Functioning and Detection of Solar Panels

This report discusses the importance of solar energy as an alternate energy source and the need for monitoring and fault detection methods for photovoltaic arrays. It includes a literature review, solar panel model, short circuit and open circuit equations, and the size of the array. The report also highlights the challenges faced in the implementation of solar energy and the use of IoT for monitoring and controlling solar panels.

Functioning and Detection of solar panels
Project Guide: Dr. Hamid Abdi
Student name: Vipul Kumar Mulkalapally
Student ID: 217244955
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Contents
1. Introduction:..............................................................................................................................4
2. Project Aim and Objective:.........................................................................................................5
1.1. Problem summary..............................................................................................................6
1.2. Research Strategy...............................................................................................................6
1.3. Solar Panel Model:.............................................................................................................6
1.4. Short circuit and open circuit equations:..........................................................................10
1.5. Size of Array:....................................................................................................................10
3. Literature Review.....................................................................................................................10
4. Detailed Methodology..............................................................................................................12
References........................................................................................................................................18
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Figure 1 Solar movement summer and winter...................................................................................4
Figure 2 Solar cell modeling...............................................................................................................6
Figure 3 I-V characteristics.................................................................................................................7
Figure 4 Accurate PV modeling..........................................................................................................8
Figure 5 Loss spots of PV..................................................................................................................14
Figure 6 Machine learning basic flow chart......................................................................................15
Figure 7 Sensor and meters of Photovoltaic plant………………………………………………………………………..17
Figure 8 Project Gantt chart.............................................................................................................16
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1. Introduction:
As per the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) solar installed capacity
worldwide is around 23 GW in 2018 which is 8 times higher from 2014, looking at the
figures the implementation and success of solar are the highest amount other existing
renewable energy sources. [1]. With the increase in population and the use of fuels as
primary energy source is increasing which add up the air pollution due to burning of fossil
fuel such as coal, and other, which increase the green house effect and global warming, the
use of such fuels needs to be minimized using alternate energy sources such as
photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell, tidal, geothermal, biogas, electric vehicles etc. Another issue
with fossil fuel is depleting at fast rate, conservation is needed to save or utilize such fuels
in important task or processes. The readily and easily available source is solar energy which
can be utilize in many applications using small setups such as solar collector for cooking
purpose, solar base water tube for water heating, use of solar for vehicles and solar panels
for electricity. However, the efficiency and the conversion rate is low for electricity use.
Small residential home requires to setup panel of at least 2kW for all time use with back of
battery which increase the overall cost of setup of solar for home use. One of the reasons
for least acceptance of solar is high cost of installation and maintenance requirement, how
ever cost of maintenance is less.
Figure 1 Solar movement summer and winter
Shading is the big issue with the photovoltaic system, it ultimately decreases the efficiency
and performance of the array and may also cause damage to arrays. Whenever subjected to
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shades the current would go to lower value. So basic construction is in such a way if one of
the arrays subjected to shades and all the cells carrying the same amount of current due to
shading on one array entire string will have reduced current at the same time power rating
also get reduced. Some types of shading are avoidable while other are natural like clouds,
and change in position of the sun in winter and summer need to change the panel direction
or angle.
In this report literature survey is carried out on use of solar and fault detection methods for
industrial and solar plants. After performing literature review research gaps and research
objective were finalized.
2. Project Aim and Objective:
The report aim is to find the characteristic and function of the photovoltaic panels, there
behavior under different types of faults, monitoring and the detection of faults which are
subjected in photovoltaic arrays.
