarded as the planned behaviour. The researcher
Krueger (1993) in his paper conducted the study among the students of United Kingdom
University who were facing career decisions and found that the intentions model offered some of
strong statistical support for the prediction of the entrepreneurial behaviour.
The study by the author furthermore illustrated a longitudinal study about the students
from organization for economic co-operation with some of the major findings. University
students stating entrepreneurial intentions were 15.9% more likely to become an entrepreneur by
the age of 35 as compared to those who did not express any of these intentions (Walter,
Parboteeah and Walter 2013). The understanding of the intentions of entrepreneurs therefore
increases the understanding of the intended behaviour of entrepreneurship. Anderson (1985) in
his research study states that for the students in university it is important for them be potential for
the business.
This statement by the researcher Anderson (1985) indicates the intention of
entrepreneurship that plays an essential and important role for the systematic efforts for the
encouragement of the activity of entrepreneurship and also the efforts within the universities and
colleges.
2.1.2 Attitudes

SOCIOLOGY 18
Strong forward-looking entrepreneurs are high-persons with attitude trends to economic
recompense, feeling of achievement, autonomy, competitiveness and agents of change. An
person can affect an EI as a fundamental feature such as the necessity of accomplishment.
McClelland (1965) recognized and selected people with a high desire for accomplishment in this
successful research as having an equally powerful desire to be successful in life. Such people pay
high attention to private accountability and benefit from measured risk management. They are
also very encouraged to see the fruits and outcomes of their choices. Such a person with a strong
need for success generally performs more self-confident studies on his surroundings and asks for
feedback on his advancement towards its objectives. This was confirmed in 1993, if the need
ever for achievement was combined to encompass the desire for success within our own personal
capacity, the tendency to assume measures and the desire for immediate and concrete feedback.
In 1997, this demand for success was designed as the only factor that drives a person to face
difficulties and to succeed. The distinctions between elevated and low motivation samples were
studied in a distinct research which showed that people with high needs for performance were
not well accepted. Low competence, low expectations, little inspiration, an adverse focus on
failure and a tendency to blame yourself are related to a corresponding low demand for success.
2.1.3 Socio economic status
Many studies have revealed that families with low and high socioeconomic status have
children inclined and not inclined towards self-employment. Han et al. (2014) found that those
with higher availability of financial resources make self-employment choice, as it is less risky
and more feasible to them. Higher socioeconomic status seems to encourage entrepreneurship
more than lower socioeconomic status.

SOCIOLOGY 19
The authors used survey data to find that students from families with higher income are
largely more inclined to choosing their career in business than students coming from lower
socioeconomic status. In the other studies however, evidence have suggested that children from
lower income families form the belief that self-employment might protect them from the
hardships of the labour market (Dimov 2017). They tend to think so because of the economic
difficulties and vulnerability to losing jobs leads them to think this way.
2.2 Theoretical background and Hypothesis Development
2.2.1 Introduction
Several research have turned for the conception of the intentions for explaining of the
entrepreneurial behaviour for many of the decades with very limited amount of success and the
personal characteristics. This section of the research appear will explain and examine the
development of the relevant theoretical frameworks on the basis of the concept of the intentions
of the entrepreneurs.
It starts with the review of the emergence of the intentions regarding of research of
entrepreneurs and the procedure for the description for the evolution of the definition of the
intentions of entrepreneurship as the construct of the research. The section of the report
furthermore concludes with the examination of the theories of the intention of entrepreneurship.
These are the Holland’s theory of careers, the shaper’s event theory of entrepreneurship and the
Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour.
This section will highlight the models related to entrepreneurial intentions. With the
systematic explanations regarding the development of the intentions of entrepreneurships, the

SOCIOLOGY 20
approaches have developed a wide variety of models regarding the entrepreneurial intentions. In
the general sense, the models and the theories of intentions suggest that the experience of the
individual impacts the attitudes that influences the intentions leading to the behaviour and
actions (Van Gelderen et al. 2008).
It has furthermore estimated that the attitudes and traits of individual explains more than
55% of the variance within the intentions and the intentions accounts for more than 35% of the
behavioural variance. Two of the most widely cited theories including the Shapero and Sokal’s
(1982) Entrepreneurial Event Theory and Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behaviour have been used
for the development of the intentions as the function of the persona specific variables of
cognition.
This includes the attitudes and beliefs that are subjected to the contextual and the
environmental influences. As per the explanation of these theories, the environment of
university is being shown as the plausible influencer of the development of the student’s
intentions of entrepreneurship.
Besides these two theory, another one that is the Holland’s theory of careers has been
widely regarded as the theory of career choice that has been specifically been applicable for the
development of the intentions of entrepreneurships.
The Holland’s theory has been considered as greater depth for the incorporation towards
the theoretical and the conceptual framework that is being used in the study. This model informs
the variables study selection and also the specifications of the relationship among the model.

SOCIOLOGY 21
2.2.2 Shapero and Sokal’s (1982) Entrepreneurial Event Theory
This theory was being developed on the premises to define the interaction of the social
and the cultural factors that leads to the firm development by the influences of the perception of
the individual. This model is generally used for the analysis of the activities related to
entrepreneurships as the consistent toll for the measurement of the entrepreneurial intentions.
This theory and the model has been chosen for the analysis in the literature review because the
theory argues with the intentions which are person specific attributes affecting the future plans.
Grounded within the premises that the approaches of the intentions are the function of the
person specified attributes and the influences of the environment, this theory argues that the
alteration within the future plan of an individual like the developing of the intentions for being
self-employed tends to occur at significant events of life at certain time period (Shabbir, Shariff
and Shahzad 2016). These are the college going time or the university study time, loss of job or
in the event of the birth of child.
The university students are at the critical juncture within their life cycle with the regards
towards the career decision making. The experiences of the studies and some of the other
trainings regarding the extent represents the significant disruption of the previous experience of
the student trigger the events resulting influencing the students with the intentions for business or
entrepreneurship (Liñán and Fayolle 2015). This theory also allows the influence of the social
pressure.
The founder or the developer of the model theorized the factors such as the peer groups,
family, teachers of university tends to influence the desirability of the student to become an
entrepreneur.

SOCIOLOGY 22
This connection was supported by Krueger (1993) that also highlighted the impact of the
role models regarding the formation of the intentions of entrepreneurship occurring through the
influence over the attitudes of the subject for becoming an entrepreneur. The theory stood the test
of the time as the useful framework for the guidance to the research for the development of the
entrepreneurial intentions.
2.2.3 Theory of Planned Behaviour - Ajzen’s
Based on the social psychology, the theory of planned behaviour, Ajzen (1991) explains
that much of the behaviour of human and hence proceeded by the approaches towards the
behaviour. This theory has been considered for the explanation for the research topic since
behaviour and traits are some of the important factors to be considered while analysing the
entrepreneurial intentions of the students of the university. The theory is suitable for the research
topic since the attitudes of a person regarding their behavioural influences intends their
performance towards the behaviour.
Planned behaviours as the start of a company are intended and may therefore be predicted by the
intention to do so. to conduct may be used to predict comportment, subjective norms and
perceived behavioural control. Exogenous internal factors such as demography, accessible skills,
culture and economic capacity influence attitudes and influence intentions and conduct
indirectly. Numerous studies were performed to empirically evaluate particular components of
scheduled behaviour theory using possible company configurations as a possible behaviour
(Vanevenhoven and Liguori 2013). The main determinant to become an entrepreneur was
discovered to be attitude toward self-employment. The subjective standard relates to the views of
significant people, like close relatives, close friends and role models, as well as the private
motivation of a person, about the future choice to be self-employed. Finally, behavioural control

SOCIOLOGY 23
perceived relates to the perceived capacity to be a contractor. The purpose is to direct the
attention and action of a person to entrepreneurship that for the sake of hearings in the research.
According to Kalafatis et al. (1999) the attitudes and the beliefs of a person regarding the
particular behaviour influences the desire to perform. The theory furthermore asserts that the
intention is an accurate predictor of the planned nature or behaviour specifically within the cases
where the behaviour is difficult to rare, observe and tends to involve unpredictable lags of time.
The behaviour of the entrepreneurs reflects those characteristics that explains why a wide
number of empirical studies of entrepreneurship have applied the theory towards the study of the
cognitive and psychological antecedents towards the entrepreneurship (Linan et al. 2011).
The theory furthermore demonstrates that beliefs and the attitudes that are developed
through experiences gained by an individual have the power in influencing decision regarding
individual career and their intentions to entrepreneurships (Astin and Denson 2009). The theory
highlights that the main attitudes and the beliefs towards the given behaviour are changeable are
generally driven by the perceptions that are influenced by the environment and interaction.
The theory directly suggests that one of the main antecedents of the intentions are
subjective towards the social norms. The subjective norms are been defined as the perception of
individual regarding the belief, value and the norms that are held by the people whom they
regard as important to comply with these set of norms (Blanchflower and Oswald 1998). The
experiences in university appears to be one of the fertile context where the perception, central
attitudes and the intentions towards entrepreneurship tends to be developed.
As the suggestion of the literature review neither of the theories that have been illustrated
above that is based over the cognitive procedure or the traits of personality adequately explains

