Special Topics in Politics

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Special topics in politics

Special topics in politics 1
Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2
Climate change and human security in Bangladesh...............................................................................2
Problems stemming from climate change..............................................................................................6
Policy responses....................................................................................................................................8
National policy response options.......................................................................................................9
International policy response options..............................................................................................11
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................12
References...........................................................................................................................................13

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Introduction
In the current era, climate change is considered one of the biggest threats encountered by
Bangladesh due to which country is most visible. The change in climate takes place due to
the distinctive geographic location, low altitude from the sea, the supremacy of floodplains,
high population density, high level of poverty and dependency on nature. Bangladesh has a
history of thrilling climate events which claimed millions of lives and destroyed past
development gains. This is a fact that climate modifications are corroding the assets,
investments and eventually future of the country. In addition, the impact of it has challenged
expansion efforts, human security and upcoming years of a citizen within a country. The
influence of climate change can be observed from varying monsoon, early rainfall, hotter
summers, heavy rainfall instigating water lodging and landslides, little rainfall in the dry
period, increase in the flow of river water, recurrence of floods, crop damage and failure,
increased mortality, occurrence and outbreak of dengue (Brammer, 2016).
The fluctuation in the climate is measured as security threat which affects most on humans.
Change in climate leads to insecurities for food, property, life, water, and livelihood within
the country. The impact of climate low down the securities which can be experienced from
the environmental degradation; deprivation of land resources eventually reduces food and
health security (Amin, Zhang & Yang, 2015). Thus, it results in increasing conflicts over
resources and livelihood. The climate change is adding stress to the country and contributing
to instability, displacement, and migration. The rise in the number of victims of climate
change has enhanced the concern for the country. This report explores the impact of climate
change and human security in Bangladesh. Along with this, there is discussion related to the
problems that are stemming from climate fluctuations. Further, the policy responses are
explained by undertaking national and international aspects (Siddiqui & Bhuiyan, 2017).
Climate change and human security in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is threatened due to the negative impact of climate change on the country as well
as on humans. The unpredictable weather integrated with changes in rainfall and temperature
can worse food, water, and energy shortages. The frequent number of natural disasters linked
to man-made disasters could affect the capacity of the country. It can lead to the unregulated
migration and competition within the country (Lu, et. al. 2016). Along with this, climate

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fluctuations lead to the challenges for local, regional or global peace and stability of
Bangladesh. These challenges are: -
Firstly the unpredictable weather patterns that are linked to changes in rainfall and
temperature can result in worsening food, water, and energy. Secondly, in the developing
countries like Bangladesh, it has been observed that natural disaster affect the capacity
(Ahmed & Diana, 2015). It could lead to unfettered migration and competition for the
depleting resources. The salinization rising sea level and drought can make the area in ruins
and threaten the existence of population on a coastal country.
Human death is considered as the most consistent measure of human loss. It is estimated that
in the last twenty years, more than 1.5 billion people are killed by natural disasters.
Bangladesh faced frequent natural disaster even without any change in climate. It causes loss
to humans and sufferings with the damage to the infrastructure, property and the assets. It
also puts a harmful impact on livelihood, especially on the poor section of society in the
country. Though this is the fact that Bangladesh has achieved remarkable growth but still,
poverty and human loss reduction are still high in the country. The country has the highest
disaster mortality rate with 516,239 deaths from 1970 to 2005. Out of 516,239, 251,384
deaths took place because of cyclones. The country accounts for more than 60% deaths for
the occurrence of cyclones.
The influence of climate change in Bangladesh has the capacity to intensify existing
vulnerabilities to an extent which threatens the survival of humans in the most affected
portions of the country. There are also some uncertainties related to the timing and degree of
climate change which means that direction of change is not clear (Banu, et. al. 2014). The
government of a country has identified a range of climate change threats and associated
impacts which are stated below:
 The increased regular tropical cyclones result in more damage to the coastline region.
 The heavier and irregular rainfall during monsoon results in:
a) The higher river flow breaches dams and causes flooding in urban and rural
areas.
b) Riverbank destruction causes loss of residential and agricultural land.
c) The increased sedimentation in rivers leads to waterlogging.
 On the other side, lower and unpredictable rainfall causes droughts in the northern and
western area of Bangladesh (Alauddin & Sarker, 2014).

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 Melting of Himalayan glacier results in a high flow of water in rivers especially in the
warmer months and low river fall after dwindling of glaciers.
 The increasing level of sea causes submergence of low lying coastline areas. It affects
the supply of fresh water, water lodging potential and drainage congestion affects
Sundarbans mangrove forests.
 The warm and humid weather leads to a rise in diseases.
Following are the elaborations of climate change and security issue:
Food security: The damage to crop is increasing due to the cyclone, flood, storms, and
drought within the country. Salinity and permanent elaborations are limiting production of
the crop (Dasgupta, Hossain, Huq & Wheeler, 2015).
Water security: The scarcity of water has reduced rainfall, extended the dry season and
drought in Bangladesh. Impurity of freshwater resources with salty water has been reported in
the coastline aquifer (Kirby, et. al. 2016).
Loss of property and life: There is a rise in the number of persons who are suffering from the
destruction of their property and life. The cyclone, storms, floods; river erosion destroys and
damages property of people comprising a house, plot, cattle and other assets. The regular
disasters within Bangladesh lead to increase in destruction and loss in many folds.
Land deprivation and loss: The river and coastal corrosion are aggressively increasing due to
land degradation and loss. A 45 cm sea level rise is going to deluge nearly 10.9% of the
territory and will relocate 5.5 million populations of coastal states (Ahsan & Warner, 2014).
The use of land for farming and shrimp is declining and creating conflicts.
Loss of livelihoods: The livelihood opportunities are reducing due to loss and degradation of
land, scarcity of water, floods and other hazards in Bangladesh. The rough sea has limited
fishing opportunities which affect livelihoods. The health hazards and malnutrition has
reduced the number of working days and opportunities (Kabir, et. al. 2016).
Insecurity of women: The section which is suffering from disasters is women and
unrecognised communities. It is because they do not receive any notice in time and women
have to take care of kids, elder and disable persons.
Dislocation: People are bound to relocate from their place. It raises struggles for resources at
the place they shift. It has been seen that most migrants end up in urban areas like Dhaka.