2.1 Problem summary
The whole study of the project is focused on monitoring of photovoltaic panel it is very
important to understand and target the project on the monitoring and fault detection
methods of photovoltaic array. Since solar energy readily come from solar though efficient
and effective method is needed to collect and concentrate the energy at one place. The use
of solar minimize the pollution and other issues compared to the other fossil fuel base
technology. Solar panels are place on rooftop or the ground surface area where the solar
energy is available without any shadow. Most of area around the world has the availability
of solar for average 8-10 hours and during peak time sufficient energy is available to cater
the load and also to store the energy in the form of battery backup for later use. In its place
on rooftop the panels are less its easy to analyze the panel faults by visual inspection
method, by checking the hot spots, wiring connections, fuses, charge controller faults, and
inverter faults. But for large size of solar plants of capacity in terms of kW to MW it
becomes very difficult to analyze the faults using visual inspection method, in such case
aerial thermal imaging, drone technology, data base analysis etc. are the feasible solution.
2.2 Research Strategy
The use of data for the primary analysis is very important, research here conducted is initial
stage based on existing literature, realistic data, and analysis of data. It is broadly classified
5

as qualitative research and quantitative research,
2.3 Solar Panel Model:
The model is derived from the mechanism of its working in energy conversion mode and
various parameter need to be considered while making an electrical equivalent model of the
photovoltaic cells. The figure below shows the equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic system
Figure 2 Solar cell modeling
It consists of nonlinear equation and the current quantity the equation in terms of voltage
can be given as
I =I ph−I o (e
V +I Rs
Vt −1 )
and
V t =V +I Rs
Vt
Where:
T is the junction temperature unit is K
V is the PV terminal voltage unit is V
k is the Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38×10−23 (J/K)
I is the PV cell terminal current unit is A
Vt – PV cell thermal voltage (V)
If – photocurrent (A)
Io – dark saturation current (A)
Rs – cell series resistance (Ω)
A is the p-n junction ideality factor
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q is the electronic charge = 1.6×10−19 (C)
Figure 3 I-V characteristics
The blue line is the I(V) characteristic and the red line shows the power characteristic.
Maximum power is achieved at MPP point at that time array produces the upper limit of
output power and the condition can be given as
dP
dV =0
The current and voltage also given aas
I mp=I ph−I0 ( e
V mp + Imp R s
Vt −1 )
The array which is subjected to constant irradiance shows unique point rather than the
photovoltaic array which is subjected to shading, it shows multiple MPP.
The fill factor for that is given as
FF=V mp I mp
V sc I sc
The efficiency of the array given as
η=V mp I mp
P¿
The more conscious and accurate model of PV cell can be given as below figure
7

Figure 4 Accurate PV modeling
The practical solar cell is not ideal so its modeled with shunt resistance with series
component, now the current equation can be written as
I =I L−I D −Ish
Where I, is nothing but the output current, I Lgenerated current due to photons, I D is current
through diode anthe d lastly I sh is the shunt current.
The value of the current is controlled by voltage available across them and given as
V j ¿ V +IRS
Where V j is volta age between resistor and diode, V- output voltage I is output current and
Rs is the value of series resistance.
By writing the equation of Shockley diode and the current which taken the path of the
diode is given as
I D =I 0 {e ( V j
Rsh ) −1 }
Where I 0is the saturation current in reverse, n- diode factor, T is absolute temperature, k-
Boltzmann’s constant, q-elementary charge.
Again value of shunt current is given as
I sh=( V j
Rsh )
Substitute all the values of current into to initial current equation
I =I L−I 0 {exp ( V +IRs
nV T )−1
}−V +IRs
Rsh
Since Rs is not 0, so the equation is solved by Lambert W function
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I =(I ¿¿ L+I 0 )−V /Rs
1+ Rs /Rsh
−n V T W
Rsh
¿ ¿
In the case when the value of Rsh infinite the result for V for any value of I is less than
IL+I0
Or it is solved for V using lambert W function and given as
V =( I ¿¿ L+I0 )Rsh−I ( Rsh+Rs )−nV T W ( I0 Rs
n V T
exp ( I L+ I 0−I ¿ Rsh¿¿ nV T ) )¿
In case of the value of Rsh is high best approach is to solve original equation.
