Solar Roof Design for Household Cooling and Heating - Project Proposal and Plan

This project proposal and plan discusses the design of a solar roof for household cooling and heating, including a literature review, research questions and objectives, theoretical content and methodology, experimental setup, and project planning.

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
(Solar Roof Design For Household Cooling And Heating)
Project Proposal and Plan
By ‘Author Name’
Affiliation (MSc Profile or Track) & Study no.
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note:

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
Executive Summary
Solar roof design mainly takes advantages of building sites, climate and lastly material which is
required for reducing the energy use. A proper design solar home helps in reducing heat and
cooling loads by the help of energy efficient strategies. It aims to meeting the reduced loads
which is part of the solar energy. There are some instances when the sunlight can strike the
building then it can transmit, reflect and the incoming solar radiation. Apart from this, the heat
generated by sun can easily result in air movement which can be analyzed in space for design.
There is some basic response to solar heat which is required for the design element, choice of
material and its placement. It can easily provide heating and cooling effect in a home.

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................4
2. State-of-the-art/Literature Review............................................................................................4
3. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals................................................................4
4. Theoretical Content/Methodology............................................................................................4
5. Experimental Set-up.................................................................................................................4
6. Results, Outcome and Relevance.............................................................................................5
7. Project Planning and Gantt Chart.............................................................................................5
8. Conclusions..............................................................................................................................5
9. References................................................................................................................................6

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
1. Introduction
Sunlight can easily provide given ample amount of heat, light and shade. It can easily
induce proper kind of ventilation into well design home (Lechner 2014). Passive solar design is
considered to be helpful in reducing heat and cooling for energy bills, increasing vitality and
lastly comfort. Flexible passive solar design principles can easily provide benefits which come
with low maintenance of risk over the life of the building (Cremers et al. 2015). There are many
ways which can be used for design or modifying the home for achieving comfort by Passive
cooling. It can be aimed for providing some hybrid approach for utilizing some of mechanical
cooling system. Some of the best passive cooling strategies in home are orientation, ventilation,
insulation and lastly thermal mass. Design of energy efficient solar building is totally based on
solar path, humidity, climate and last flow of wind. Passive design of solar helps in combination
of building features which are needed for reducing and eliminating the requirement for
mechanical cooling and heating (Kalkan and Dağtekin 2015). The design needs to be simple and
it does not require solar geometry, window technology and lastly local climate. In comparison to
active solar system, passive solar system is considered to be much simple and does not require
use of any mechanical and electrical device like fans and pumps.
In the coming pages of the report a literature review has been done on solar rooftop
design for household cooling and heating. After that various aims and objective of research has
been discussed in details. All the theoretical content of solar rooftop design has been discussed in
details. The last section of the report mainly deals with experimental setup, outcome, project
planning, and Gantt chart.

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
2. State-of-the-art/Literature Review
According to Sharifi and Yamagata (2015), the goal of the passive heating system is all
about capturing the sun heat within the elements of the building. The captured heat is released at
the absence of sun. Passive solar heating mainly falls under three categories that are direct gain,
isolated gain and lastly indirect gain. Direct gain is known to be solar radiation which can
penetrate and can be easily stored in the living space. Indirect gain is all collecting, storing and
distribution of solar radiation by making use of materials of thermal storage. Three methods of
heat transfer that is conduction, convection and last radiation can be used for heat transfer.
Isolated gain helps in collecting solar radiation in such a zone where it can be closed off or
opened up for rest of the system.
Fig 1: Solar Roof Design for Household Cooling and Heating
(Source: Dabaieh, Makhlouf and Hosny 2016)

