Solid Waste Management in Australia: Wicked Problem

This report discusses the challenges and current practices of solid waste management in Australia. It analyzes the complexity factors and proposes a framework for change.

Running head: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Solid Waste Management in Australia: Wicked Problem
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

1SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Abstract
This repot discusses the solid waste management of Australia. It elaborates the challenges of
the solid waste management of Australia. It also discusses the current solid waste
management process. This report includes the radar diagram, scoreboard analysis, complexity
evaluation of waste management. Therefore, this report concludes the significant of the solid
waste management in Australia.

2SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................4
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................5
Complexity Factors and ICCPM Outcomes...........................................................................5
Scale of the Problem of Waste Generated in Australia..........................................................5
Challenges Caused by Waste Generation..............................................................................6
Current Waste Management Practices...................................................................................7
Risks Associated from the Current Management Practices...................................................8
Methodology..............................................................................................................................8
Scorecard................................................................................................................................8
Radar Diagram.......................................................................................................................9
Result..........................................................................................................................................9
Main Complexity Factors with Wicked Problem Context.....................................................9
Weights to Rank the factors.................................................................................................10
Stakeholders for solid waste management...........................................................................12
Multiple Stakeholder Influence:...............................................................................................14
Significant political/authority influences.................................................................................15
Significant social influences....................................................................................................15
Ambiguity of project features, resources, phases.....................................................................16
Dynamic project governance....................................................................................................16
Highly regulated environment..................................................................................................16

3SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Unknown Project Features, phases, resources:........................................................................17
Significant external influences.................................................................................................17
Use of a new technology:.........................................................................................................18
Project period cross the cycle of similar technologies:............................................................18
Use of a non-developed technology:........................................................................................18
Management Tools...............................................................................................................19
Proposed Framework to Change the Current Management Context...................................21
Conclusion............................................................................................................................21
References................................................................................................................................22

4SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Introduction
Waste production is the unavoidable consequences activity. Solid waste is becoming
the major issues because of the population growth in Australia million wastes each year. As
the population is growing so does the waste each person. Australia produces near about 48
million tons of wastes every year. According to NSW Environmental and Heritage website,
the waste comes mainly from the industrial, commercial, demolition, building and household
waste. The cost of landfill is in the order of many thousands of dollars each waste cell. The
life of a landfill can be more than 40 years and Landfill gas and leachate production can
continue over 50 years (Allesch & Brunner, 2014). Australia exports more than 80% solid
waste of total waste of Australia. Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, China and India are the
countries that receive waste from Australia. As the countries have implemented waste import
restriction plan, the risk of recycled materials are sent to the landfill of Australia and the
Landfill is becoming high and it is needed to forward the solid waste (Ximenes & Grant,
2013). This seems to be the wicked problem in Australia.
The authority of Australia keeps recycling solid waste and dumps the waste to the
Landfills. The Australian authority can change the mind and reimport solid waste any time.
As a result recycling the solid waste and the sending them to the landfill is trouble and
generate double effort and cost (Nghiem, Hai & Listowski, 2016). The aim of this study is to
investigate the elements of the waste management issues that are arising is Australia and the
management practices. This study analyzes the current waste management practices and
identifies the risks that are associated with the current management practices. There are some
mitigation process are discussed in this paper to address the challenges by optimizing the
current practices.

5SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Literature Review
Complexity Factors and ICCPM Outcomes
The interrelationship among the components of the waste management project is more
complex than the traditional breakdown structure of work of the waste management project.
Four complexity factors affect the process of identifying and managing the risk factors of the
project that are technical, directional, structural and temporal. The issues of solid waste
management are presented as the wicked problem in Australia in the context of ICCPM
outcomes.
 Unrealistic stakeholder alignment and expectations
 Multiplicity of the perceptions of stakeholder
 Incomplete or poor need definition
 Sustainment and ill-considered acquisition strategies
 Lack of insufficient program cost and commercial acumen
 Inadequate focus on schedule and cost
 Backdated supply chain management by clients
 Linear approaches to the risk or failure for recognizing opportunities
 General inability or board intervention for making decisions
 Disruptive and evolutionary technology
 National and international concerns
 Inadequate contracting mechanism
Scale of the Problem of Waste Generated in Australia
SWM (Solid Waste Management) is the multidimensional issue, which incorporates
the economic, social, political, institutional and environmental aspects. Process of solid waste
management has influenced the human and environment in many ways and this will continue

6SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
in future (Fernández-Nava et al., 2014). Most of the times when the system breaks down the
problems start escalating.
Industrial society produces hundred and thousand tons waste per year. As a result,
disposal of the waste becomes the vita issue. The, impacts of the generate toxins from the
garbage and the physical mass of the waste cause the concern for the waste disposal agencies
and municipalities. The size of some of the landfills are about to inconceivable. The society
generates huge amount of household waste and the land, which are being used for landfilling
are becoming an issue (Li, 2017). Various types of objects are thrown away and the thrown
waste contain many toxic elements, which get absorb into the water and soil and affects the
health of human, animal and plants. The electronic devices contain chromium, lead, mercury
and other metals that effect to the environment health. The impact of household waste on
ocean in becoming wide, the ocean, and the states are overrunning with the plastic trashes
(Herva, Neto & Roca, 2014). This is the vital example of threat, which is posed by the
household waste to the oceans.
Challenges Caused by Waste Generation
Disposing of the waste is causing huge challenges for the environment and it is
affecting in a serious way. In Australia, most of the waste is buried in the sites of landfills
such as ground holes, sometimes dug and old quarries. Some of the solid waste rots but not
all the waste rot. The household waste generates methane, which is very explosive and
contributes much in the greenhouse effect (Zaman, 2014). Leachates are produced as the
waste decomposes, which cause pollution badly. The landfills attracts many vermin and result
litter.
Household solid waste is the heterogeneous mixture of glass, cloth, metal, paper,
plastic and other organic matter that are being generated from the commercial house and

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household. Hospital wastes incudes many infectious components such as body fluids,
amputated body parts, excrete of highly contagious disease of patients and cultures of
pathogens and so on. The waste also includes bandage, needles, scalpels and various wastes
that are being operated in the laboratories and operation theatre (Hames, 2013).
Incinerating waste causes many problems as the plastic produces toxic substances like
dioxins when the plastics are burnt. Gases from the incineration cause air pollution and the
gases contribute to the acid rain. The ashes from incineration consist of many toxins and
metals (Hoornweg, Bhada-Tata & Kennedy, 2013). The maximizing scale of the economic
activity of fast industrialization, urbanization, population and commercialization growth in
various developing states has inevitably diverted to extreme maximization in the waste.
Current Waste Management Practices
Australia is following the current waste management such as Landfilling, reuse and
incineration. Landfill is the designated space on surface of the earth where the wastes are
buried. Landfills are for specific period and comprise of two types such as natural and
sanitary attenuation (Jambeck et al., 2015). One of the advantages of landfill includes that
there is a job opportunities for the scavengers and energy is generated from the produced
gases. Landfill is the economical and cheapest method of waste disposal. However, landfill
has many negative impacts on the environment and it makes the environment unsustainable.
Incineration is one of the waste disposal methods in Australia. In this methods the household
waste are burnt and convert the waste into gaseous products and residue. The main advantage
of this method is reduction the volume of the solid waste and it minimizes the space they take
and minimizes the stress of landfills (Kinnaman, 2017). Reuse is another process of waste
disposal in which components, which are not wastes they are again used for the purpose of

8SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
reuse in another way. Reuse ensures that the waste are minimizes in the efficient way that
will be possible through indirect or direct use.
Risks Associated from the Current Management Practices
Various materials end up as waste that contains toxic components. The toxin get
absorb into the groundwater and soil and it creates a hazard for the environment. The leachate
is a liquid generated when any electronic waste breaks down in the landfill. This leachate is
extremely toxic and this toxin pollutes the land and water as well. Organic waste is
compacted down and covered with green waste and food scraps. This reduces the oxygen and
cause in anaerobic process (Laurent et al., 2014). This releases the greenhouse gases and the
methane gas that is much powerful than the carbon dioxide (Campuzano & González-
Martínez, 2016). The implication for the climate change and global warming are enormous.
Methane gas is a flammable gas. It becomes very dangerous if it is build up in the
concentration.
Methodology
Scorecard
By using scorecard there are some priority based on the solid waste management. Due
to the growth of the urban area, increase in waste arises. There are some hazardous wastes
that can be still unaddressed (Song, Li & Zeng, 2015). As per the scorecard, there will be a
huge amount of generated waste in the urban area. Growth of population is increasing the
complexity of the population. It is a big issue in the municipal area. One third of the urban
population lives under the poverty line. Livestock production is moving from the peri-urban
areas. As per the score card complexity analysis, seventy percent has huge amount of human

