Solid Waste Management in Composting Industry in India

This report focuses on solid waste management in the composting industry in India, examining the goals and scope of the project, analyzing the impacts of harmful substances on human health, and identifying targeted solutions for eliminating specific problems or issues. The report also discusses the life cycle inventory and impact assessment of solid waste management, as well as the selected solid waste management technology solutions and their feasibility.

Solid waste management in composting
industry in India
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Abstract
Solid waste management is based on the technique for collecting, gathering and treating solid
wastes. It offering the solutions through recycling items and do not belong to trash, garbage.
The objective of solid waste management is to minimise or eliminate the significant impacts
of human health condition, waste materials. It supports to handle the economic development.
In this report, it has been examined the goals, scope of project and analysing that minimise
level of solid wastes through effective procedures, solutions. Considering life-cycle
assessment process in order to identify the impacts of harmful substances on the human.
Moreover, it has been concluded that indicate the environmental impacts at the time of solid
waste management process. To find the best appropriate solutions to eliminate a specific
problems or issues. Selecting the modern technologies in the context of solid waste
management process and always maintain or control the feasibility accordingly.
.
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Contents
Abstract......................................................................................................................................2
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................4
2. Goals & Scope........................................................................................................................4
2.1 Aim of the study...............................................................................................................4
2.2 System Boundary.............................................................................................................5
2.3 Functional Units...............................................................................................................5
3. Solid waste Management.......................................................................................................6
3.1 Processes of Solid waste management.............................................................................6
3.1.1 Preparing processing.....................................................................................................7
4. Life Cycle Inventory in Solid waste management.................................................................8
4.1 Waste materials................................................................................................................8
4.2 Solid by products & wastes..............................................................................................9
4.3 Emission...........................................................................................................................9
5. Life cycle impact assessment of Solid waste management..................................................10
5.1 Impacts the assessment..................................................................................................10
5.2 Definition of the main issue or problems.......................................................................11
6. Targeted solutions for Solid waste management in composting industry............................12
6.1 Selected Solid waste management technology solutions...............................................12
6.1.1 Waste level sensors.....................................................................................................12
6.1.2 AI recycling robots......................................................................................................13
6.2 Feasibility of the waste management solutions..............................................................13
6.3 Solid waste management................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................15
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1. Introduction
This report explores the concept of solid waste management in the composite industry
and identify the main factors related to the ecological, economic and social impacts. The
primary aim of study is to understand the solid waste management fundamental concept and
give more priorities of environmental condition. It will be addressed the significance of solid
waste management processes in composite industry.
However, analysing the economic advantages or benefits from solid waste
management and come with considerable cost effectiveness. The process of solid waste
management will be required to the showing a significant quantities in terms of chemicals,
energy and water. Different kind of chemicals are used in the manufacturing of good’s, which
has been covered wide range from salt. It is very expensive. Additionally, the composite
industry has produced harmful substances, solid waste materials. It is containing a high level
concentrations of in-organic based salts, using heavy metals. On the other hand, it exploring
the chemical substances in terms of air, an effective solution can be dangerous for staff
members. In some cases, the harmful chemicals may cause several health issues.
In this report, it will discuss the aim, scope of project and performing a detailed
analysis through life cycle assessment. It will help to determine the cause of major risks or
threats. But it will help to overcome the problems of solid waste management, implementing
a right solution. Furthermore, it will be conducting the feasibility analysis and select the best
option in the context of technical, environmental as well as economic level. Moreover, it will
concluded that identify the best results which are going to be interpreted. At last, it will find
the best goals and improve the quality of management in the composite industry regarding
solid waste materials.
2. Goals & Scope
2.1 Aim of the study
The aim of the study is to determine the life cycle in the context of solid waste
management and prioritize the environmental impacts of the life cycle process. On the basis
of results, it focuses on the most polluting areas or place which are affected because of solid
waste materials. Therefore, it can be used the suitable solutions in the solid management
process and provide the best quality of solutions (Al-Nawaiseh and et.al., 2021). Usually, it
should be considered an effective strategies in order to support the social, environmental,
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economic efficiency by preservation of raw materials. It is also eliminating the harmful solid
materials, and minimised the quantities, toxics wastes, emissions.
2.2 System Boundary
In this study, it has been demonstrated the product’s manufacturing in the composite
industry. It has been focused on the upstream boundary for consumer’s goods in the context
of solid waste management. In the composite industry, different kind of manufacturing
processes are performed which needs to be analysed in proper manner (Bigdeloo and et.al.,
2021). Usually, it targets to follow a life cycle systems for machinery, packaging,
constructions and energy. Analysing the level of waste materials which has been emitted at
certain point. The boundary should include the management & disposal of solid waste from
the manufacturing processes.