2.4 Short circuit and open circuit equations:
When the array is not connected to other circuit means its open circuit and the currentis
I=0, the voltage available across the output terminal is the open circuit voltage given as
V oc= n KT
q ln ( I L
I 0
+1)
And in the case when the array is short circuited the voltage almost becomes zero and the
current is equal to the load current so it is I L ≅ I sc
2.5 Size of Array:
The size of array ultimately decides the output and the internal parameters of the
Photovoltaic panel. Like value of Rs, Rsh, IL, Io etc depends on size of PV. When the size of
cell is doubled the value of IL, Io also gets double which is holding a direct proportional
relationship. The equation for current density or we can say the current produced per unit
area is given as
J=J L−J 0 {exp ( q(V + IRs )
nKT )−1 }− V +JRs
rsh
3. Literature Review
According to Lysen and Halle, the utilization of solar based vitality is on the ascent around
the globe as analysts are always endeavoring to discover practical wellsprings of vitality
that won't just be eco-accommodating however will likewise not go away for a lot of time.
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With respect to the reasons, the specialists have expressed that the current wellsprings of
vitality incorporate coal, oil, oil, and others that have significant negative effects on nature.
This is primarily in light of the fact that the ignition of the petroleum derivatives makes a
tremendous measure of lethal gases that influences the adjacent creatures as well as the
general condition in general, causing an unnatural weather change. With the exponential
increment in the utilization of non-renewable energy sources broadly all through the planet,
the degree of contamination is likewise expanding step by step. Once more, the wellsprings
of these fills are restricted and are rapidly becoming scarce around the globe. It is normal
that inside the following couple of decades, the wellsprings of oil far and wide will become
scarce totally.
Kamat and Christians stated that the world needs another wellspring of vitality that won't
just be reasonable yet will likewise be close to boundlessness to be possible for use for a
huge time of future course of events. Besides, the wellspring of vitality will be to such an
extent that it won't bring on a contamination in the earth. solar powered vitality is thought
to be only that wellspring of vitality since there is relatively boundless measure of vitality
originating from the solar and won't become scarce at any point in the near future. Solar
based vitality additionally does not hurt the earth at all and does not require burning or
launch of poisonous gases.
Sahay, Sethi, Tiwari and Pandey discussed a portion of the principle hindrances of solar
powered vitality that have been the primary explanations for the absence of adequate use of
solar based vitality around the globe yet. The principle disadvantage identified with solar
based vitality is that there isn't any reasonable innovation for catching solar based vitality is
mass sums. Albeit solar based arrays have been created for catching solar based vitality
amid the daytime, they are as yet not ready to catch an adequate measure of vitality. With a
specific end goal to expand the proficiency in gathering of the solar oriented vitality and
accumulation of the vitality in appropriate scale, for the most part, a substantial number of
solar oriented arrays are introduced together and put in lines and sections. This outcomes in
taking a tremendous measure of room and furthermore unreasonable costs bringing about
the procedure regularly being not attainable. Another real issue of the solar powered vitality
is that it is just accessible amid the daytime and there is certifiably not a reasonable
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innovation accessible to store the solar based vitality for use amid the evening.
Zeng, Klabjan and Arinez stated that specialists have been attempting to build up a
controllable framework that will catch solar based vitality according to required just and
furthermore store the vitality for use amid the evening. Keeping in mind the end goal to
satisfy this prerequisite, IoT has been utilized for checking and controlling the solar based
arrays. IoT is additionally being utilized for the observing of the solar powered
photovoltaic cells that catch the daylight and utilizations it to create usable types of vitality
like power. With a specific end goal to catch expansive scale daylight for creation of
vitality, extensive scale photovoltaic cells are being introduced far and wide. Be that as it
may, since these cells and the solar based arrays take up a lot of room, they are for the most
part introduced in extremely remote and blocked off areas keeping in mind the end goal to
abstain from seizing up usable spaces. The burden of putting the cells in remote areas is
that they can't be controlled physically at the area effectively. Thus, IoT gadgets have been
produced that assistance to control and screen the working of the cells. These IoT gadgets
are worked with microchips and sensor circuits that are straightforwardly connected with
the photovoltaic cells and solar oriented arrays. Moreover, these IoT gadgets are remotely
associated with a remote checking gadget that can be utilized to identify solar oriented
vitality caught by the array/cell, working productivity of the array and others. Once more,
the remote gadget can be utilized to change the working of the arrays like lessening the
measure of vitality should have been caught, increment in the catching rate amid the season
of prerequisites and others.