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disease comes from the animals. Twelve questions are given in this study for scorecard and
based on the result of the scorecard the radar diagram is made.
Radar Diagram
By using this complexity of solid waste management can be analyzed. This diagram
helps to evaluate the factors for determining planning and control of the project. It also
identifies the targets or factors that are affecting cost, time and quality of that project. It is
used to calculate the crucial analysis for management as well as assessment of that project
and also efficient complexity to help to moving of the project. It is basically focusing on the
various attributes for many aspects of that project. It relates the organizational as well as
technical complexity. It reflects the view of that project. It also has some intermediate
element.
Result
Main Complexity Factors with Wicked Problem Context
There are huge number of project failures that proposed the present project and the
methodologies of the project management, which is not working. For the solid waste project
management, failure will be common and reported as cost or schedule overrun. However, the
other organization focuses on the lack of user requirements and the realization. The failure is
the part of inadequate management of the growing complexity that is not transparent in the
project inception. Project inception is the ability for managing the growing complexity
successfully that will identify the success of the project. As the complexity increases, the
approaches of the suitable linear management decrease. The exposure will be to unknown or
sudden risk. The difficulty will be to predict the impact of the potential risks and the
increased risks (Marshall & Farahbakhsh, 2013). Therefore, applying the risk management in

10SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
the project inception for supporting the information decision making that has been awarded
for the simple projects and depth approaches for the complex project is required.
After analyzing the results of the survey has been conducted with respect to the major
factors behind the issues of solid waste management in Australia, the following radar diagram
has been developed. The diagram is showing the level of agreements and disagreements for
each of the factors considered in the survey.
Fig 1: Radar Diagram 1
Source: (Created by author)
After studying the above radar diagram, the factors associated with the issues of solid waste
management in Australia, four major factors have been classified.

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Weights to Rank the factors
1. Temporal: As per the survey, it is observed that a huge number complexity has
been observed. That is why it is ranked as high.
2. Structural: As per the survey, it is observed that less complexity has been
observed than the temporal in case of solid waste management. That is why it is
ranked second.
3. Directional: As per the survey it is observed that less number complexities has
been found in this particular case in the case of solid waste management. That is
why it is ranked third.
4. Technical: As per the survey, it can be mentioned that negligible amount of
complexities are found. That is why it is ranked as fourth.
Another radar diagram is shown below after summarizing the results with respect to the
individual four main factors.
Fig 2: Radar Diagram 2

12SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Source: (Created by author)
Stakeholders for solid waste management
The problems of the environment needs to addressed by the communication of the
various stakeholders presented in the below table. The local or state government, research
institute, public, NGOs, institute, private sectors and many agencies have a role for
supporting the action. The main stakeholders and the roles of the stakeholders in the
sustainable solid waste management can be very effective. Stakeholders organize the interest
in the good waste management and make the society to participate in the activities. The
household, organization and enterprises are engaged in the activity of solid waste
management. The stakeholders can generate solid waste and can function as the participant in
the local or state department, NGOs and the other organizations, who are concerned about the
solid waste management. Recognition of the potential stakeholders is the interest of the
stakeholders is very crucial to coordinate the involvement and the participation in the
activities of solid waste management.
Stakeholders for the sustainable waste management in Australia are:
SL No. Stakeholders list Stakeholder’s role
1 Public Less association with the civic people to identify waste
management operation and facilities
Does not pay for the waste management
2 City Planners Lack of determination of space for the waste management
facilities
While making plans for city, the city planners are less
concerned about the waste management.
3 NGO and social Less contacts with the municipalities and lack of support

13SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
worker Less connection with the similar organizations to integrate
the waste management
Clean city campaigns are not organized properly.
Less involvement of unemployed people in the area
Put no effort to form ward community and committees
participation
4 Municipalities Never maintain the database properly
Does not have definite set up of organization with the trained
staffs
Less number of implementation of punish and legislation
violators
Provide less service and input to the infrastructure
Never enlist participation of informal industry
Does not compliment private and public participation
5 Unemployed youth Unwillingness to help in promoting the operation
Less interest in helping in conducting road shows
Never ahead to manage the collection of garbage
6 Senior Citizen Less interest in helping the NGO to organize the cleanliness
that drives in different part of the area
7 Corporation Staffs do not understands the weight of the situation and slow
to take actions.
Does not spread message across the area
Less interest in sponsoring or organizing clean city programs
Provide less dustbins on the road to gather all the garbage
8 Vendors Never ensure that the garbage is in the dustbin