SOCIOLOGY 24
the development of the intentions of the entrepreneurs. This study furthermore employs both the
development theory that is the Astin’s Involvement Theory and the trait theory that is the
Holland’s theory of career as per the theoretical frameworks.
2.2.4 The Holland’s Theory of Careers
This trait theory approach towards the choice of the career is well accepted by the career
guidance practitioners and the researcher (Davidsson 2003). Both the categories of the trait
theories that is the broad and the specific one seek towards the identification of the personality
and the character traits that indicates or predicts the sustainability of the individual for specific
career options.
The view of the trait theory distinguishes the entrepreneurs and the non-entrepreneurs
that has been subjected to extensive empirical examination with respect to the specific and the
broad traits (Hartung 2013).
The first category of trait theory that is the specific trait theory attempts towards the
identification of the specific characteristic traits like the need for the affiliation and the external
locus of control that might influences the vocational choice.
Chlosta et al. (2012) illustrated explanation of the personality traits explaining the likelihood of
the engagement within the context of the entrepreneurship. Evidences related to the empirical
relationship among the drive to archive traits and entrepreneurship appears on the later section of
the review.
2.3 College Impact Models
The experiences level in colleges and university have the vivid potential towards the
intentions of the career of student. The models includes the context of the student’s experiences,

SOCIOLOGY 25
the environment of the instrument, pre-existing characteristics and also the context affecting the
change (Salamzadeh et al. 2014). College impact model furthermore offers a formworks of the
concepts for the examination of the influences of various elements of the environment college
regarding the outcomes of the student in their choice of career.
2.3.1 The Input – Environment – Output (I-E-O) Model
According to studies, the environmental factors tends to influence the development of the
entrepreneurial intentions of individual. The impact model of the university showed that the
environment of the university has an influence over the choice of the career of the student. Tovar
(2013) in his study found that the differences among the students over their admission to the
university were of major importance within the study of the environmental impact.
The operationalization of the theory of Involvement of Astin’s, that is the I-EO- model
explains an appropriate and ideal conceptual model for the examination of the relationship
among the environment of the university and the intentions of the student’s entrepreneurship.
The I-E-O model established the framework where the (I) that is the input refers to the
characteristics of student on the time while taking admission to the university. (E) refers to the
institutional interventions that includes the experience of the student and the educational
programs, (O) or the outcome refers to the development, achievement and he growth of student.
The model furthermore allows the researcher Astin (1991) to measure the connection and the
relationship among the environment of college and the educational outcomes for controlling of
the differences of the personal characteristics of the student’s.
This model is extremely useful for the examination of the impact of the environment of
college regarding the development of the student by the pairing of the I-E-O design with some of
the analysis methods of statistics. These are the multiple regression process, the data analysis

SOCIOLOGY 26
methods. As per the model there lies two of the major points where the data should be collected
over the time, post and pre environment (Falck, Heblich and Luedemann 2012). This approach is
fruitful since it allows the model for measuring the effects of the environment of the college over
the outcomes of the elected range of the students in the case of the entrepreneurial intentions.
Source – (Astin1984)
The figure above illustrated that the involvement theory and the I-E-O based empirical studies
that has demonstrated the active involvement within the academic and some of the other
activities that are positively connected and related to the student’s development. The study
furthermore incorporated the measure of the involvement of the student being the predictor

SOCIOLOGY 27
variables within the section of environment of the I-E-O model for the identification of the
existing relationships among the involvement of the student and their development of the
intentions related to entrepreneurship (Astin 2012).
2.4 Empirical Studies
Considerable research and attention have been given for the examination of the factors
influencing the development of the entrepreneurial intentions of the individual (Liñán and
Fayolle 2015). The literature review highlights the significant theoretical and empirical body of
the research that has examined the effect of the environment of university regarding the
development of the students over specified outcomes. The aim of the study is to fill the gap in
the research reviewing the prior empirical researches examining the influence over the
entrepreneurial intentions.
2.4.1 Student Input Variables
This section of the report reviews the research that are relevant to the influencing of two
of the major types of the characteristics of the students. These are the pre university
characteristics or the input variables which are the pre-test of the entrepreneurial intentions
together with the number of the character trait variables and the demographic characteristics.
Feldman, Smart and Ethington (2004) illustrated that the choice of the career at the
beginning of the university is one of the most single based predictor regarding the choice for
their upcoming career. The relationship among the aspiration of the career at the beginning of the
college and the eventual choice of the career has not been examined specifically for
entrepreneurship (Kim and Sax 2011). Research studies however have highlighted the
connection among the intentions and the demographic variables characterizing the university

SOCIOLOGY 28
students including gender, entrepreneurship of parents or guardians, socio economic situations
and the educational goals.
2.4.2 Guardian’s entrepreneurship
It has been found that the career interests of the students have been influenced by the
occupation of the guardians and the educational level. In a number of studies, it has been
demonstrated that possessing a parent with self-employment increases the chances of an
individual becoming an entrepreneur.
Gofen and Blomqvist (2014) found in their study that students with parents having a
small business ownership showed the greatest fondness for self-employment and least preference
for employment in a big business.
It has been found that those parents especially fathers with self-employment have
children who have shown greater interest in entrepreneurship.
In addition to this, Viinikainen et al. (2017) revealed that the association between the
interests of the child inclining towards entrepreneurship is not so much relied on financial or
physical capital but on the effects of role model.
The study revealed that students are more into entrepreneurship or self-employment
because they consider their guardian or parent a role model on whose path they prefer to walk. In
contrast to this, Lindquist, Sol and Van Praag (2015) found that the effect of role model on the
children from their father was valid mostly for sons and not for daughters. The authors found that
daughters are more concerned about the socio-economic resources of the family and having
access to it.

SOCIOLOGY 29
This decides the probability of the daughter becoming an entrepreneur and not the role
model influence. Hence, these studies reveal that the increasing inclination of both sons and
daughters towards entrepreneurship is due to both the socio-economic status of the family and
parental entrepreneurship. Nonetheless, many studies have yielded results that contradict the
above-mentioned findings on parental entrepreneurship and its influence on children (Karimi et
al. 2014). According to these studies, the self-employment nature of the parent’s business could
negatively influence the intention of the children.
They tend to become exposed to the least attractive part of the business like demanding
schedule, financial commitment and stress. Nevertheless, the studies failed to compare the
complete levels of the intention to become an entrepreneur amongst the children with and
without exposure to family business (Miralles, Giones and Riverola 2016). It is important to note
that children who have parents, as entrepreneurs are most likely to possess entrepreneurial
intensions than the children whose parents have no association to entrepreneurship.
In order to find out the reasons for the influence of parental entrepreneurship on children
and their intention to become an entrepreneur, some scholars have gone beyond the frameworks
of psychology and sociology that have historically characterized these studies.
2.4.3 Educational goals
Very few studies have found any relationship between the entrepreneurial intentions of
the students and their educational goals, although some researchers have been performed on the
relationship between entrepreneurial behaviour and formal education. In a cross-sectional study
conducted nationally on nascent entrepreneurs, that is, entrepreneurs who are at the initial stage,