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
According to Karimpour et al. (2015), the ultimate aim of solar heating system is all about
capture the heat of the sun in the provided building system elements. It aims in releasing heat at
the time of when there is absence of sun, along with keeping a comfortable temperature of room.
There are mainly two parts of passive solar heating of south facing house and thermal for
absorbing, storing and lastly heat distribution. There is large number of elements which are
needed for implementing these approaches like direct gain and indirect gain. Indirect gain, living
space is considered to be a solar collector, distribution system and lastly absorber of heat. Various
glass at south facing can easily check the fact that solar energy can easily enter the house where it
can strike the floor and walls. It can easily absorb and collect or store the solar heat which is
given out of the room at the time of night. The thermal materials are known to be dark in color
which is required for absorbing the heat. Thermal mass is very helpful in increasing the intensity
of heat at the time of day. Water which is contained in living space can be easily used for storing
heat. Direct design system makes use of 60-75% of the whole solar energy which strikes the
window. A direct gain system should work in proper way and the thermal mass should be
insulated from the given outside temperature. It is mainly done for preventing the collected heat
from any kind of dissipation. Heat loss is mainly encountered when the given thermal mass is in
proper contact with the ground.
According to Monghasemi and Vadiee (2017), In indirect gain, thermal mass is mainly
situated in between living space and sun. Thermal space can easily absorb the sunlight which is
strike and transferred to living space by the method of conduction. Indirect gain comes into
picture at it makes use of 30-45% of solar energy which will strikes the adjoining glass of the
given thermal mass. The indirect system is Trombe wall. Its thermal mass is considered to be 6-
18-inch masonry wall which is located behind the south-facing glass. It comes up with single and

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
double layer which is kept mounted on 1 inch or even less in the wall surface. Solar heat is
mainly absorbed dark color outside surface which is stored outside the wall mass. It can be easily
radiated into the living space (Chong et al. 2016). Solar heat can easily migrate through wall,
reaching the near surface in the given afternoon or even early evening.
3. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals
In order to improve the market, the share of the solar conversion in a direct way, building
integration is considered to be an important part (Dabaieh, Makhlouf and Hosny 2016). The
whole idea of building integration of solar energy does not come up with any kind of clear
definition. It is mainly required for understanding the motives, design criteria and various kind of
obstacles which is required for building integration. The following report is all about exploring
the current and upcoming technologies which are required for acceptance of solar energy in the
given environment.
Research question
 How does the research help in reducing waste?
 Does the research help in water conservation?
 How does the research help in reducing the production of greenhouse gases?
A list of recommendation of the future design and projects in the outcome of the first part.
The target group for a such a given result is architects who are interested in implementing solar
energy system in design of building.
The aim of this research is to develop a solar roof top design which can be used for
heating and cooling purpose.

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
4. Theoretical Content/Methodology
Study of integration of solar energy is needed for research on architecture which is a
complex character. Solar energy and the system has been integrated as a part of the socio-
technical system (Anvari-Moghaddam, Monsef and Rahimi-Kian 2015). The combined approach
is used in system theory which is needed for filling the gaps in between the given poles. System
theory is considered to be framework which is needed for architectural research. It is mainly used
for building connection with the man use and building experiences. System analysis is a well-
known system theory which is a choice of methodology for design challenge (Baljit, Chan and
Sopian 2016). A system approach between the studies helps in building proper relationship
between them.
5. Experimental Set-up
The experiment has been carried out by the help of five solar collectors which is tested
under various condition (Wu et al. 2017). It mainly helps in having a direct comparison of
collection performance. The output of thermal power of the given collector can be easily
calculated by understanding rate of flow and the change between outlet temperature and inlet.
Both the speed of wind and its radiation are calculated in plane of collector. There is
measurement of horizontal diffusion radiation which is also there (Halawa et al. 2018). A station
is there which can be for analyzing the wind speed and direction, pressure of barometric, proper
and ambient temperature and lastly humidity. Inlet temperature can be easily controlled by the
help of reversible chiller which is capable maintaining temperature with the range of +0.2 K to -
0.2 K.