Hu et al. has done experimental set up with keeping in mind the end goal to screen the
working of the IoT gadgets on the solar powered panels and photovoltaic cells. The test
setup incorporates the solar based array that will catch the solar energy-based vitality,
temperature sensors for breaking down the measure of solar based vitality caught by the
arrays, voltage transducers, microcontrollers (PIC18F46K22), GPRS module for
controlling the working of the IoT gadget, converters, and interfaces. Moreover, the
analysts have additionally utilized the assistance of PC programming like Matlab so as to
recreate the whole situation and mimic the outcomes likewise. In the application, the
creators built up a theoretical system display in which, the IoT gadgets are controlled from
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a remote area and are likewise associated with an online cloud database for different
reasons. The creators disclosed that the association with the database is primarily because
of various particular and imperative capacities as takes after.
4. Detailed Methodology
Design and Installing Solar Panels Layouts
• Surveying a roof usually requires companies to send out surveyors to gather manual
tape measurements, that which they have to clamber across rooftops for about 2 to 3
hours.
• To reduce the workload we are using drones that which are powered by 3D
mapping software like Drone Deploy that can reduce the design cycle of solar
energy projects by as much as 70%, and increase team productivity along the way.
• Drone captures measurements from the safety of the ground. Capable of flying close
to any site and deliver precise measurements consistently and helps surveyors to
generate accurate 3D models for further inspection.
4.1 Creating Valuable Deliverables
Various stakeholders are involved in solar plants such as owner of the solar plant
which may be private or government authority, field technicians, workers,
managers, and lastly the users of solar energy. It’s very important to optimize the
use of assets and maximize the profit to the all the stakeholder involved with the
project and lastly the overall energy cost to the users should be less.
4.2 Value of Thermal Imaging in PV System Inspections:
Aerial thermal imaging recognizes PV framework peculiarities from the inverter
(vast) level down to the string, module (array), and cell levels. At the point when
territories in the PV framework are damaged, the vitality from the solar isn't
changed over into electrical vitality, bringing about an expansion in temperature.
Also, changes in the surface properties of a module show as a distinction in
emissivity, which is identified with a warm camera. The aftereffects of flying warm
imaging illuminate resource administration and spare 2– 5 times the work cost in
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the field. Each and every module is breaking down, and site condition is
quantitatively followed after some time.
4.3 Planning Inspections
It is critical to know the motivation behind the PV framework review and
comprehend the level of detail a customer needs before information accumulation.
You ought to likewise verify whether there is satellite symbolism of the PV
framework; if not, plan on catching shading (RGB) pictures to for an orthostatic.
Regardless of whether there are satellite symbolism, shading (RGB) pictures
enhance the nature of the report. Make a point to take note of the module innovation
(e.g., polycrystalline, CeTe), wiring (e.g., number of modules per string), and other
relevant data.
4.4 Plant Monitoring
The most vital capacity of utilizing an association with the database is checking of
the plant that is required so as to guarantee the solar powered arrays are filling in as
required and anticipated. The IoT gadgets will screen the working of the arrays and
will promptly send data to the database at a consistent premise.
4.5 Maintenance Works
For support works, it is vital to decide the faults or issues the PV array are
confronting or whether upkeep is required basically as a result of the aging
structures. All the data can be resolved and found from the database in view of the
data sent by the appended IoT gadgets and reasonable moves can be taken
accordingly.