2.3 Functional Units
The functional unit refers to the storage of collected, gathered and unsorted solid waste
materials in the composite industry. Based on the estimation, it has been examined that
average neighbourhood of 1000 inhabitants, with generation of 1.47 kilogram. The functional
units within boundary can be divided into different phases:-
 Collection and transportation
 Thermal treatment processing
 Biological treatment
 Land filling
There are large collection of raw-materials can either be mixed bags or separated into
bins. Typically, it is collecting large amount of materials within mixed bags and widely
applied in the suitable methods. However, it is separated to collect or gather pre-requisite for
managing and controlling successful raw materials (Chia and et.al., 2022). Initially, it
represent the inputs, outputs to store, collect and transport the multiple stages of Solid waste
management. On the other hand, it has been used the method of thermal processing which are
combined with different elements.
As implementing different processes and identify suitable inputs such as chemical,
energy and water. At last, it will be generating an outputs such as finished solid materials like
leather, iron, and steel. Throughout this study, it consider that focused on thermal approach
because it helps to eliminate or remove waste materials with prior treatment process. All kind
of necessary data for inventory analysis have been performed from different sources.
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3. Solid waste Management
3.1 Processes of Solid waste management
The solid waste management process refers to the complete procedure for analysing
collection of data or information. In some cases, it is also collecting, treating and disposing of
solid waste materials in the composite industry. In the context of solid waste management
process, it has been focused on the different sources and then trying to perform disposal. The
process includes collection, treatment, and transportation analysis. It requires to be tracked,
monitored the overall performance of waste management process. But in some cases, it
depends on the strict regulations and guidelines which are followed in proper manner.
Collection of solid waste- In this process, it can be gathered or collected solid raw
materials and consider as one of the most complex. Typically, it includes gathering process of
raw materials from sources and transporting them to the right place (Chiarelotto, Restrepo
and Damaceno, 2021). If in case, the container is empty. But it may arise the possibilities
when it is unable to find the sources. The solid waste collection is one of the most
complicated process. It is not easy to gather and disposed in quickly. Usually, it would
require to separate the solid waste materials, and maintain distance between collection areas,
centre of disposal.
Separation & processing, transformation of solid waste (raw materials) - This kind of
process can be performed the different tasks but it needs to separate waste materials,
processing as well as transformation. It occurs due to the MRF (material recovery facilities).
This will help to balance coordination between wastes, materials separation, facilities to
convert the waste of solid materials.
The purpose of this process is to separate the reusable solid materials and then recycled as
much as possible. If in case, it will be using a specific materials and also directly separated
solid waste such as gal drums, wooden, leather and so on. On the other hand, using the solid
waste as raw materials in the composite industry like manufacturing. It has been followed the
process of re-manufacturing such as glass, paper and cardboard.
Transformation and transportation- this type of process is helping to perform all kind of
activities which are related to the transfer the solid wastes from one place to another. In
different ways, solid wastes are not directly identified from the sources so it is important to
use transformation, transportation facilities such as vehicles, loaders and truck. One of the
main reason for using these facilities means to establish a coordination between sources and
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MRF. Different factors are helping to use modern facilities and avoid the illegal activities
because of large amount of haul distance. To focus on the existence of low density in the
residential areas or places.
3.1.1 Preparing processing
Having known enough about the problem regarding solid wastes, focuses on the
objectives which may be setup strategy for achieving desirable goals or objectives. It is
important to identify the needs to change, required for selecting appropriate solutions. So, it
should be considered the preparation or alternative options in the solid waste management.
Emerging the alternatives and make an important decisions- usually, it has been
focused on the preparation so that it would select an effective planning process which has
accomplished a suitable objectives. Therefore, it helps to resolve issue of waste management
problems in different areas. Afterward, it has made a right decisions which are subjected to
sorts of influences and considered (Gadaleta and et.al., 2022). If in case, it has been
developing the solid waste management plans. Such kind of influential factors like social,
financial, legal, political and technology. Now, the demand of technical approach supports in
the decision-making. It is also specialised inter-disciplinary staff members. It continued to
play an important role in the supplying accurate information and performing evaluation of
planning model.