SOCIOLOGY 30
it was revealed that graduates from college were as mostly to be entrepreneurs as those with
degrees from high school or even less (Pfeifer, Šarlija and Zekić Sušac 2016).
The study, however, found that postgraduates did not show any intent to become an
entrepreneur. This demonstrated that too much education, as well as too less education,
contributed to the reduced interest in entrepreneurship. Afriyie and Boohene (2014) also claimed
that participants with degrees as undergraduates had demonstrated more interest in
entrepreneurship than the postgraduate degree holders have.
2.4.4 University Support
There has been a lot many studies over the effect of education on the behaviour of the
entrepreneur through support from the university. While some of the research studies claim that
formal education tends to lessen up the desire among the students towards entrepreneurship, the
other studies conclude that their intentions increase with the level of education. As per the census
data from the United Kingdom, it has furthermore been founded that the number of years of
formal education increases the probability related to self-employment. As per the analysis of
Boh, De-Haan and Strom (2016), it has been reported that students having a diploma and
undergraduate degree shows the high level of interest for starting their own business as compared
to the postgraduate degree. This is because a high level of education induces better employment
options and high opportunity cost, thus preceding the intention to pursue the risk related to
entrepreneurship.
Universities can be a significant source of assistance for young entrepreneurs as well as
family and financial institutions. As mentioned above, abilities, education and job experience
enhance business abilities and boost the probability of favourable results for new companies.
Many studies do not surprise that the qualities of educational chances (both within and outside

SOCIOLOGY 31
the university) are linked positively to young people's entrepreneurial intention. As per
Dehghanpour Farashah (2013), they are offering entrepreneurial classes increases the trust in the
feasibility of your project by possible entrepreneurs. Urbano and Guerrero (2013) share a
common point of perspective and emphasize the significance of self-efficacy of entrepreneurial
learning. Rauth Bhardwaj (2014) suggests that university conditions contribute considerably to
the standpoint that undergraduates have an enterprising profession and influence their approach
to starting a new enterprise. Further proof of the role played by the university framework in
maintaining business intentions is provided by Sesen (2013). The university is seen in all these
contributions as a social environment which helps to gain formal skills but also impacts the
creativity, the independence and the autonomy of the person.
According to Jansen et al. (2015), the contents and the module of formal education
reduces the vision and the curiosity and increases the aversion of risk. Higher education leads
towards the conformity and decrease in the level of the tolerance and the ability of the student to
think creatively and hinder the passion within the student to become self-employed. Nasiru, Keat
and Bhatti (2015) emphasized that formal level of education does not encourage students of the
university towards entrepreneurship since it tends to suppress the creativity and prepare the
students for the corporate and stable career options and employment.
Although numerous of the studies found the connection how the characteristics of the institution
directly contribute towards the growth of the student, the wide majority of the studies concluded
that effects of the institution of the university have very little or negligible impact.
Thus it can be summarized that these studies show an effect over the institutional
characteristics over the measurement of the development of the student that might relate to the
intentions of entrepreneurship. In the context of the introduction of the chapter, the gap in the

SOCIOLOGY 32
literature highlights the aim and the objective of the research that has not been found in the
research studies of the literature review.
In encouraging business training to improve local and social economies, universities play a
functional role. Mortan et al. (2014) agree that colleges and colleges are main players in
fostering entrepreneurship as academic institutions are ideal for influencing entrepreneurial
cultures and ambitions among the learners while learning to survive in the solid company
environment of today. This may be due to the fact that colleges are the cornerstones for
enterprise to educate their learners about how to think and to conduct business. In this regard,
universities should make a significant contribution to supporting an entrepreneurial atmosphere
that combines the factors contributing to the growth of entrepreneurship as a centre for
entrepreneurial growth. As an entrepreneurial training program provider, universities should
make every effort to create an enterprise-friendly environment that in turn could foster the
entrepreneurial activity of the university students that will be the entrepreneurs of future business
studies on the entrepreneurial intentions of science and technology students across the world
(Barba-Sánchez and Atienza-Sahuquillo 2018). It is essential, therefore, that we present a
favourable picture of business enterprise as an alternative for life, by offering the accessible
resources and other amenities for learners within the university setting. Because we must always
remember that, while people possess the appropriate business understanding and abilities, they
may not ultimately be in the sector if they do not have a favourable picture of the enterprise.
2.4.5 Perceived contextual support
The entrepreneurial intentions of college learners are also influenced by contextual
variables in relation to psychological and experiential variables. Indeed, prospective contractors
do not make vacuum decisions, but instead are affected by their context. Several studies thus

SOCIOLOGY 33
examined the role played by contextual factors in shaping entrepreneurial intentions and
emphasized the assistance provided by social and economic organizations (Akanbi 2013). Three
primary kinds of organizations, such as: family, college and financial institutions, including
banks and company organizations, have gained the most attention.
The perceived assistance from family and friends appears to have a significant effect on
entrepreneurship. In reality, together with role models, the family members and friends network
can provide the fresh entrepreneur with active financial and emotional support. Ayodele (2013)
report that the choice to start a new company can cause relatives and friends to respond
differently. Its intensity can have a positive impact on the tendency of learners to start a fresh
company. The family may also provide data on financial resources and job possibilities and
support.
In all, the proof that is accessible shows that family support expectations positively influence the
intention to start a company. Moreover, the literature is also especially wealthy on institutional
obstacles. Institutional obstacles include both informal and formal processes that prevent the
establishment of fresh enterprises. The informal processes are the standards or regulations of
prospective innovators within their inhabitants as well as the structured processes involve
regulatory instruments, instructions and the absence of enthusiastic support on the part of the
public and private organisations. In addition, the restricted access of credit often involves one of
the major institutional obstacles. There is widespread proof that companies are struggling with
the fundraising and lending phases in the start-up stage. The literature that investigates the
behaviour of prospective businessmen has indicated that the collection of economic resources is
the biggest barrier to the launch of a fresh enterprise. Similar findings also specifically referred
to the entrepreneurial intention of learners were discovered. Similarly, several studies highlight

SOCIOLOGY 34
the significance of other types of institutional assistance, such as expert advice and coaching.
Remeikiene, Startiene and Dumciuviene (2013) concluded that these kinds of financial
organizations have an influence on young adult entrepreneurship, and that a lack of appropriate
institutional assistance might be ascribed to the reduced entrepreneurial intent reported in some
developing nations. The study was also expanded by Iglesias-Sánchez et al. (2016) to take into
account direct and indirect types of structural assistance. Support from private and public
organisations and corporate legislation was examined. The writers demonstrate that the variables
that can synthesize the "apparent systemic assistance" have a major effect on entrepreneurial
propensity.
Hypothesis
Several of the studies has made attempt towards the identification of the effective
entrepreneurial intentions of the students of university. Some of the studies as highlighted in the
review of literature emphasizes over the individual factors as one of the possible factors of
determination regarding the business intentions. These includes the factors such as self
realization, demographic characteristics and the focus towards the culture and the norms of the
organization.
This research study aims towards emphasizing over the individual factors having certain
degree of the impact of entrepreneurial intentions in its preferable and contextual factors. This
section will highlight the development of hypothesis for the assignment together with the
systematic consequences of the demonstration of the research by breaking down the viewpoints
(Falck and Woessmann 2011). Factors such as the frame of mind, individual inspiration, and
social relations together with the institutional and financial components have also been taken in
consideration for the development of the research hypothesis.

SOCIOLOGY 35
H1 : Childhood Socio economic status over the entrepreneurial intentions of the university
students
H2 : Current or Future socioeconomic status over the entrepreneurial intentions of the university
students

SOCIOLOGY 36
Chapter 3 - Methodology
3.1 Introduction
The chapter aims to highlight the methodology or the procedure that has being used in the
research study for the examination of the influence of the university support and the student’s
socio economic status over the entrepreneurial intention of students (Bae et al. 2014). The
chapter has identified the overview regarding the methodological approach of the research study
followed by the review of the data analysis of the framework that is being stated in the literature
review. The chapter furthermore described the population and the sample of the study, the
procedure of data collection and the instruments of survey together with the procedures of data
analysis. It concludes with the examination of the limitations that inherent within the
methodology of study and the brief summary of the chapter.
Research methodology is the process by which the researcher of the study designs the research in
an appropriate and effective manner. The proper selection of the methodology of the study of
research has been one of the essential ingredient helping the research for deducing the findings in
a suitable manner.
3.1.1 Research method outline:
For conducting the research study in particular, the researcher has taken help of multiple of tools
that have eventually helped for the deduction of the findings in a suitable format (Piperopoulos
and Dimov 2015). For this research study, the researcher has preferred for choosing the
positivism as the philosophy of research study. The deductive method has furthermore been
chosen as the appropriate method as the research study approach. This method has helped the
researcher for focusing over the existing models and the theories that are related to the study.