4.6 Data Analytics
Information investigation is the most critical capacity that is particularly essential
for this specific research. According to the analysts who built up this reasonable
structure, information can be gathered straightforwardly from the cloud database
that can be associated with the IoT gadgets. From this gathered information,
information investigation programming can be run and appropriate ends can
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become to in regards to the working of the solar-based arrays.
4.7 Fault Monitoring
The monitoring of faults needs to carried out on continuous or Realtime basis, use
of IoT devices, RTU, SCADA can be used for such task.
4.8 Fault Detection Methods
Fault detection is the very important part of the Photovoltaic operation and
maintenance routine. There are lots of fault detection method proposed by
researchers listed and briefly described below.
4.8.1 Model-based Method:
It’s the simplest method where the output power of the array is compared with the
reference or set value of power whenever some deviation occurs it gives an alarm or
information to the operator. Usually, link with a satellite system to know weather
condition.
4.8.2 Current-Voltage analysis:
In this method track of operation points of the Photovoltaic array is checked. By this
method, it is easy to find the type of fault whether its mismatch loss, reduced
voltage or current, shunt losses or series losses. In the figure below, various points
are shown.
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Figure 5 Loss spots of PV
4.8.3 Performance ratio method
This method is based on the normalizing the parameter of photovoltaic array, and
performance ratio is found using the equation given below
PR= Y f
Y r
Where the Yr is the reference and Yf is the final. And above performance ratio is a
dimensionless unit. Where Yf is the normalize AC energy output and given as
Y f = E
Po
( kWH
kW )
Where in case the Yr is the irradiance normalized factor and given as
Y r = H
GSTC
(hour)
4.8.4 Machine learning based methods:
Machine learning is the area of artificial intelligence where it automatically tracks
knowledge of the designed Photovoltaic system and its data are gathered at central
processor using supervised learning process. The amount of data varies and depends
on the system and its size and data collected also various types. Few are labeled data
15

and few unlabeled data. Using various ANN based technique data can be analyzed
and fault can be detected. Figure below, shows the basic flow chart of machine
learning techniques.
Figure 6 Machine learning basic flow chart
4.8.5 Statistical method:
Fault detection using the of the statistical method is by applying two method, one of
them is descriptive and other is informal statistical method. Covariance of the
parameters are determined. Using minimum covariance determinant (MCD) PV
module fault can be determined using robust distance calculation.
4.9 Research Gap:
The major fault detection techniques are covered in the previous section and according to a
study on fault detection methods, the very common and effective method is Aerial Thermal
imaging.
As per NREL, use of aerial thermal imaging method is effective for the detection of three
type of faults which are described below
 Module faults: module faults are detected whenever cells of the photovoltaic
array are subjected to diode failures, coating, fogging, shattered, junction box
heating or the dirty modules
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 String faults: String faults are detected whenever there is an issue with the
wiring by a technician, by mistake connection is of reverse polarity, cable
termination issues or the controller used for charging or may involve faults in
the inverter and the fuse links use at converter stages
 Racking and balance of system: racking and balancing of the photovoltaic
panel is a very important task and such faults are detected if the modules are
not mounted properly with proper angle and foundation.
4.10 Methodology
The monitoring of photovoltaic panel and its data from the sensor need to carried out on
a continuous basis. The output of panel generally available at day time during the
availability of sun light but during night time if sufficient battery backup is available
output power can be delivered to load side, end users or directly to the distribution grid.
Figure 7 Sensors and meter connection with photovoltaic plant
The above diagram shows the solar panel connected with the inverter in between an the
intermediate stage can be connected to Boost converter or charge controller. The output
of inverter connected to the solar generation meter which can be helpful to monitor
output power from solar and having data of voltage, current, power, and harmonics. In
17

the next stage, its synchronized to the grid where bidirectional meters are places to
measure power exchange between grid and household or solar plants. And the last stage
it delivered to end users. At each point, various sensors are placed and using controller
data are processed and delivered to mobiles or Data acquisition systems. Where an
operator can analyse the data and can take corresponding corrective actions.
