Comparison of Air Pollution Levels in Different Regions

The assignment content discusses the comparison of PH 10 levels in different areas, including Newcastle-Marylebone, Eastbourne-York, and London-Melbourne. The results show that there is a low correlation between the mean values, but the P-value indicates that there is no significant difference between the groups. However, a significant difference was found between Eastbourne and York. The discussion concludes that there is little to no difference in PH 10 levels among most of the areas, except for Eastbourne and York. The conclusion emphasizes the concern over current PH 10 levels in most areas.

SPSS

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION/ Literature review..........................................................................................................3
Graphical representation of data..............................................................................................................5
Discussion.................................................................................................................................................14
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................16
Figure 1 Graphical representation of different areas PM 10 values.............................................................5

INTRODUCTION/ Literature review
PM 10 helps in measuring air pollution in the specific geographic area. In UK level of PH
10 is high and it reflects that in UK level of pollution is high. The main source of Air pollution is
large number of vehicles in the UK. With passage of time number of cars and bikes get increase
in the mentioned nation. Due to this reason heavy amount of pollutants are emanated from
vehicles. These pollutants are polluting surrounding environment and due to this reason number
of deaths are also increasing in the UK. A new report was published under which research was
carried out on the data that was related to 2008-2013. This research study or report was
reflecting the cities of the UK that cross the level that was determined by the WHO as its
standard in respect to PM 10. As per WHO level of air pollution must not cross the standard
value 20 micrograms per cubic meter. The report clearly state that London which is capital of
England have worst air quality followed by Eastbourne, Nottingham, Oxford, Southampton and
York etc (From Glasgow to Eastbourne: the 10 UK towns and cities breaching WHO air quality
limits, 2016.). This report states that there is not any big difference in level of degradation of air
quality. Means that there is a difference between the value of PM 10 among these cities but there
is not huge gap in the values of this parameter in case of these locations. It can be said that these
cities are in danger.
According to Seinfeld and Pandis, (2016)the number of deaths due to air pollution in
London and other cities of the UK are increasing rapidly which is matter of concern. However, in
this regard every effort is made by the nation government but still now level of pollution is high.
It is well known fact that many giant automobile manufacturers of the world are using
technology that measure the pollutants released by their cars. Such kind of efforts proves
insufficient in current time period. Hence, air pollution is increasing at rapid pace in the UK.
As per views of Hajat and et all.,,(2015)population density is different in different
locations or cities. Consequently, level of pollution must also be different in these cities. But this
does not happened and it is find out that there is not a big difference in the PM 10 value in
different cities. This is one of the big contrasting facts and it can be said that due to higher level
of mobility of people among different cities level of pollution is almost similar in some specific
cities. It can be observed that PM 10 value is York and London Melbourne road.

Moisseeva and et.al.,(2016)claims that there is serious need to make sure that air
pollution remain in control.In this regard some of the specific steps can be taken by the
government. General public itself can play an important role in controlling air pollution. If they
increasingly will make use of cycles to visit short distant place then air pollution can be easily
controlled by the nation to some extent. Apart from this, people can travel from trains to visit
specific place. By doing so pollution can be controlled to great extent and PM 10 level can be
improved to great extent. It is clear from the fact that unless UK government will not receive
support from the general public nothing can be happen and air pollution level cannot be
controlled.
Lelieveldand et all.,(2015)states that in Japan large number of people makes use of cycles
to visit specific place and due to this reason pollution is in control in the mentioned nation.
People of the nation understand there social responsibility and are taking active part in
conserving there natural environment from the population. UK government needs to run a
campaign under which general public will be considered as one of the most important and
valuable stakeholder in controlling air pollution. Under this campaign awareness will be created
among the people about air pollution and steps that they can take to prevent further elevation in
PM 10 levels in different cities of the UK. Such kind of steps will greatly help UK in reducing
level of pollution from its land.
Research question
What is the extent to which level of PM 10 is different among various cities of the UK?
Ho: There is no significant difference between values of PM 10 in different areas.
H1: There is significant difference between values of PM 10 in different areas.