SOCIOLOGY 37
The researcher of the study also used the analytical and the descriptive method of design for the
research design. For the research strategy, the research has conducted the survey method and the
survey interview method in the form of one to one sessions and questionnaire procedure.
The researcher of the study collected from both the primary and secondary sources with the
provision of all the necessary range of information that is required. The researcher focused
mainly over the probability and the non-probability sapling techniques. In the research study, the
researcher collected data from the targeted population and sample. The targeted population
sample for this particular research study has been the university students. Furthermore the
individuals from the university such as the teachers, staffs of college, students and the
employment staff were also included in the process of data collection for gaining of better
knowledge
3.2 Research Onion:
The research onion helped the researcher to help in designing the research paper in the form of
the layer. Each and every category of the layer of this particular onion has provided the
researcher of the study with a set of authenticated set of data and the information that are related
to study of the research (Kumar 2019). The researcher of the study furthermore used several of
the tool that has helped him for gaining some of the in-depth knowledge regarding the topic of
the research. In total there includes six of the main layers of research onion. These are the
research strategies, research philosophy, time, choices, procedures, techniques and horizon. The
design that is traditional helps in meeting the objectives of the research in a better way and
perspective.

SOCIOLOGY 38
Figure - The research onion
Source - (Mackey and Gass 2015)
3.3 Research Philosophy:
The context of research philosophy lies over a set of beliefs. According to the wide range of the
research there are three broad range of research philosophies. These are realism, positivism and
interpretivism. Research philosophy helped in the development of the nature of study for
conducting an in-depth study regarding numerous of models and theories (Zhang, Duysters and
Cloodt 2014). The philosophy of positivism helped in the identification of the problem of the
study where the realism is the mixed approach regarding the positivism and interpretivism. The
context of interpretivism dealt with the management and business activities. This furthermore
helped the researcher for analyzing the current scenario of market that provided a wide range of
perspectives for the procedure of research.

SOCIOLOGY 39
3.3.1 Justification for the chosen research philosophy:
The choice of positivism a research philosophy deals with conduction of some of the in depth
analysis of the issues and the problems together with the provision of the intelligible range of
insight. The research study focused over the positivism philosophy since it will be more
comprehensive for analyzing the entrepreneurial intention among the students of university as
per their social and economic status (Sánchez 2013). The principle regarding positivism hence
has been used for finding of the reality regarding the facts of the influence of university over the
entrepreneurial intention of students.
The current study furthermore used the approach of interpretivism since it dealt with the
researcher’s personal interpretation regarding the outcomes. It is essential for the researcher for
the provision of their personal view point’s regarding the findings and the literature collected
over the topic. This tended to demonstrate the level of the analysis of the researcher.
3.4 Research Approach:
The context of the research method referred to a wide variety of the types regarding the
techniques that is being used by the researcher for the conduction of the specific research.
According to Silverman (2016) research method can be described as the tools used by the
researcher for conducting the research study. Choosing the correct method of research is
extremely vital for ensuring the flawless level of the research study that adheres to the rules and
the norms regarding the research writing.
According to the international standards, the research method are being categorized in three of
the sub parts which are the qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approach. The essentiality

SOCIOLOGY 40
of usage of the method of research lies fundamental towards the advancement of any of the
specific study field that are critical for the identification of most of the unique and optimal
solutions regarding particular societies, individuals and experts (Bauer 2014).
In a broader sense there lied two categories of research approaches which are inductive and
deductive. The deductive approach dealt with the existing range of models and theories. The
inductive approach included a new set of theories and models.
3.4.1 Justification for the chosen research approach:
For this particular research study, the researcher chose the deductive approach and also took help
of the models and the existing range of theories that are related to the topic. The inductive
method has not have been used by the researcher since the formation of new models and theories
by the researcher cannot provide the necessary range of data or information for connecting the
research towards the right path or direction.
3.5 Research Design:
The frameworks regarding the techniques and the methodology the researcher of the study has
chosen for finding the solutions towards the problem of the research is generally known to be the
research design. The design of research is dependable on the type and category of the issues that
researcher is trying to provide solution for and not actually some of the other way round.
According to Fayolle and Liñán (2014) the design of research that produces the little scope
regarding the possibility of error can be designed as one of the best research. This is because a
weak research design leads towards weak solution of research and hence the researcher needs to
select the design very carefully after thorough examination of their problem of research. The

SOCIOLOGY 41
required elements of the design of the research includes the purpose statements, detail or data
collection, the methods used, techniques that have been used for the evolution of the details, the
category of the methodology of research, analysis and timeline and so on.
The scientific method or the descriptive design of research involved the description and the
monitoring of the behavior of the subject. The design of the research is generally applicable for
the studies related to social sciences where others design of research could not be in use. The
descriptive design is useful in the situations where it is generally not feasible for testing a wide
number data (Rauch and Hulsink 2015). Under the descriptive research design one of the most
common and used design is the survey questionnaire method. This method is the place where the
researchers of the study interacts with the subjects of tests through the means of surveys and
interviews.
Another essential research design is the exploratory research design where the investigation is
being carried out for finding the solution towards the issues and the problem that is not clearly
defined. According to Karimi et al. (2016) the researchers tend to use this design for having clear
understanding regarding the challenges at hand with unlikeliness towards the provision of any of
the decisive results.
Another important research design is the explanatory research design that is used by the
researchers. The primary purpose of the explanatory research design is for the increase in the
factor of understanding, sources flexibility, better range of conclusion and so on.

SOCIOLOGY 42
3.5.1 Justification for the chosen research design:
At the current research study, the researcher used the descriptive research design since the
research topic does not include any of the mathematical and statistical data or the information
that is required to be analyzed. In the aim of getting a detailed information over the topic of
research, it is basically always preferable for choosing the descriptive or the analytical mode of
the design of the research and the researcher has used the similar design as well for the chosen
research (Fayolle 2013). By this way, the researcher has got an very similar in the depth idea
regarding numerous of the information and theories. This method furthermore also has helped
him for reaching his topic of research on a more critical basis. The other two designs has been
rejected by the researcher since these methods will not provide some of the detailed approach
regarding the topic.
3.6 Research strategy:
The strategy of the research is under taken by the researcher for conducting the study in the
correct or right direction. The researcher strategies includes the focus group, the case studies, the
interview procedure and the survey methods (Jamshed 2014). In case of the collected data set
from wide number of group of people, the research provided with the view and the thinking of
the customers and some of the other important people of the organizations.
3.7 Selection of Sampling Methods and Sample size:
For the current research study of discussion, both the primary and non-probability sampling
techniques have been used by the researcher for undergoing the methods of sampling. The

SOCIOLOGY 43
technique of simple random sampling has been used by the researcher for the gaining of a better
understanding of the topic. The researcher of the study primarily used Simple Regression
Analysis for interpretation of the data set. For the similar purpose, 100 survey with questionnaire
sample have been conducted within the university students mainly and parents of the students for
identifying the factors of influences regarding the entrepreneurial intentions among the students.
3.8 Data collection method:
Data collection procedure is the phase the researcher of the study concerned collected essential
information or data for proceeding the research study. The current research study included both
the probability and the non-probability sampling techniques that have been utilized by the
researcher for the gaining of a better understanding of the topic of concern that is the factors
influencing the entrepreneurial intentions of the students in university.
3.8.1 Secondary Research:
Research or the data from the secondary resource refers to the research kind which is generally
available for the researcher of the study in the form of the journals, the newspaper, the published
books , online sources , magazines and so on. In the current study, the data or the information
from the sources such as the journals, newspaper articles and the magazines related to the
entrepreneurial intentions among the youngsters and the online sources have been gathered for
the conduction of the analysis of the secondary data (Savin-Baden and Major 2013). The
secondary resource research has been majority conducted for the performance of the analysis
with some of the authentic facts in connection to the research related statistics.

SOCIOLOGY 44
3.8.2. Primary Research:
Primary sources has been utilized in the current research study. This includes the data or the
information from the parents of the students and the employees of the university like the
professors, the class teacher and the non teaching staff and finally the survey with the students of
the university regarding their level of the interest towards the entrepreneurial intentions or
startups after the completion of their university course (Hattab 2014). Hence for the usage of the
primary data within the research study, both the qualitative and the quantitative data collection
methods have been utilized and employed.
3.8.2.1 Quantitative Data Collection Method:
According to Shinnar et al. (2014) the information related to the quantitative methods of the
collection of the data are generally based over the mathematical calculation that has been taken
under several of the formats. The quantitative collection of the data might include the
methodology like the charts, graphs the figures and tables that provide the statistics for any of the
specific study that has been undertaken by the researcher. Within the quantitative approach, the
numeric variables are also included as the information over any of the specific issue of topic
(Novikov and Novikov 2013). This particular approach has been selected by the researcher for
the current study of discussion since it helps in the establishment of the correlations among the
variables and the results. This approach will furthermore help in future research by the validating
the findings over given range of topic.