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
The international standard is inclusive of test methods which are needed for thermal
performance characteristics (Qawasmeh et al. 2017). It is also applicable to various hybrid PVT
collector. While comparing heating application, efficiency for cooling curve which increases with
difference in temperature. The difference in temperature can be calculated between mean
temperature and ambient temperature. Heating case can be calculated due to higher wind speed
which results in better efficiency (Irshad et al. 2017). The temperature of transfer liquid is under
the given ambient temperature then the speed of wind negatively affects the overall efficiency.
So, the efficiency is considered to be higher or better for low wind speed because of the collector
can absorb in spite of losing it. Transfer of heat is much better if the winds are at much higher
speed. Cooling of transfer fluid is under the given temperature emphasize on the low collector
which is around 0.5 in all the cases (Fumo and Bortone 2016). As soon below the heating is
shielded collector which shows unexpected behavior. It mainly occurs due to low value of C3.
The cooling efficiency mainly drops which increases the given speed in much positive difference
in temperature. The crossing point is not considered to be zero at the given difference in
temperature.

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
Fig 1: Performance Curve for unshielded (left) and shielded (right) for heating application
(Source: Pisello, Piselli and Cotana 2015)
6. Results, Outcome and Relevance
Two different kinds of PVT collector design can be easily measured and analyzed by two
mounting solutions(Subramanian, Ramachandran and KUMAR 2017). A proper kind of curve is
plotted which comes up with varying speed of wind. Building integration solution can easily
influence the performance of collector which is around 20-30% of the given value. The result
highlighted the face shield can be easily used for heating and cooling application (Hassanien, Li
and Lin 2016). In the matter of heating efficiency can easily rises and same amount of heat loss
coefficient (C1) which can increase as a result of stack effect. It is used also used for cooling
purpose. The final thing which can be analyzed that better bonding is needed for absorbing the

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
PV modules (Eon, Morrison and Byrne 2018). It is concluded that PV module can improve the
efficiency of collector at both the ends that are cooling and heating.
Fig 2: Performance Curve for unshielded (left) and shielded (right) for heating application
(Source: Suárez et al. 2018)
7. Project Planning and Gantt Chart
WBS Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors
0
Solar Roof Design
for Household
Cooling and Heating
514 days Wed 17-01-
18
Mon 06-01-
20
1 Project initiation
phase 74 days Wed 17-01-
18 Mon 30-04-18
1.1 Development of
business case 25 days Wed 17-01-
18 Tue 20-02-18
1.2 Undertaking
feasibility study 30 days Wed 21-02-
18 Tue 03-04-18 2
1.3 Establishing project
charter 22 days Wed 21-02-
18 Thu 22-03-18 2

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
1.4 Team members
appointment 19 days Wed 04-04-
18 Mon 30-04-18 3
1.5
Milestone 1:
Completion of project
initiation phase
0 days Thu 22-03-
18 Thu 22-03-18 4
2 Planning phase 61 days Fri 23-03-18 Fri 15-06-18
2.1 Creating project
plan 17 days Tue 01-05-
18 Wed 23-05-18 5
2.2 Creating financial
plan 15 days Tue 01-05-
18 Mon 21-05-18 5
2.3 Developing resource
plan 13 days Fri 23-03-18 Tue 10-04-18 6
2.4 Creating quality
plan 17 days Thu 24-05-
18 Fri 15-06-18 8
2.5 Creating risk plan 19 days Tue 22-05-
18 Fri 15-06-18 9
2.6 Creating
procurement plan 20 days Wed 11-04-
18 Tue 08-05-18 10
2.7 Creation of
acceptance plan 19 days Wed 11-04-
18 Mon 07-05-18 10
2.8
Milestone 2:
Completion of planning
phase
0 days Fri 15-06-18 Fri 15-06-18 11
3 Site evaluation phase 93 days Mon 18-06-
18 Wed 24-10-18
3.1 Detailed land
survey 45 days Mon 18-06-
18 Fri 17-08-18 15
3.2 Hydrology and
floodplain mapping 40 days Mon 18-06-
18 Fri 10-08-18 15
3.3 understanding of
solar collectors 37 days Mon 20-08-
18 Tue 09-10-18 17
3.4
Development of
impoundments for well
drilling fluid
40 days Mon 13-08-
18 Fri 05-10-18 18
3.5 Placement of solar
monitoring equipment 48 days Mon 20-08-
18 Wed 24-10-18 17
3.6
Milestone 3:
Completion of site
evaluation phase
0 days Tue 09-10-
18 Tue 09-10-18 19
4 Construction phase 170 days Wed 10-10-
18 Tue 04-06-19
4.1 Preparation and use
of materials 40 days Wed 10-10-
18 Tue 04-12-18 22
4.2 Construction of
electrical substation 45 days Wed 10-10-
18 Tue 11-12-18 22
4.3 Concreting
ingredients 37 days Wed 05-12-
18 Thu 24-01-19 24