4.11 Design:
 Design part include the simulation and hardware testing
 Initial stage is based on simulation of photovoltaic with Maximum power tracking
 In simulation fault is to be analyzed, various faults on panel and converters to be
analyzed.
 In next stage, case study is to be done for the realistic photovoltaic plant.
 The data gathered from the photovoltaic plant will be analysed based on statistical
data analysis technique.
5 Project Time line
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ID WBS Task
Mode
Task Name Duration Start Fi ni sh Predecessors Resource Names
0 0 Functioning and
Detecting of
Solar Panels
Research Project
101 days Mon
9/10/18
Mon
1/28/19
1 1 Project
Discussions and
Planning
11 days Mon
9/10/18
Mon
9/24/18
2 1.1 Topic Selection8 days Mon 9/10/18Wed 9/19/18
3 1.1.1 Analysis of
Choices of
Topics for
2 days Mon
9/10/18
Tue
9/11/18
Team Member
1,Team
Member4 1.1.2 Selection of
a Particular
Topic
1 day Wed
9/12/18
Wed
9/12/18
3 Team Member
1,Team
Member5 1.1.3 Initial
Analysis on
Scope of
2 days Thu
9/13/18
Fri 9/14/184 Team Member
1,Team
Member6 1.1.4 Analyzing
the
Feasibility
1 day Mon
9/17/18
Mon
9/17/18
5 Team Member
1,Team
Member7 1.1.5 Approval of
the
Selected
2 days Tue
9/18/18
Wed
9/19/18
6 Research
Supervisor
8 1.2 Send Research
Proposal to
Research
3 days Thu
9/20/18
Mon
9/24/18
7 Team Member
1,Team
Member9 1.3 Receive
Approval to
Proceed
0 days Mon
9/24/18
Mon
9/24/18
8 Research
Supervisor
10 2 Project Initiation 18 days Tue 9/25/18Thu 10/18/18
11 2.1 Develop Research Team3 days Tue 9/25/18Thu 9/27/189 Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
12 2.2 Develop a List
of All
Deliverables
in the Project
2 days Fri 9/28/18 Mon
10/1/18
11 Team Member
1,Team
Member
2,Team13 2.3 Allocate
Duties to Each
Team Member
of the
1 day Tue
10/2/18
Tue
10/2/18
12 Team Member
1,Team
Member
2,Team14 2.4 Start
Discussions
Regarding
Research
1 day Wed
10/3/18
Wed
10/3/18
13 Team Member
1,Team
Member
2,Team15 2.5 Prepare a
Research
Roadmap
3 days Thu
10/4/18
Mon
10/8/18
14 Team Member
1,Team
Member16 2.6 Selection of
Research
Methodology
for the Project
2 days Tue
10/9/18
Wed
10/10/18
15 Team Member
1,Team
Member
2,Team17 2.7 Development
of
Appropriate
Research
2 days Thu
10/11/18
Fri
10/12/18
16 Team Member
1,Team
Member
2,Team18 2.8 Send the Final
Research
Proposal to
the Supervisor
2 days Mon
10/15/18
Tue
10/16/18
17 Team Member
1,Team
Member
2,Team19 2.9 Appproval
from
Supervisor
1 day Wed
10/17/18
Wed
10/17/18
18 Research
Supervisor
20 2.10 Receive
Resources and
Funds from
Supervisor for
1 day Thu
10/18/18
Thu
10/18/18
19 Research
Supervisor
21 2.11 Proceed to
Research
Execution
0 days Thu
10/18/18
Thu
10/18/18
20 Team Member
1,Team
Member22 3 Project Execution64 days Fri 10/19/18Wed 1/16/19
23 3.1 Literature Review26 days Fri 10/19/18Fri 11/23/18
24 3.1.1 Get Access
to Online
Literary
Sources
2 days Fri
10/19/18
Mon
10/22/18
21 Team Member
1,Team
Member
2,Research25 3.1.2 Conduct
Extensive
Literature
15 days Tue
10/23/18
Mon
11/12/18
24 Team Member
1,Team
Member 226 3.1.3 Collect
Suffi cient
Insight on
5 days Tue
11/13/18
Mon
11/19/18
25 Team Member
1,Team
Member 227 3.1.4 Develop
the Base of
the
2 days Tue
11/20/18
Wed
11/21/18
26 Team Member
1,Team
Member 228 3.1.5 Propose
Research
Hypothesis
2 days Thu