SOCIOLOGY 45
3.8.2.2 Qualitative Data Collection Method
The qualitative approach includes no mathematic or numerical data and it is dependable over the
theoretical data or the information. This approach is suitable for the study including the focus
over the narratives by the respondents. The qualitative approach furthermore includes the logic
where the research collects the data and tries for the obtaining of the explanation from these
entire range of data. The wide range of the qualitative approach are available in the research field
that includes the process of data collection, focused groups, the data analysis and the written
range of the report. As per the analysis of Solesvik, Westhead and Matlay (2014) this particular
approach does not have any of the narrow range of the focus and ponders over the theoretical
philosophical paradigm.
3.8.2.3 Mixed Research Method
The mixed method design is the type of the research where the researcher combines the aspect of
both the qualitative and the quantitative approach of research. This method approach includes the
collection of data, the analysis of the data and the inference of the technique for the depth and the
breadth of the validation and understanding (McCusker and Gunaydin 2015).
The current study of research uses the mixed method research approach since it analyzes the
available range of data that are in the form of the magazine article, newspaper article, the journal
articles together with the gathered data from the survey questionnaire.
3.9 Data Analysis Technique:
According to the studies, there lies several of the environmental factors that influences the
development of the entrepreneurial intention of an individual. The college impact models as per

SOCIOLOGY 46
the literature review identified the influence of the university environment over the career choice
of its students (Walliman 2017). The I-E-O model furthermore identified the appropriate and
conceptual model for the examination of the relation among the environment and the
entrepreneurial intention of the student. Hence it is employed as the data analysis framework for
this study. The I-E-O and the college model serves as the conceptual guide for the study
regarding the impact of the environment of college over the change and the development of the
undergraduate student.
This model is particularly essential for allowing the researcher for measuring the relationship
among the environment of the college that includes the characteristics and the educational
outcome for control of the differences among the personal characteristics of students (Solesvik
2013). The data analysis framework of the model was used for the analysis and the organization
of the variables used in this particular study. The input variable (I) includes the pretest regarding
the outcome of the variable that is the entrepreneurial intention of the student together with the
pre college and university background characteristics. There were two major types of the
environmental variables (E) that differs from one institution to the other and are within college
variables with the given institution. The outcome measures (O) includes the criterion variable
within the study as per the measure of the senior survey.
3.10 Sampling Method
There are two broad categories of sampling. These includes the probability sampling and the no
probability sampling. The former is the technique of the sampling where the sampling is being
taken from the greater population that uses random sampling technique (Rideout and Gray 2013).
The non probability sampling is the sampling technique where the sample is being selected on

SOCIOLOGY 47
the basis of the information possessed and knowledge by the participants. The researcher used
SPSS for the interpretation of the data that has been collected from the survey questionnaire.
The target population for which the research has been conducted is the college students. These
students are the most vulnerable important factors in the research study.
For the research, 100 participants have been included in the study that included mainly
the university students. The reason for choosing this sample size is that the sample population
has better knowledge about entrepreneurship in colleges.
3.11. Research limitation:
Several of the scholars have conducted some of the studies over the entrepreneurship among the
college students that includes both the qualitative and the quantitative data. The current study of
the research does not include any of the participants as sample or any of the primary sources
(Nabi et al. 2018). The secondary analysis of the research study furthermore lacks the concrete
examination regarding the primary data that could have highlighted some of the better results and
highlighting he limitation of the current study of research.
3.12 Time horizon:
0-2 3-6 7-8 9-10 14th
Activities Weeks 1-
10
Weeks 11-
25
Weeks 26-
39
Weeks 40-
58
Week 59-
60

SOCIOLOGY 48
Choosing of the
research topic
Conducting
Literature
Review
Collecting data
Analysis of the
Data
Final research
paper
Figure Gantt Chart
(Source: Created by author)
3.13 Summary:
The main purpose of the study is for the examination of the influence of the environment of
college over the development of the entrepreneurial intention of the student. With the use of the
I-E-O model and the college impact model as the framework for the methodological approach,
this quantitative research study employed the analysis of the secondary set of data regarding the
existing range of the national data set. The methodological strength of this research study that is
multi institutional in nature has been derived from the use of the survey questionnaire and the
data from the one to one survey over the sample size. The data were furthermore analyzed with

SOCIOLOGY 49
the use of the temporary sequenced multiple regression for the determination of the influence and
the student input variables and the environment variables over the entrepreneurial intentions of
the student.

SOCIOLOGY 50
Chapter 4 - Results
4.1 Overview
For the purpose of analysis and in order to find the overall impact on the
Entrepreneurship Intention, the method of quantitative analysis has been selected. The
quantitative analysis assists in finding the relationship between the different variables and assists
in ensuring that the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable can
be verified. Hence, in this section, the Descriptive Statistics along with the Inferential Statistics
will be carried out which shall assist in understanding the manner in which the different factors
influence the Entrepreneurship Intentions.
Descriptive Statistics
4.2 Demographic Analysis
The Demographic analysis has a crucial role to play in the domain of the research as it
assists in contributing towards the understanding of the overall audience from whom the survey
has been selected. This also provides a perception of the manner in which the audience thinks
about a particular subject.
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Age 100 1 4 2.02 .932
Education 100 1 2 1.56 .499

SOCIOLOGY 51
Gender 100 1 2 1.57 .498
Year of Study 100 1 6 3.12 1.559
Valid N
(listwise)
100
Figure 1
The given figure elaborates upon the entrepreneurial intention and whether the different
respondents wanted to become an entrepreneur at any point of time. When the different
respondents were asked about whether they had any such entrepreneurial intentions then in such
a case 84% of the respondents mentioned that they had thought about becoming an entrepreneur
whereby only 16% of the population mentioned that they had not thought about becoming an

SOCIOLOGY 52
entrepreneur in the long run. Hence, this population where 84% of the students wanted to
become entrepreneurs can be understood to be a positive intention.
Figure 2
The given figure elaborates about the gender distribution of the population sample from
whom the data was collected. From the figure it could be seen that, sample can be understood to
be divided adequately whereby 57% of the population was female whereas the rest 43% was
male. Hence, the opinions given in the results can be understood to be divided equally and there
does not exist any biasness with respect to the responses received from the genders.

SOCIOLOGY 53
Figure 3
The given figure elaborates on the age of the sample distribution. With respect to this, it
can be rightfully understood that, 38% of the sample size belonged to the age group between 26
to 30 years of age. Additionally the rest majority was the 34% of the population which belonged
to the age group 21 to 25 years. Hence, from this, it can be understood that, a majority of the
population can be understood to be young and belongs the University crowd itself.

SOCIOLOGY 54
Figure 4
The given table provides the information about the Educational level of the sample
population. From the figure it can be rightfully understood that, 56% of the sample population
belongs to the Post Graduate crowd whereas the rest 44% belongs to the Bachelors crowd. In line
of this, the entire sample population can be understood to be divided amongst educated
individuals.

SOCIOLOGY 55
Figure 5
The given figure provides adequate details about the year of study of the sample
population. From the figure it can be rightfully understood that, 32% of the population belongs to
the 4th year of operation whereas only 9% belongs to the last year of the operations. In line of
this, the majority of the sample should have belonged to the last year of study which would have
been more appropriate for the entrepreneurial intention study.
4.3 Inferential Statistics
Having discussed the descriptive of the study and their related views in regard to the
particular domain, the given study will be focusing on the use of the Statistical tools. The
different statistical tools which will be made use of can be understood to be the Regression
Analysis. The Regression Analysis is usually made use of in order to understand the overall
impact of Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable. Hence, in line of this, the given

SOCIOLOGY 56
study will find the overall impact of the Current and Childhood economic status and the
University Support on the Entrepreneurial intention of the different students as present. The
correlation analysis has been taken with three variables, Entrepreneurship Intention, Current
Economic status and the Childhood economic status.
4.4 Correlation Analysis
Correlations
EntIntentio
n
PresentEcost
atus
ChildhoodEc
ostatus
EntIntention Pearson
Correlation
1 .206* .421**
Sig. (2-tailed) .040 .000
N 100 100 100
PresentEcostatus Pearson
Correlation
.206* 1 .453**
Sig. (2-tailed) .040 .000
N 100 100 100
ChildhoodEcostatu
s
Pearson
Correlation
.421** .453** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000
N 100 100 100
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 2
From the given analysis, it can be rightfully understood that, the correlation between the
Childhood economic status and the Entrepreneurship can be stated to be 0.421 which is positive
and moderate. Additionally the correlation between present economic status and the Childhood
economic status can be understood to be 0.453 which is moderate and positive.