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
4.4 Refueling station 43 days Fri 25-01-19 Tue 26-03-19 26
4.5 Construction of
transmission line 50 days Wed 27-03-
19 Tue 04-06-19 27
4.6
Milestone 4:
Completion of
construction phase
0 days Tue 04-06-
19 Tue 04-06-19 28
5
Decommissioning
and Reclamation
phase
81 days Wed 05-06-
19 Wed 25-09-19
5.1 Decommissioning
plan 44 days Wed 05-06-
19 Mon 05-08-19 29
5.2
Removing
underground
components
47 days Wed 05-06-
19 Thu 08-08-19 29
5.3 Removing site
components 37 days Tue 06-08-
19 Wed 25-09-19 31
5.4 Site reclamation 29 days Fri 09-08-19 Wed 18-09-19 32
5.5
Milestone 5:
Completion of
Decommissioning and
Reclamation phase
0 days Wed 25-09-
19 Wed 25-09-19 33
6 Closure phase 73 days Thu 26-09-
19 Mon 06-01-20
6.1 Review of Post
project 22 days Thu 26-09-
19 Fri 25-10-19 35
6.2 Stakeholder sign off 24 days Mon 28-10-
19 Thu 28-11-19 37
6.3 Documentation 27 days Fri 29-11-19 Mon 06-01-20 38
6.4
Milestone 6:
Completion of closure
phase
0 days Mon 06-01-
20 Mon 06-01-20 39
8. Conclusions
From the above pages of the report, it can be concluded that this report is all about solar
rooftop for household cooling and heating. In the above report, an idea has been provided
regarding hybrid PVT (Photovoltaic-thermal) solar collector which was developed by Martin
Wolf in 70s. The concept of combined technology is considered to be useful in roof areas of a
building. It can be used for both the purpose that is heating and generation of electricity. It can be
also be used for improving the electric performance of the given PV modules cooling which is

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
noticed by heat transfer fluid. Both of the given uncovered PVT collectors is easily used for
electricity generation along with providing support for hot water system. In the last few years,
one or more application of this is being used researched. PVT collectors are used for cooling
space which is being used for longwave radiation. Uncovered PVT collectors are being used for
cooling which mainly results in heat losses. The loss is much greater in comparison to PVT
collector which is covered. Covered collector is able to obtain much higher value of temperature
which is due to glazing and more suitable for purpose of heating purpose. Solution of integrated
building collectors is being used for covering energy demand of building which is done by
making use of local renewable energies. Solution of PVT collector mainly depends on integration
solution. It mainly makes use of sense which is needed for building integration point of view. The
roof can easily influence the performance of various application which is required for heating and
cooling.