Figure: 1 Planning Model in solid waste management preparation
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In figure-1, it has been represented the planning model and different phases. These are
helping to make an important decision. Once, it has been completed the procedure and
implementing suitable recommendations, priorities that form as core of plan. At some point,
plan for solid waste management was emerged and needs to be implementing appropriate
strategies. It is continued process with handling complex process and executing a planned
proposal. If in case, it has been used the original plan for purpose of re-evaluation,
modification to accommodate changing conditions or situations. The evaluation as well as
modification will provide brief idea about new information and along with showing a proper
results. This can be possible by using planning model because it provide brief idea,
assumption on the solid waste management. In future, it is expected to find the best results or
outcomes.
Evaluation of preparation planning in the solid waste management process. It is an
essential aspect to follow different steps. Solid waste management plan has become
compatible with existing plans and considering an effective needs or requirements. Generally,
it supports in the decision-making process which helps to handle complex stages.
The preparation of plan will be extended on the basis of technical analysis,
exigencies, and political as well as administrative level. Different kind of solutions are
supporting the preparation, identifying the feasibility on the basis of various consideration
(Hazarika and Khwairakpam, 2022). Manufacturing companies are conducting an effective
plan and focused on gathering relevant information or data. At early stage, it has been
formulating the plan and continue through implementation of plan.
4. Life Cycle Inventory in Solid waste management
4.1 Waste materials
A solid waste is kind of materials that are discarded by composite industry at the time of
manufacturing. The raw material termed has become abandoned which means thrown away.
If it can be disposed, burned and recycled in proper manner. Solid wastes are becoming
consider as sand and cullet which are mixed with organic matrix. It is also obtained the
organic based composite materials. For example- Resin were epoxy, as one of the solid waste
materials, and also become hardening component. In some cases, it has been identified that
resin has made by hydrophobic. So, it is an essential aspect to make a preparation and
eliminating waste composite. As it is known as identified the presence of water, will be
reducing the level of mechanical properties. Therefore, it is important aspect to control or
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manage different particles distribution, it is necessary to achieve composite without any open
pores
4.2 Solid by products & wastes
In this section, it is focused on the solid wastes which is mainly consists of dusted curing
based salts, dry trimmings, buffing. During production, it will be generated high level of solid
waste materials and examined through life cycle approach. In some cases, it is all about the
1040 kilogram biodegradable, 183 kilogram is non-biodegradable. On the other hand, 95% of
hazardous can be identified at the process of finishing (Siles-Castellano and et.al., 2021). The
importance of preparation process which will be generating 83% of total amount of solid
waste. But it produces only 17% of solid materials. These are becoming high toxic substances
so that it is an essential aspect to follow a recycling process, applied suitable conditions for
purpose of disposal, or treatment.
In manufacturing plants, It has been generated the waste of by products and releasing
large amount of materials. It can be measured different solid waste materials such as ash, de-
sulfurization, slag and sulphur. These kind of solid wastes are generating because of
construction debris, commercial-based refuse and sludge from waste treatment plants. It is all
about the way in which comes from different areas or fields. That’s why, it is important to
perform different tasks in step by step manner. This will help to decrease the level of waste
materials.
4.3 Emission
The large amount of emissions from the solid wastes, which depends on the how raw-
materials can be treated. In some cases, solid waste material is related to the landfilled, some
kind of organic materials are applied and decomposes, produce harmful gases (Hazarika and
Khwairakpam, 2022). At the time of manufacturing, it has been produced the emission to air,
originate from finishing the various operations. At some point, it relates to the volatile
organic compounds which are emitted at the time of solvent. Furthermore, it varies the
different stages and uses a chemicals, solvents in the particular phases.
In additional, Air emissions can be originated from stacks, generator. It has been
conducting a process of solid waste materials. For example- emission of hydrogen sulphide,
ammonia gases. These kind of harmful gases are emitting at the time of different stages. It
may cause serious health crisis, hazards for employees. Unhealthy employees in the
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composite industry are becoming less productive, miss a chance and potentially developing
prices, costs related mistakes.
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5. Life cycle impact assessment of Solid waste management
5.1 Impacts the assessment
The generation of solid waste is becoming consider as natural consequence of human
life. It is all about the way to increase the solid wastes because of composite industry. It has
been rapidly increasing the unwanted materials which are directly affecting environmental
condition. Solid waste management is based on the complex process and multi-disciplinary
environmental problem that should be considered from social, technical and environmental
basis.
The impact of life cycle assessment in the context of solid waste management,
identifying the composition of solid waste materials. Usually, the presence situation has
become complex because of solid waste materials, needs to be identified the most
environmental friendly options such as recycling, composting, MRF and so on. These kind of
approaches are used in the life cycle assessment and examined its significant impacts.