11/22/18
Fri
11/23/18
27 Team Member
1,Team
Member 229 3.2 Start Working
on the
Research
19 days Mon
11/26/18
Thu
12/20/18
30 3.2.1 Conduct
Primary and
Secondary
10 days Mon
11/26/18
Fri 12/7/1828 Team Member
3,Team
Member 431 3.2.2 Conduct
Qualitative
Survey
Using
5 days Mon
12/10/18
Fri
12/14/18
30 Team Member
3,Team
Member 4
32 3.2.3 Collect Data from Survey2 days Mon 12/17/18Tue 12/18/1831 Team Member 3,Team Member 4
33 3.2.4 Collect Data
from
Primary and
Secondary
2 days Wed
12/19/18
Thu
12/20/18
32 Team Member
3,Team
Member 4
34 3.3 Data Analysis 12 days Fri 12/21/18Mon 1/7/19
35 3.3.1 Select
Specific
Data for
2 days Fri
12/21/18
Mon
12/24/18
33 Team Member
1,Team
Member36 3.3.2 Conduct
Qualitative
Data
5 days Tue
12/25/18
Mon
12/31/18
35 Team Member
1,Team
Member37 3.3.3 Verify the
Research
Hypothesis
5 days Tue 1/1/19 Mon
1/7/19
36 Team Member
1,Team
Member38 3.4 Answer
Research
Questions
2 days Tue 1/8/19 Wed
1/9/19
37 Team Member
1,Team
Member39 3.5 Develop Final
Research
Report
5 days Thu
1/10/19
Wed
1/16/19
38 Team Member
1,Team
Member40 3.6 Submit Research Report0 days Wed 1/16/19Wed 1/16/1939 Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
41 4 Project Closing 8 days Thu 1/17/19Mon 1/28/19
42 4.1 Review of
Entire
Research
4 days Thu
1/17/19
Tue
1/22/19
40 Research
Supervisor
43 4.2 Research Presentation1 day Wed 1/23/19Wed 1/23/1942 Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
44 4.3 Receive
Grading from
Supervisor
2 days Thu
1/24/19
Fri 1/25/1943 Research
Supervisor
45 4.4 Sign Off from
Team
Members
1 day Mon
1/28/19
Mon
1/28/19
44 Team Member
1,Team
Member46 4.5 Closing of the Research0 days Mon 1/28/19Mon 1/28/1945 Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Research Supervisor
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
9/24
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
Team Member 1,Team Member 2,Team Member 3,Team Member 4
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F T S W S T M F T S W S T M F
Aug 26, '18 Sep 23, '18 Oct 21, '18 Nov 18, '18 Dec 16, '18 Jan 13, '19 Feb 10, '19
Figure 8 Project Gantt chart
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5.1 Resource Requirements
To complete the study of the report and topic the main resources use are mention below
 Papers from IEEE, science direct and other international reputed journals
 Library and book materials
 Survey method
 Using electrical/electronic software tools
 And fund required for completing the research work
6 Response to Feedback
7 Conclusion
Photovoltaic is the best suitable solution towards the energy crisis and environmental
issues. Monitoring, control, and the fault detection are important and key practice need to
be done for proper operation and function of the photovoltaic system. There are lots of
techniques exist for monitoring and fault detection. Data recording and logging is an
important aspect of any method applied for photovoltaic fault detection. The growth of PV
utilization if double and size of the plant are too large with manual or technicians its
difficult to analyze using visual inspection or onsite monitoring, the best-suited solution is
using drone technology to analyze photovoltaic for operation and maintenance (O & M).
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