Graphical representation of data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Newcastle
York
Eastbourne
London Malbourne road
Figure 1 Graphical representation of different areas PM 10 values
It can be seen from the diagram that level of pollution is changing in alignment to each other. If
air pollution is reducing in one city then same is changing in other city. However, rate of change
is different across the cities. It can be said that in Newcastle level of air pollution is low and
below PH 10 level. On other hand, in case of York, Eastbourne and London Melbourne road
level of PH 10 is nearby to or above PH 10 level. It can be said that out of these four areas only
Newcastle is the area where situation is under control. The main thing that can be observed from
the chart is that level of air pollution declined in case of York, Eastbourne and London
Melbourne but in case of Newcastle scene is inverse and level of air pollution is increasing
sharply. In case of Newcastle till the time air pollution level if below PM 10 levels. This data is
related to single month and it can be seen that on specific day PH 10 value increases at rapid
pace and on some day this level become normal. It can be seen that on 8th May the level of PH 10
was very high on Newcastle, York, Eastbourne and London Melbourne. On 18th May big
difference was observed in Newcastle, York, Eastbourne and London Melbourne. Whereas, on
23-24th May there was almost similarity in the value of PH 10 among the mentioned cities. So, it
can be said on the basis of above chart that sometimes gap in values of PH 10 among mentioned
cities increases and decreases. However, in most of cases number of PH 10 is almost nearby to

each other in case of York, Eastbourne and London Melbourne road. Value of PH 10 is always
below in case of Newcastle in comparison to mentioned areas.
Data analysis
Descriptive Statistics
N Skewness Kurtosis
Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
Newcastle 31 1.257 .421 .187 .821
York 31 1.037 .421 -.398 .821
Eastbourne 31 .844 .421 .546 .821
Marylebone 31 .110 .421 -.666 .821
Valid N (listwise) 31
Interpretation
It can be seen that value of skewness is nearby to zero in cases of London Melbourne
road and Eastbourne. Hence, it can be said that data that is collected in relation to London
Melbourne road and Eastbourne is normally distributed. On other hand, in case of Newcastle and
York value of Skewness is far from the value zero and it can be said that data related to these
areas are not normally distributed.
Paired ANNOVA
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 Newcastle 13.42 31 10.066 1.808
York 21.61 31 9.629 1.729
Pair 2 Eastbourne 19.42 31 5.584 1.003
Marylebone 25.42 31 9.660 1.735

Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 Newcastle & York 31 .931 .000
Pair 2 Eastbourne & Marylebone 31 .687 .000
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-
tailed)Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Pair
1 Newcastle - York -8.194 3.683 .661 -9.544 -6.843 -
12.388 30 .000
Pair
2
Eastbourne -
Marylebone -6.000 7.095 1.274 -8.602 -3.398 -4.709 30 .000
In case of pair one there are two areas which are Newcastle and York and value of level of
significance is 0.00<0, 05 alpha value. This reflects that there is no significant difference
between levels of air pollution in these areas. In case of second pair two cities are Eastbourne
and London Melbourne and value of correlation is moderate aswell as P<0.05. This states that
there similarity in level of air pollution in these two areas.
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 Newcastle 13.42 31 10.066 1.808
Eastbourne 19.42 31 5.584 1.003
Pair 2 Marylebone 25.42 31 9.660 1.735
York 21.61 31 9.629 1.729

Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 Newcastle & Eastbourne 31 .414 .021
Pair 2 Marylebone & York 31 .811 .000
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-
tailed)Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Pair
1
Newcastle -
Eastbourne -6.000 9.270 1.665 -9.400 -2.600 -3.604 30 .001
Pair
2 Marylebone - York 3.806 5.935 1.066 1.629 5.984 3.571 30 .001
Interpretation
It can be seen in case of first pair that level of correlation in terms of air pollution is 0.44 which
is very low. It reflects that to some extent there is difference in level of air pollution in Newcastle
and Eastbourne. Level of significance< 0.05 and this reflects that there is no significant
difference between mean value of air pollution in Newcastle and Eastbourne. In second case
there are two areas namely London Melbourne and York and value of correlation is high
p=0.05<0.05 which reflects that there is not a big difference in mean value of PH 10 in
mentioned areas.
Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 Newcastle 13.42 31 10.066 1.808
Marylebone 25.42 31 9.660 1.735
Pair 2 Eastbourne 19.42 31 5.584 1.003
York 21.61 31 9.629 1.729
Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 Newcastle & Marylebone 31 .646 .000
Pair 2 Eastbourne & York 31 .549 .001
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-
tailed)Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Pair
1
Newcastle -
Marylebone
-
12.000 8.311 1.493 -15.048 -8.952 -8.039 30 .000
Pair
2 Eastbourne - York -2.194 8.056 1.447 -5.148 .761 -1.516 30 .140
Interpretation
Value of correlation is low in both pairs but value of P<0.05 and it means that there is not a big
difference in mean value of PH 10 in case of Newcastle – London Melbourne . However, in case
of Eastbourne– Yorksignificantdifference is indentifiecd as value of P>0.05.

Discussion
It was find out in the literature review that level of air pollution is low in case of Newcastle but
same is high in case of other areas like London Melbourne and Eastbourne– York. On the basis
of results also it is identified in different pairs that value of level of significance is below alpha
value which is 0.05. This means that there is almost too large extent is similarity in mean values
of London Melbourne, Eastbourne and York. It can be seen that in most cases value of P is
nearby to 0.00 r near to same which means that there is 0% or nearby probability of difference in
the level of PH 10 in different areas. Higher value of P is 0.02 which is find out in case of
Newcastle and Eastbourne and this reflect that there is 2% probability of difference in values of
PH 10 in both areas. This is clearly reflecting that in case of most of these areas either level of
significance is 0.00 or value of correlation is moderate or high. This means that in case of most
of the mentioned areas air pollution is moving in same direction. However, in case of Eastbourne
and York significant difference is find out because value is 0,140>0.05. This means that there is
big difference in level of air pollution that is in both areas. Apart from this if we compare other
areas then it can be said that there is no big difference in level of air pollution in the mentioned
areas.
Conclusion
On the basis of above discussion it is concluded that there is minor or no difference in
level of PH 10 in case of areas like Melbourne, Eastbourne and York. This does not mean that
gap between values of PH 10 is so huge so that we can state that in one area level of air pollution
is very low and in other it is very high. In case of Eastbourne and York difference is identified in
relation to air pollution. It is finally concluded that there is matter of concern on current level of
PH 10 in most of areas.

REFERENCES
Books & journals
Seinfeld, J.H. and Pandis, S.N., 2016. Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to
climate change. John Wiley & Sons.
Hajat, A. and et all.,, 2015. Long-term exposure to air pollution and markers of inflammation,
coagulation, and endothelial activation: a repeat-measures analysis in the Multi-Ethnic
Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 26(3). pp.310-320.
Moisseeva, N. and et all., 2016. Modeling and Chemical Analysis Used as Tools to Understand
Decade-Long Trends of Ozone Air Pollution in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia,
Canada. In Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV (pp. 277-281). Springer
International Publishing.
Lelieveld, J. And et all., 2015. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature
mortality on a global scale. Nature. 525(7569). pp.367-371.
Online
From Glasgow to Eastbourne: the 10 UK towns and cities breaching WHO air quality limits,
2016. [Online]. Available through;< http://www.edie.net/news/11/WHO-reveals-the-10-UK-
cities-breaching-air-quality-limits/>. [Accessed on 16th July 2016].

APPENDIX