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
9. References
Anvari-Moghaddam, A., Monsef, H. and Rahimi-Kian, A., 2015. Optimal smart home energy
management considering energy saving and a comfortable lifestyle. IEEE Transactions on Smart
Grid, 6(1), pp.324-332.
Baljit, S.S.S., Chan, H.Y. and Sopian, K., 2016. Review of building integrated applications of
photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. Journal of cleaner production, 137, pp.677-689.
Chong, W.T., Wang, X.H., Wong, K.H., Mojumder, J.C., Poh, S.C., Saw, L.H. and Lai, S.H.,
2016. Performance assessment of a hybrid solar-wind-rain eco-roof system for buildings. Energy
and Buildings, 127, pp.1028-1042.
Cremers, J., Mitina, I., Palla, N., Klotz, F., Jobard, X. and Eicker, U., 2015. Experimental
analyses of different PVT collector designs for heating and cooling applications in
buildings. Energy Procedia, 78(Nov), pp.1889-1894.
Dabaieh, M., Makhlouf, N.N. and Hosny, O.M., 2016. Roof top PV retrofitting: A rehabilitation
assessment towards nearly zero energy buildings in remote off-grid vernacular settlements in
Egypt. Solar Energy, 123, pp.160-173.
Eon, C., Morrison, G.M. and Byrne, J., 2018. The influence of design and everyday practices on
individual heating and cooling behaviour in residential homes. Energy Efficiency, 11(2), pp.273-
293.
Fumo, N. and Bortone, V., 2016. Development and use of the energy model of a research and
demonstration house with advanced design features. ASHRAE Annual Conference.
Halawa, E., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Trombley, J., Hassan, N., Baig, M.,
Yusoff, S.Y. and Ismail, M.A., 2018. A review on energy conscious designs of building façades

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
in hot and humid climates: Lessons for (and from) Kuala Lumpur and Darwin. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, pp.2147-2161.
Hassanien, R.H.E., Li, M. and Lin, W.D., 2016. Advanced applications of solar energy in
agricultural greenhouses. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, pp.989-1001.
Irshad, K., Habib, K., Kareem, M.W., Basrawi, F. and Saha, B.B., 2017. Evaluation of thermal
comfort in a test room equipped with a photovoltaic assisted thermo-electric air duct cooling
system. international journal of hydrogen energy, 42(43), pp.26956-26972.
Kalkan, N. and Dağtekin, İ., 2015. Passive cooling technology by using solar chimney for mild or
warm climates. Thermal Science, (00), pp.168-168.
Karimpour, M., Belusko, M., Xing, K., Boland, J. and Bruno, F., 2015. Impact of climate change
on the design of energy efficient residential building envelopes. Energy and Buildings, 87,
pp.142-154.
Lechner, N., 2014. Heating, cooling, lighting: Sustainable design methods for architects. John
wiley & sons.
Monghasemi, N. and Vadiee, A., 2017. A review of solar chimney integrated systems for space
heating and cooling application. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
Pisello, A.L., Piselli, C. and Cotana, F., 2015. Influence of human behavior on cool roof effect
for summer cooling. Building and Environment, 88, pp.116-128.
Qawasmeh, B.R., Al-Salaymeh, A., Ma’en, S.S., Elian, N. and Zahran, N., 2017. Energy Rating
for Residential Buildings in Amman. Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental Engineering, 14(2),
pp.109-118.
Sharifi, A. and Yamagata, Y., 2015. Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: A
systematic review. Applied energy, 160, pp.336-357.

Prof. Curran/Dr. Saunders, 2013, project template v2
Suárez, R., Escandón, R., López-Pérez, R., León-Rodríguez, Á., Klein, T. and Silvester, S., 2018.
Impact of Climate Change: Environmental Assessment of Passive Solutions in a Single-Family
Home in Southern Spain. Sustainability, 10(8), p.2914.
Subramanian, C.V., Ramachandran, N. and KUMAR, S.S., 2017. A review of passive cooling
architectural design interventions for thermal comfort in residential buildings. Indian J. Sci.
Res, 14(1), pp.163-172.
Wu, J., Zhang, X., Shen, J., Wu, Y., Connelly, K., Yang, T., Tang, L., Xiao, M., Wei, Y., Jiang,
K. and Chen, C., 2017. A review of thermal absorbers and their integration methods for the
combined solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) modules. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 75, pp.839-854.