SOCIOLOGY 57
4.5 Regression Analysis
The Regression Analysis can be understood to be a quantitative research method which
generally tends to make use of the modelling technique and analysis of the different variables as
present also tends to take place. Additionally, the particular test can be considered to be
applicable when the researcher is bound to find the impact of the Independent Variable on
Dependent variables. The relationship between the different variables can be determined with the
help of the tool (Astin and Denson 2009). The regression not only is used to test whether the two
variables or more than two variables have any relationship with one another but the nature of the
relationship can also be determined with the help of the Statistical too. In the given domain of
study, the Regression Analysis was undertaken with the help of the SPSS tool as software and
the results have been critically analysed by making use of the theory as present.
As four sets of hypothesis have to be tested, the Regression Analysis will conduct the test as
following:
 Impact of childhood Socio economic status on Entrepreneur Intention
 Impact of Present Socio economic status on Entrepreneur Intention
 Impact of childhood Socio economic status on Entrepreneur Intention-with moderator
 Impact of Present Socio economic status on Entrepreneur Intention- with moderator

SOCIOLOGY 58
Control Variables
Model
1
Model
2
Model
3
Model
4
Model
5
Model
6
Gender 0.077 0.119 -0.110 -0.083 -0.086 -0.076
Education 0.103 0.075 0.075 0.085 0.082 0.084
Year of Study 0.142 0.107 0.107 0.098 0.091 0.086
Age 0.056 0.051 0.002 -0.007 -0.006 -0.014
Have you ever seriously considered becoming an
entrepreneur
-1.448 -1.393 -1.388 -1.413 -1.407 -1.325
Direct Effects
Present economic status 0.098 -0.074 -0.092 -0.005 -0.293
Childhood economic status 0.383 0.385 0.383 0.903
University support 0.076 0.144 0.402
Moderator
Present economic status * University support -0.027 0.057
Childhood economic status* University support -0.152
Model Fit
F value 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.001 0.002
R2 0.263 0.274 0.393 0.4 0.401 0.42
Delta R2 0.224 0.228 0.347 0.347 0.342 0.355
Table 3
4.6 Impact of controlled variables on Entrepreneur Intention
From the given table, it can be understood that as the F-value of the Model 1 is less than
0.05, the model can be understood to be significant and hence, from this aspect it can be
understood that the controlled variables like the Age, Year of study, Gender, their thought of
becoming an entrepreneur and the Education does have a significant impact on the
Entrepreneurship Intention. The explaining power is 26%

SOCIOLOGY 59
4.7 Impact of Present Economic status on Entrepreneur Intention
From the Table, it can be understood that as the F value of the second Model is less than
0.05, the model is significant and with the help of this, it can be concluded that the Controlled
variables like Age, Year of study, Gender, their thought of becoming an entrepreneur and the
Education along with the Current economic status has significant impact on the Entrepreneurship
Intention. The explaining power is 27%
4.8 Impact of Childhood Economic status on Entrepreneur Intention
The table reflects an F value of 0.004 which is more than 0.05 hence, reflects that the
model 3 is significant in nature. In line of this, it is understood that the Controlled variables
along with the Present and the Childhood Economic Status have a significant impact on the
Entrepreneurship of the individual and from this, it can be mentioned that, this model explains
the value of the Entrepreneurship Intention by 39%.
4.9 Impact of University Support on Entrepreneur Intention
From the Model 4 of the given table, it can be rightfully understood that the F value is
less than 0.05 at 0.007 hence, the model is significant and University support along with Present
economic status, childhood economic status and the controlled variables have significant impact
on the Entrepreneurship Intention and the explaining power of the model is 40%.
4.10 Impact of Present economic status on Entrepreneurship Intention- with Moderating
Variable
From the fifth model of the variable, it can be rightfully understood that, as the F value is
0.001 which is less than 0.05, the model is significant and the Present economic status along with
the Moderating variable which is taken as the University Support has a significant impact on the

SOCIOLOGY 60
Entrepreneurship Intention. This model explains the value of the Entrepreneurship Intention by
40%.
4.11 Impact of Current economic status on the Entrepreneurship Intention- With
moderating variable
The sixth model of the current table reflects that, as the F value is 0.002, the model is
significant and the Childhood economic status along with the Moderating Variable which is the
University Status has a significant impact on the Entrepreneurship Intention of the individuals.
Moreover, this model explains the Entrepreneurship intention by 42%.
4.12 Hypothesis Testing
(Referring to Table 3)
1. H1: Childhood SES on Entrepreneur Intention
As the F value is 0.004 which is less than 0.05, the Childhood SES can be understood to have
a strong impact on the Entrepreneurship Intention. Hence, null hypothesis is rejected and
alternate hypothesis has been accepted.
2. H2: Childhood SES on Entrepreneur Intention with Moderator (University Support)
As the F value as per Model 6 is 0.002, which is less than 0.05, it can be understood that the
impact of the childhood SES on the EI with the moderator is significant. Hence, null hypothesis
is rejected and alternate hypothesis has been accepted.
3. H3: Current SES on Entrepreneur Intention
As the F value is 0.005 as per Model 2, which is less than 0.05, the Current SES can be
understood to have significant impact on the Entrepreneurship Intention. Hence, null hypothesis
is rejected and alternate hypothesis has been accepted.

SOCIOLOGY 61
4. H4: Current SES on Entrepreneur Intention with Moderator (University Support)
As the F value is 0.001 as per Model 5, which is less than 0.05, the Current SES along with
the University Support can be understood to significant impact on the Entrepreneurship
Intention. Hence, null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis has been accepted.
4.13 Summary
Therefore, it can be understood that there exists a strong relationship between the
Childhood Socio economic status on the Entrepreneurship intention with or without the
moderator. Whereas, on the other hand, there exists a strong relationship between the Present
socio economic status on Entrepreneurship intention with or without the moderator of University
Support as well.

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Chapter 5 – Discussion
5.1 Discussion
The results of the research reveal first and foremost that the tendency to aspire for
entrepreneurship is high among the respondent population. More than eighty percent of the
respondent population revealed that they had thought of taking up entrepreneurship as a future
career which goes to show that the pursuit of entrepreneurship as a career option is thought of
highly among the respondent population (Afriyie and Boohene 2014). Only a miniscule portion
of the respondent population appeared not to be interested in career prospects offered by
entrepreneurship, with the thought of taking up a career in this field not having crossed their
minds at all.
A discrepancy is seen to exist in gender representation when it comes to the respondent
population as is evident from the results of the research, if only a small one. Approximately, 57
percent of the respondent population is female while the remaining members of the respondent
population are male. In connection to the discussion by Saeed et al. (2015), this also goes onto
show that women are greatly interested in the idea of entrepreneurship as a career and the
thought of becoming an entrepreneur someday has definitely crossed their minds, while for men,
the prospect of becoming an entrepreneur someday is not something that is too appealing and it
is therefore not something that has crossed their minds.
Most of the respondent population appear to belong the University circuit and are
youthful people, falling in the age group of twenty one to twenty five years. What the results
reveal in this respect is that entrepreneurship as a professional goal or a career option is

SOCIOLOGY 63
something that people begin to think of from a very early stage in life. Linking the analysis by
Karimi et al. (2016), it is a career goal that people have aspirations towards right from the time
that they enroll for an undergraduate degree course. It is a profession that appeals to their career
interests from very early on in life.
The results of the research also reveal the fact that the respondent population is very well
educated. Majority of the respondent population comprises of people who hold post graduate
degrees while the remaining part of the respondent population is made up of people who have
bachelor’s degree. Hence connection to the study by Liñán and Fayolle (2015), all of the
members of the respondent population are educated enough and it appears that entrepreneurship
as a career goal is something that people start to think about seriously when they enter the post
graduate level of study more so than when they happen to be at the graduate level.
What is evident from the research results is that most of the respondent population
belongs to the first year of study while only a small segment of the respondent population
belongs to the final year of study. This appears to be rather disadvantageous from the point of
view of analysis and interpretation but what can be inferred is that most of the respondent
population begins to think about entrepreneurship as a career goal right from the first year of the
study, rather than waiting till the final year of graduation in order to do so (Pfeifer, Šarlija and
Zekić Sušac 2016).
When it comes to the inferential statistics of the research results that have been arrived at
through the use of regression analysis, what can be discerned is that a positive and moderate
relationship exists between entrepreneurship and childhood economic status. A positive and
moderate relationship is found to exist also between childhood economic status and the current
economic status correlating to the research study by Sánchez (2011). What can be concluded