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Never provide small dustbin outside every shop
Less bothered about the customers who are throwing garbage
outside the shop
9 Hospitals Never follow the bio-medical rules
10 Students/ Children Less concerned about the waste or garbage
11 Politicians Does not lead any campaign of clean city and less bothered
about the cleanliness by the corporation.
12 Teachers Never try to influence the minds on the solid waste
management culture
Stakeholder Matrix (Source: Created by Author)

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Multiple Stakeholder Influence:
The multiple stakeholder influence is one of the major factors, which can affect a
project in very bad way. While there is multiple types of stakeholders for the project there
can be significant differences between the opinions of them. Due to this fact, taking ultimate
decision for the project can be delayed for this waste management program and for this it is
very much obvious that the overall schedule of the project will be delayed which is a
significant negative effect.
Significant political/authority influences
All the political and authority contributions are there for promoting the interest in the
project of the solid waste management as the project can be influenced by the public policies
and the decisions by the authority without regard to any political preferences of the solid
waste management. Clear decision of author or political procedures is needed for ensuring the
revenue of solid waste management. On the other way political influences can be also bad for
this project. Here the politicians can create problem in the project execution for their own
benefits. The politicians can use this project for ingratiating themselves to the political donors
and voting block which will have a negative influence in this aspect.
Significant social influences
During policy planning of the environment, this is crucial to investigate the social
influenced factors that can have the significant influence on the environmental behavior. For
the effective environmental policies to be successful, the compliance of the society is very
crucial. This report indicated the requirements to explore the social influenced factors prior to
the implementation of the environmental policies. Significant social influence can be very
effective for the solid waste management. The negative social influence can occur due to the

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fact that peoples might not be wanting establish the waste management plants in their
locality. In various of cases this type of protests has been seen. Thus, there can be a negative
social impact on this project.
Ambiguity of project features, resources, phases
Information about the solid waste management inadequacy may arise from both of the
project complexity and project ambiguity. Ambiguity of the complex project refers to the lack
of the awareness of the solid waste management project and their team regarding the casual
relationship with the world and the current states. Project complexity of the solid waste
management can have various states and actions of the interaction parameters in order to
make assess of the actions effect is difficult. Ambiguity of the project phases, resources and
features are having a quite negative effect on the project. In this type of cases it is very much
obvious that inaccuracy in the project is going to occur. Thus resources and time wastages is
one of the main negative factor which will be sure occurring for this project.
Dynamic project governance
The key constraint is the weak governance within the stakeholders in regards to the
implementation of solid waste management. There are various good practice of governance
practices that can be implemented by stakeholders of the project. Recognizing the present
governance practice, which stakeholders implement are very important, as the practices will
be served as the guidance for improving the governance practice in future. Project
governance is important for this project as depending on this, decisions regarding project is
being made. If the project governance always remains changing then for the project team,
member it will be very much problematic to follow the project requirements. In this way,
disturbance in the project can occur which is one of the important negative factor.

17SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Highly regulated environment
The government authority of Australia is responsible for the protection of the
environment in Australia. The authority executes the decisions of governing and monitoring
the new development or proposing the change to the environment regulations. The
responsibilities of the authority consists of the protection matters of environment under the
protection act, nature conservation, product control, waste management, outdoor creation.
Reduce hazardous waste and research. These regulated aspects can matter for the solid waste
management in the environment (Reynolds, Piantadosi & Boland, 2015). In such of the cases
when the environment keeps remains changing at a high regulation it is very much obvious
that there will be severe of disturbances in the project. Due to this requirement of the project
will be always remain changing and in this way the project will be ultimately delayed which
is a crucial negative factor.
Unknown Project Features, phases, resources:
In such of the cases where the features, execution phases and the resources are totally
unknown it is very much natural that proper planning for the project will remain undone and
there will be difficulties in each and every part of the project. Due to this projects will be
delayed significantly and in the worst cases this solid waste management plan can even
become failure.
Significant external influences
External influencing factors are the low collection frequency, insufficient facilities
and low cleaning services. For examining the influences of the external factors on the solid
waste, there should be population density and waste collection frequency in the survey of the
solid waste management. There is a need to develop a structural equation that will explain to

18SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
the society for not to dispose the waste in the open places. The perception of the society such
as family, friends, government, and corporation has the potential influence on the intention of
the society. External influences are good for the project in many of the cases but too many
influences from the external areas can create many problems for the project. External sources
are not properly aware about what is going on the project. Thus, if the project was too much
influenced by them then it is very much natural that there will be errors in the project
execution, which lead to big issue later. Thus, it is one of the major negative factors for the
solid waste management project.
Use of a new technology:
If the recent project uses some kind of technology, which is very new to the industry
then there can be several of issues in the project. Using a technology first time for this project
can create negative impacts, as proper knowledge is not available regarding the technology to
the project team (Kumar & Samadder, 2017). In this way, they can end up with a complete
mess with the project and might to execute the project again by eliminating this technology.
In this way time and resources will be wasted and the project will be delayed significantly. In
such cases where re-execution of the project is not possible, the project will be failed
completely. Thus, it is one of the crucial negative factors in this case.
Project period cross the cycle of similar technologies:
If the period of the project cross the life cycle of the relevant technologies then it is
quite natural that those technologies need to be implemented again and this will lead to extra
cost for this solid waste management project. To make up this extra cost the project team
might need to do some compromise in this project. This is one of the major negative factor in
this case.

19SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
Use of a non-developed technology:
While the solid waste management project uses a technology, which has not been
developed yet fully, it can lead to several of issues. If the technology is not developed fully
then there is a huge chance there is a bug in the technology. Means, the technology will not
be functioning in appropriate way and there will be several of errors. Using this type of
technology can lead to error in the main project and for this, the project can also become
failure. Thus, technology are not in the use, is having a huge negative impact on this project.
Management Tools
The experienced and novice project planners use DSM management and the managers
in organization can use this tools for the general planning of small to medium size projects.
 DSM management tools guides the users by the good project planning that will define
the constraints, project elements, statements and outcomes of the project of the solid
waste management.
 This tool is used for task-based projects and system architecture projects of waste
management projects by using the labels and configurable description of the user.
 The project component based resources allow the budget for the waste management
project for developing from the bottom up
 Assumptions of the waste management project is made while optimizing the
components of the project and that are recorded to target the assumption verification,
incorporation and the risks management in the final project of solid waste
management.
 Outputs of the software are generated automatically, which can be used for the clear
interaction with the stakeholders of the waste management project.

20SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
The principles of system approach tools are the principle in the practice of complex
project management. The guidelines and the recommendation are the structure of the research
methodology and particular techniques. That is used in design process of waste management
project.
 It is realization of holistic approach of the implementation and preparation of waste
management project (Eiselt & Marianov, (2014). The waste management project will
be treated as the multidimensional determinants projects.
 The tools will provide the following dimensions in the waste management project as
such as temporal factors, economic, marketing, stakeholder’s requirements, ecological
issues and structural factors.
 System approach achieves and maintains the objective and integrity of the elements of
the waste management project.
 Properly used system approach tools allow gaining the highest synergistic impact on
the implementation of waste management project.
 The system approach provides profitability to the projects and the interrelation of the
organization and teams together.
Another proposed system for the waste management project can be PMBOK. It is
basic knowledge that is required for the solid waste management project. It has several
knowledge areas. These include time management, integration management, communication
management, quality management, stakeholder management, risk management and human
resource management. It is used for several purposes. These include:
 Starting of project and its integration
 Scope of the project
 Budget management of the project

21SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA: WICKED PROBLEM
 Risk associated with the waste management project
 Procurement of the project
Proposed Framework to Change the Current Management Context
DSM project management tool will define the limitations of the project as well as
good out comes in the solid waste management. It provides detailed description regarding the
solid waste management in front of the local public. It describes the adequate budget for the
waste management project from beginning to end. That is the reason it is selected as the
appropriate alternatives of the current practice for waste management. DSM is innovation
that is not used in the solid waste management project in this organization. DSM can be new
technology, which will help to manage the solid waste disposal and the waste generation
form the possible sources.
Conclusion
The solid waste management is a very important aspect in Australia. It is basically
used for the potential development in the concern of the development in Australia. In this
report detailed discussion of procedures of solid waste management is performed. Use of
potential use of the new technology and performing the various activities regarding the solid
waste management can change the environment. The society can act as the service provider
that will be very beneficial for the environment. By maintaining every possible aspects of the
waste disposal, the waste generation and the waste disposal can be controlled. This paper also
discusses the complexity analysis by using the radar diagram, scorecard. In this report a
survey is also performed. It can be concluded that solid waste management will be very much
beneficial for the country. It helps to improve the environment of Australia.

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