Life cycle assessment is based on the process that helps to evaluate the environmental
burdens and associated with solid items. But the use of assessment process supports to find
the best solutions and perform different activities. Usually, the main aim is to identify and
quantify a particular energy, solid materials used and released wastes in the environment.
Whenever it assess that impact of particular energy and using a specific materials or maintain
an environmental condition in proper manner.
Rapidly, it has been measured the growth of population in different nations and
contribute to increase high production of solid waste materials. The composite industry can
bring an unpleasant or unhealthy environment. Life-cycle assessment is majorly impacts on
the environmental condition while implementing green concepts (Bigdeloo and et.al., 2021).
That’s why, it is necessary aspect to carry out the impact of life cycle assessment. It is
helping the manufacturers which take necessary steps towards green concept. Typically, it is
assessing their items on the basis of carbon output. The positive aspect of life-cycle
assessment is to evaluate a lot of environmental burdens. It associated with items, process and
performing different activities. It also supporting to determine, quantify the level of energy,
raw-materials used and also released the solid wastes. The importance of assessment means
that understand the actual demand of current situation in composite industry.
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Preparing processes have become performed a huge role in terms of acidification,
global warning. The process of solid waste management is the biggest causes of human
toxicity and depletion of abiotic. On the other hand, the solid waste management process is
significantly impacts in the consumption of energy and releasing the large amount of toxic
gases.
5.2 Definition of the main issue or problems
By using life-cycle assessment, it is focused on the uncertain issues or problems related to
the solid wastes. Therefore, it will be considered analytical framework which helps to
evaluate different environmental impacts. It associates with manufacturing goods & services
through life cycle. It has been rapidly growing the level of research, practices or approaches
aim to use assessment and emerging modern technologies (Bigdeloo and et.al., 2021). These
kind of techniques are reducing to the environmental impact of composite industry. On the
basis of evaluation, it has been identified the different issues or problems such as:-
 A lack of sufficient and poor qualified data or information
 Issues generating in the data scale
 Difficulties in the comparability
 Uncertainties’ and a lack of communication
Based on the evidence, it has been examined the main issues in the life-cycle assessment
for solid waste management. In the composite industry, it obvious thing to focus on the
recycling activities, problems concerning the management of hazardous waste. Usually, it has
been analysed that specific problems related to the disposal of solid waste materials. Still, it
exist and increased the level of attention.
In order to improve the performance of solid waste management or service. It should
be considered the municipalities, knowing the total prices, costs of components. Most
important aspect to gain more opportunities and make an effective plan for future
management. It has become obvious thing to increase the complex situation, still exist far
from level of satisfactory.
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6. Targeted solutions for Solid waste management in composting industry
Solid waste management refers to the collection, treating and the disposing of the
solid material that has been discarded due to no use of it. The waste needs to be managed so,
it does not create any harm to the environment. The targeted solutions for the solid waste
management in the composting industry includes the methods that allows the decomposing of
the waste within focusing over the carefully controlled conditions (Awasthi, Shivashankar
and Majumder, 2017). There are various technologies that has been used by composting
industry in India in terms of managing the solid waste. However, effective focus is still
required in regards to managing the solid waste. Thus, in order to understand this concept
with clearance, here is the description of the selected technological solutions that used as
solid waste management.
6.1 Selected Solid waste management technology solutions
Solid waste management solution has been used in terms of managing the segregation
and recycling of the solid waste. There are certain technologies has been used in order to
managing the solid waste in composting industry under the India. Here is the explanation of
those technologies that are highly efficient in context of solid waste management.
6.1.1 Waste level sensors
Sensory leads to measure the level of waste containers that send the information in the
data management of the last waste collection. In this, only some bins have been marked for
collection. Vehicles mainly collects the full and overdue containers. In this, the way in which
waste has been collected is specific and assures effective results. Also, it helps in reducing
the over-all transport collection up-to the 60%. This has been often called the smart waste
management system (Das and et.al., 2019). The waste level sensors have been considered as
that technology that often helps in monitoring the waste and gives idea regarding the how
much solid waste has been managed at a point of time. The ultrasonic sensor is one of the
leading device that helps in managing the waste. The level sensor mainly detects the level
that is based on the ultrasonic technology. A robust sensor has been placed in the waste bins
and the level of waste has been measured. It leads to automatically adopting and changing the
surfaces and the different kind of the waste.