SOCIOLOGY 64
from such a revelation is the fact that the respondent population is economically content with
where they are in life and are not deprived or in dire straits with regard to finances, hence it is
not the lack or absence of money which is motivating the majority of the respondent population
to think of entrepreneurship as a serious career option.
The results of the regression analysis that have been carried out for the quantitative data
derived from the survey shows that significant impact is exercised on entrepreneurial intentions
by the controlled variables which have been used in the research study. These controlled
variables are age, gender, education, year of study and thoughts of becoming an entrepreneur. All
of the controlled variables which were included in the research process are those that have a
prominent role to play in getting a person to think of entrepreneurship as a professional career, or
rather, a career that one should aim for. In connection to the research analysis by Falck and
Woessmann (2011) , the explaining power is this respect stands at twenty six percent, as has
been revealed through the results of the regression analysis that was carried out using the
controlled variables of the study. In connection to the analysis by Lindquist, Sol and Van Praag
(2015), the age group of the respondent population, primarily the age group of twenty one to
twenty five years, the gender of the respondent population, primarily female and the education or
year of study, that is primarily people who are in the first year of their degree courses or
university education and who are pursuing post graduate study, are people who are inclined
towards a career in the domain of entrepreneurship .
The specific impact that is exerted by childhood economic status on entrepreneurial
intentions is seen to be rather significant. The same can be said regarding the present economic
status. Members of the respondent population, who have expressed their interest in taking up
entrepreneurship as a career, are individuals who are content with their economic status and are

SOCIOLOGY 65
not hard up for finances. As mentioned by Dohse and Walter (2012), the above positive and
moderate relationships is seen to exist between childhood economic status, present economic
status and entrepreneurial aims, thus demonstrating the fact that entrepreneurship is a career that
is being envisaged or thought of by graduate students who are economically well positioned and
who have not gone through the childhood trauma of hardships. It is not the absence or the lack of
money that is motivating such individuals to take up a job in the domain of entrepreneurship
(Walter, Parboteeah and Walter 2013). The economic status or position of the members of the
respondent population is stable and moderate and this in turn has a significant impact in
influencing students towards a career in the domain of entrepreneurship.
It is again show through the results of the regression analysis that University education
and the support that is provided through the medium and infrastructure of University education
has a positive and moderate impact on members of the respondent population who have shown
an inclination towards entrepreneurial ambitions. Connecting the analysis by Han et al.
(2014),most of the members of the respondent population who expressed their interest in
pursuing a career in entrepreneurship upon graduation, are students who are in the age group of
twenty one and twenty five and who enrolled undergraduate or postgraduate degrees of study.
Hence the type of education that they are pursuing at the University level and the exposure that
such students happen to receive as a result of receiving a university education all contribute
towards fostering the desire to become an entrepreneur someday. It is clear that what the students
are learning in the classroom and the ambience that they are exposed to within the university set
up are exerting a positive influence on them as far as fostering entrepreneurial ambitions is
concerned (Liñán and Fayolle 2015). Their faculty members and their course content in addition

SOCIOLOGY 66
to their friends and associates are all seen to have a positive impact on getting them to think
seriously about a career in entrepreneurship.
Furthermore the results of the regression analysis show that current economic status and
present economic status have a vital role to play in getting members of the respondent population
to think positively about a career in entrepreneurship. While it has been demonstrated well
enough in the discussion that has ensued above that childhood economic status has a moderate
and positive impact on fostering entrepreneurial aspirations in most of the respondent population,
the same can be said to be true regarding the present economic status of the respondent
population and or the current economic status of the respondent population as per the illustration
by (Vanevenhoven and Liguori 2013). The current economic position of the majority of the
respondent population is stable and secure and such an economic position has a contribution to
make when it comes to getting them to think along the lines of an entrepreneurial career once
they graduate from their studies at University. It is seen clearly through the results of the
regression analysis that the security and the material comforts that are enjoyed by the members
of the respondent population who have expressed an interest in the career of entrepreneurship
have some significant influence on getting them to think in this way. It is natural to understand
that people who are already financially secure and who want to acquire greater profit down the
line, would want to pursue the career of entrepreneurship in spite of the many risks that are
associated with this line of career. Connecting the analysis by Gofen and Blomqvist (2014), it is
understandable that these individual want to expand on their earnings and wish to accumulate
profit as they are already used to a comfortable desire and consequently now have a hunger for
the acquisition of greater profit rather than simply being content with what they have at the
moment, something that is made possible by pursuing a career in entrepreneurship.

SOCIOLOGY 67
5.2 Recommendations
In order to facilitate the career development or boost the aspirations of the respondent population
that has expressed an interested in pursuing entrepreneurship as a profession, the following
recommendations need to be taken into consideration
 To begin with the University needs to provide its students with concrete exposure to
workshops and programs on the subject of entrepreneurship so that students who are
interested in taking up entrepreneurship as a career get to know about the knowledge and
the expertise that they need to acquire in order to enter this profession someday (Bae et
al. 2014).
 Secondly, it is necessary for the University to make sure that those who are brought to
conduct such workshops and training programs for students are people who are well
established experts in the domain of entrepreneurship and who have the skills and the
experience that is needed to conduct such workshops in the first place (Boh, De-Haan and
Strom 2016). Preference should be given to inviting experts who have international
experience, who run operations in not one but several parts of the world and who can
give the students at the university who attend such workshops the right guidance with
which to pursue their career interests.
 Special guidance as well as facilities should be provided to women at the University who
are interested in pursuing entrepreneurship as a career as in doing so, the University will
be promoting women’s empowerment (Barba-Sánchez and Atienza-Sahuquillo 2018).
The university certainly needs to play an active role in making sure that women have
equal opportunities to attend the training programs and workshops that are carried out by
experts on the subject of entrepreneurship so that they can use such platforms to make the

SOCIOLOGY 68
right contacts and do whatever else is needed in order to give a kick-start to their
entrepreneurship ambitions or interests.
 In addition to exposing the students at the university to workshop and training programs,
the fact that the results of the research show that University support goes a long way in
getting students to think of a career in entrepreneurship implies that the University has to
be more active in boosting this (Dimov 2017). The University needs to tie up for example
with prominent business institutions that will offer placement opportunities to students as
soon as they graduate and which will be aligned with their career interests of being
entrepreneurs someday. In this way, students will have the scope of possibly turning their
dreams and their aspirations into reality.
 The students who have expressed an interest in entrepreneurship as a career also need to
be encouraged in being proactive about their career interests (Akanbi 2013). They need to
be made to understand by their faculty members that while thinking about and dreaming
about entrepreneurship as a career is good, to make this a reality implies that a lot of hard
work must be engaged in (Nasiru, Keat and Bhatti 2015). Students have to be taught
about how they can be proactive in this respect, by applying for internships, educating
themselves more on the subject and also training themselves in leadership skills.
 Opportunities also need to be made available by the University in encouraging students
who are from the not so stable economic backgrounds to think of entrepreneurship as a
career. It is not imperative for a person to be rich or to be secure financially in order to
have a right or a desire to pursue entrepreneurship as a career (Gofen and Blomqvist
2014). Hence the University needs to play an active role in getting the poorer or less

SOCIOLOGY 69
economically fortunate students at the University to think about a career in the domain of
entrepreneurship and not just keep this restricted to being a privilege of the elite alone.
 In addition to holding workshops and training programs on the subject of
entrepreneurship and getting experts to conduct such training programs, efforts also need
to be made by the University to provide students who are interested in pursuing
entrepreneurship as a career to gain some hands on training or experience in this matter
(Rauth Bhardwaj 2014). Students who are provided with opportunities to gain hands on
training experience will be better positioned to pursue a career in the domain of
entrepreneurship compared to students who are not exposed to any practical experience in
this respect, at all.
 Entrepreneurship as a career is something that can be encouraged among students if they
are taught to be innovative and creative in the classroom. The results of the research go
onto reveal that majority of the respondent students who are interested in taking up
entrepreneurship as a career are students who are enrolled in graduate and post graduate
courses (Remeikiene, Startiene and Dumciuviene 2013). The university should take upon
itself the responsibility of encouraging students to be innovative and to think outside the
box and be as creative as possible as this will really help them in the act of pursuing
entrepreneurship as a career (Boh, De-Haan and Strom 2016).
 The interest that has been expressed in the career of entrepreneurship by the vast majority
of the respondent population goes to show that risk taking abilities could perhaps be quite
high among the students at the university. The career of entrepreneurship is all about risk
taking and setting up projects that one would never have envisaged before (Iglesias-
Sánchez et al. 2016). The university needs to keep careful watch over such students and

SOCIOLOGY 70
make sure that the risk taking tendencies if any among such students is something that
needs to be channelled in a positive direction as it could take students down the path of
self-destruction.
 The students who have expressed a career in entrepreneurship should be encouraged to
apply for leadership positions within the University set up. They need to be encouraged
in every way possible by the University administration as also by their faculty members
to hone their leadership skills in the best possible way (Mortan et al. (2014). By giving
the students an opportunity to express their leadership abilities and giving them the scope
to hone such abilities, by applying for leadership posts in the University campus, students
shall get the direct opportunity to prove to themselves and others around them how good
exactly, they could be at a career in entrepreneurship given how significantly important a
role leadership plays in the act of entrepreneurship.