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6.1.2 AI recycling robots
The AI recycling robots are the sorting robots that uses the artificial intelligence in
order to identify the objects on a conveyor belt. The composting industry is using the AI
robots in terms of managing the solid waste and this has been proven one of the effective way
in terms of managing the waste. It helps in improving the accuracy in regards to waste
sorting, waste boosting and transparency of the recycling and further contributes in the
automating waste disposal (Khan and et.al., 2022). It helps in recycling of the solid waste and
containers. When the robot identifies the object then, it uses a suction cup in order to pick the
object and then place it to the correct bin. Thus, in this manner, AI recycling robots has been
used in order to manage the solid waste in composting industry often it has been proven
highly effective as it manage the time and provide effective result as well.
6.2 Feasibility of the waste management solutions
The feasibility of the waste management solutions mainly includes:
Conventional and the alternative technology solution- Using technologies for solid waste
management has been proven easy and effective as it helps in recycling and discarding the
waste without creating burden over the composting industry (Moya and et.al., 2017).
Selecting the right technology is highly important in context of waste management solution.
That technology needs to be adopted that assures cost-effectiveness and saves time. Also,
provides the effective results.
Anaerobic digestion- It refers to the degradation of the organic matter under an oxygen free
environment. It helps on releasing the product in the form of biogas that is composed of
methane. This has been done within performing the series of steps that is hydrolysis,
acidogenesis and the methanogenesis (Rumyantseva and et.al., 2017).
6.3 Solid waste management
Solid waste management has been defined as the term that is mainly determined as the
process of collecting along with treating the solid waste. It mainly provides the solution to the
recycling items that are not belong to the garbage. It has often become an issue for the people
who are living in the residential area as it creates the harm towards the environment that
creates the impact over the people living in the society (Nanda and Berruti, 2021). Therefore,
solid waste management has been considered as the important concept as it helps in dealing
with the solid waste that not belong to the garbage. There are certain methods of the solid
waste management that mainly includes the, solid waste opening burning, composting
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process, disposal by hog feeding and so on. However, composting process has been
considered as best as it helps in recycling the waste without assuring harm to environment.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that solid waste management plays
crucial role in managing the waste in the environment and often helps in recycling of the
waste. Along with this, report has described the major factors that are related to the
ecological, economic and social impacts. Also, the report has effectively identified that
concept of the solid waste management and its impact over the environment. The importance
of the solid waste management in the composite industry has been examined in the well-
detailed manner in the report. It has been identified that, solid waste management is highly
mandatory in the composite industry.
Furthermore, the report has highlighted the aim and scope of the project in regards to
performing detailed analysis. The problems issue and solution related to the solid waste
management has been identified in the report. Moreover, the feasibility analysation has been
done in order to select the best option in context of technical and environmental and
economic level. Thus, the final conclusion that has been arrived from report is aligned with
the importance of the concept of solid waste management in composting industry.
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REFERENCES
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solution for solid waste management in Jordan. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering.
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reduction strategies, higher recycling methods, and improved valorization. Materials
Circular Economy. 3(1). pp.1-9.
Chia, W.Y. and et.al., 2022. Utilization of Aerobic Compression Composting Technology on
Raw Mushroom Waste for Bioenergy Pellets Production. Processes. 10(3). p.463.
Chiarelotto, M., Restrepo, J.C.P.S. and Damaceno, F.M., 2021. Composting organic waste
from the broiler production chain: A perspective for the circular economy. Journal of
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Das, S. and et.al., 2019. Solid waste management: Scope and the challenge of
sustainability. Journal of cleaner production. 228. pp.658-678.
Gadaleta, G. and et.al., 2022. The influence of bio-plastics for food packaging on combined
anaerobic digestion and composting treatment of organic municipal waste. Waste
Management. 144. pp.87-97.
Hazarika, J. and Khwairakpam, M., 2022. Valorization of industrial solid waste through
novel biological treatment methods–integrating different composting techniques.
In Advanced Organic Waste Management (pp. 77-93). Elsevier.
Khan, S. and et.al., 2022. Technologies for municipal solid waste management: Current
status, challenges, and future perspectives. Chemosphere. 288. p.132403.
Moya, D. and et.al., 2017. Municipal solid waste as a valuable renewable energy resource: a
worldwide opportunity of energy recovery by using Waste-To-Energy
Technologies. Energy Procedia. 134. pp.286-295.
Nanda, S. and Berruti, F., 2021. Municipal solid waste management and landfilling
technologies: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 19(2). pp.1433-1456.
Siles-Castellano, A.B. and et.al., 2021. Compost quality and sanitation on industrial scale
composting of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. Applied Sciences. 11(16).
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Awasthi, A.K., Shivashankar, M. and Majumder, S., 2017, November. Plastic solid waste
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