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Chapter 6 - Conclusion
6.1 Limitations and future research suggestion
This particular research study highlighted that the entrepreneurial intentions among the
undergraduate students are not born but rather is developed through variables such as
socioeconomic status and the support by the University of Study. The discussion that is put forth
does not actually intend to avoid and reject the idea of the born entrepreneurs. The research study
speculated that the education and training provided by the university regarding entrepreneurship
is more effective over born entrepreneurs rather than developed or made entrepreneurs. The
future research study needs to be developed and designed for controlling for the university
students belonging from a business background and also the gender for effectively evaluating the
effect of entrepreneurship education. Future research can also investigate the moderating impact
of the experience of the family business and the gender for the connection among the intention of
entrepreneurship and education and training related to entrepreneurship.
The current or the present study is limited to only one country, and the majority proportion of the
students belong from the first year of the university course. The future research studies should
consider taking different explanatory variables that are students from the final year of university
of passed out students which will help the researcher to identify the proper and real intentions of
the students after passing out university. Incongruent to the topic, another limitation of the
research study is that the current study only included undergraduate students from one university
and hence the results and the outcomes are therefore not generalizable. There lies a chance or
high possibility that results might have been significantly different in case the sample size of the
study included students from other universities and students from a final year or postgraduate

SOCIOLOGY 72
courses or directly other courses though this particular study investigates the selected factors that
are personal and furthermore does not necessarily downplay the essential influence of some of
the different environmental and individual variables over the intentions of entrepreneurship.
The context of entrepreneurship has generally been found in all the professions in the current
decade. It will thus be fascinating for future research for investigating the other students
belonging from other universities and other course modules, specifically students who are
studying medicine, engineering or bioscience. This will help in comparison and analysis of the
intentions for developing and starting a business together with the environmental variables over
the entrepreneurial intentions.
6.2 Conclusion and Summary
The context of entrepreneurship is the satisfying, viable, valued and rewarding option of
the career for the upcoming graduates.
Entrepreneurial intent refers to the choice a person has not made in the present but
perhaps in the immediate future, often after many years and in the majority of cases at the end of
their studies. However, several entrepreneurship studies, as discussed in the literature review, has
created models that combine the intention to implement, in future, a particular course of action.
Most contributions as per the various literature focus on the notion of entrepreneurial purpose,
perhaps even a person's self-confirmation that they intend to establish and plan to build a new
company enterprise at some point along the way. The study furthermore highlights the role of the
intentions as the alternative to the theories that have been using the personality traits and the
demographics for the explanation of the emergence of the entrepreneurial behaviour of an
individual. The education that is offered by the university tends to affect and influence mostly
the career selection of the pupils within, and the university can be seen as the potential source

SOCIOLOGY 73
regarding the future entrepreneurs. In the current day, most of the universities have been
spending most of the significant amount of money for designing a viable education for the
entrepreneurship studies for their students. Universities are a vital source of assistance for young
entrepreneurs as well as family and financial institutions. As mentioned in the research study a
positive and moderate relationships is seen to exist between childhood economic status, present
economic situation and entrepreneurial aims, thus demonstrating the fact that entrepreneurship is
a career that is being envisaged or thought of by graduate students who are economically well-
positioned and who have not gone through the childhood trauma of hardships. It is not the
absence or the lack of money that is motivating such individuals to take up a job in the domain of
entrepreneurship. The research study found the connection how the characteristics of the
universities directly contribute towards the growth of the student regarding their entrepreneurial
intentions for starting a business. The findings of the research study agree that colleges and
colleges are main players in fostering entrepreneurship as academic institutions are ideal for
influencing entrepreneurial cultures and ambitions among the learners while learning to survive
in the solid company environment of today.
The results from the analysis and the discussion section of the research study revealed some of
the significant predictors of the entrepreneurial intentions. The first and the major factor that has
been found in the educational support by the institutions indicating the support from the
environment of the University of the Students. As per the analysis and the data collected,
university providing inspiration and adequate knowledge and the training programs to the
students in the field of entrepreneurship induces the chance of choosing the entrepreneur path of
the career among the young generation. The results of the study confirm the major role of
education towards the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Hence as per the current

SOCIOLOGY 74
research study, it can be illustrated that the intentions of entrepreneurship can be induced and
fostered due to the result of the process of learning. The result derived from the research study is
interesting from both the theoretical viewpoint and the policymakers and educators perspective.
It is thus recommended to design more of the effective policies of education in the era of the
rising importance of entrepreneurial activities. Though there lie none of the consensuses
regarding the structure and the content of the education-related to entrepreneurship, the findings
from the current research study highlighted the recommended how universities need to
encourage the formation of the creative and innovative ideas for walking through the path of
entrepreneurship and encourage in the development of innovative ideas and skills of
entrepreneurship. But the strength, together with the link among the entrepreneurial intentions
and educational support, was directly not impacted by the self-confidence level. Another factor
that came in light has been the impact of the socio-economic status and the powers of the
structural and educational supports. As per the current research study, educational support has
been perceived to be more essential and important than structural support. The regression
analysis of the research study illustrated an existence of positive correlation among the
dependent variables that are the socio-economic status like the socio-economic status of the
student and the independent variable that is the entrepreneurial intentions among the graduate
students of the university. The existence of the positive connection and relation supplements the
research study findings positioning the socio-economic factors that impact the employment rate,
starting up a business and the productive structures. Future studies might also include the
possibility of research by the collection of the data from the public universities of the country for
interpreting the differences that lie among the public and the private universities. Studies might
also include the possibility to collect information from overseas students or students belonging

SOCIOLOGY 75
from foreign universities. Another essential factor that emerged important in the findings of the
research study in the context of structural support. As per the discussion of the study, it is
obvious that the fostering of the entrepreneurial intentions requires much of the comprehensive
support that furthermore includes the collaboration of all the sectors of the current society. The
hypothesis test of the research study confirmed that respondents of the research who were self-
confident in nature perceive the structural supports, which is more favourable as compared to the
other participants. The structural conditions are similar for each and everyone residing in a
similar context; only the factors such as the behaviours, the intentions and the perceptions might
vary. Hence the factor of structural support for the intentions of entrepreneurship is very much
significant for stimulating people for becoming an entrepreneur. The final factor that has been
deduced from the above study is the impact of the perceived relational support. The result
deducted from the section of the analysis that intentions of entrepreneurship are not associated
with the current dimensions. Finally, it can also be summarized that for encouraging more female
students from undergraduate courses of the university and females from the first year for
choosing the career path of entrepreneurship, there is a need for more research for empirically
verifying the rate of the gender specified obstacles and the highlighted ways for overcoming
them. This approach is essential, not only for the academicians but also for the public
policymakers and academicians for facilitating entrepreneurship career path for women in the
country.

SOCIOLOGY 76

SOCIOLOGY 77
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Appendix
Table 2
Model Summary
Model R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1 .421a .177 .169 .99282
a. Predictors: (Constant), ChildhoodEcostatus
Table 4
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 2.942 .283 10.405 .000
ChildhoodEcostatus .395 .086 .421 4.598 .000
a. Dependent Variable: EntIntention
Table 6
Model Summary

SOCIOLOGY 90
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .206a .042 .033 1.07124
a. Predictors: (Constant), PresentEcostatus