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There are shreds of evidence which shows that such people are contributing to rising crime
and insecurity in the areas they move (Chiba, Shaw & Prabhakar, 2017).
The impression of climate change is multi-dimensional and interconnected within the
country. The impacts of climate change are observable in the country in the form of extreme
temperature, irregular rain, several floods, cyclones etc. as all these elements hit the historical
record of the country. Thus, it can be said that it is on-going and changing process within
Bangladesh. The country experienced the lowest temperature in 2007 which was 5 degree
Celsius. Over 100,000 people were affected by temperature and number of death reached
130.
The number of floods has been increased in last three decades. The number of tropical
cyclones and storm surges has increased considerably. As a result, the number of fishing days
has been reduced in numbers due to increased risk of natural disaster. Due to the rise in sea
level, the coastline zone of Bangladesh will be exposed to rough seas, cyclones, storm surges
and long-lasting flood.
The population of Bangladesh is expected to rise by 130 million in the next 50 years. The
climate change in the country will also make worst current environmental conditions. It will
give rise to land degradation, the shortfall in food production, poverty and turbulence within
the country. Other than these factors, climate changes in the country will challenge the ability
to attain high rates of economic growth that are required to sustain achieved reductions in
poverty (Dasgupta, Hossain, Huq & Wheeler, 2018).
Human security can be attained when the vital core of human lives is protected from serious
threats. It covers both freedoms from wants and freedom from fear. It identifies how
individuals and communities understand their security. The efforts have been made by the
government of Bangladesh to improve human security situation (Uddin, Bokelmann &
Entsminger, 2014). It includes the establishment of law and order monitoring committees,
preparation of legal instruments, anti-corruption commission, national human rights
commission, and ombudsman. The human insecurity includes various factors such as:
Economic insecurity: The types of economic insecurity recognized are general poverty,
economic manipulation and price hikes of basic produces. The 50% population of the country
is below the poverty line. Both poverty and idleness are a great concern for most people in
the country. Poverty emphasizes various problems like food insecurity. People lack land and

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agricultural harvests to grow their own food and order it from others (Chowdhury & Moore,
2017). The lack of resources makes harder access to basic services like education, sanitation,
and healthcare.
Health insecurity: The poor health insecurity contains the risk of health problems that are
related to poverty. It also includes contagious diseases and low standard of the healthcare
facility. Ill health is considered as the biggest danger to human security and it also challenges
the social and economic development (Hossain, Hein, Rip & Dearing, 2015). The population
level is also responsible for influencing standards of healthcare. The growth of population
also leads to the rise in other types of insecurity and enhance the pressure on land and
infrastructural resources. Several factors show that Bangladesh suffers from overpopulation.
Food insecurity: The food insecurity is considered as one of the major problems which are
becoming a concern for the government of a country. In addition, the stability of food is a big
challenge for people in Bangladesh. The food security is closely related to environmental
insecurity. It is relevant to the fact that natural disaster destroys a large quantity of food and
disrupts agricultural production (Ahsan & Brandt, 2015). The degradation of the environment
also reduces the productivity of land in long term.
The frequent climate fluctuations are expected to have a harmful effect on the country. The
natural disasters are great in magnitude. The environmental destruction is not the only cause
of climate change but it also drives enormous social changes. Masses of people have
migrated from the distraught areas. It could further lead to a downfall in living standards and
increase in social disorder (Whitehead, et. al. 2018).
The local authority and government have a significant role in human security especially at the
level of union Parishad that is a tier of local government in Bangladesh. Persons usually like
to go to the local governments to deal with most problems. At the same time, it is observed
that changes in climate will continue. It is anticipated that pre-monsoon rainfall will be
reduced whereas monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall will be augmented. The maximum
temperature on an average monthly basis will surge monsoon period and other periods will be
decreased. The effect of climate change in the country is going to make difficult to achieve
millennium development goals (Mechler & Bouwer, 2015). The climate change in the
country includes uncertainty regarding timing, magnitude and considerable threat to human
security. Therefore it is essential for the country to be prepared to adopt climate change and
defend future wellbeing of the population.

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Problems stemming from climate change
Bangladesh found climate change as one of the biggest threat as it puts an impact on human
being and atmosphere are very abysmal and elongated. The country is directly and indirectly
affected by the antagonistic impacts of change in climate. Bangladesh is not resistant to the
harsh impacts of climate change. It is at the high risk of natural calamities to coastal
landscapes, geographical location, the solidity of population, poverty, illiteracy, fluctuation in
the season patterns, poor structures and so on. The socio-economic circumstance of
Bangladesh is also very susceptible than other countries (Rahman, 2016). However,
Bangladesh is an emerging country with a total area of 1, 47,570 squares km. The country is
highly hampered with a vast population and 80% of the country is grasslands. According to
GCRI, 2017, Bangladesh is the 6th disaster-prone country (The Asian Age, 2017). The report
also highlighted some other factors like 0.48 individuals die from the adversarial effects of
climate change. The country faced 185 incidents related to climate change. As a result,
Bangladesh faced losses of per unit GDP by 0.732 %. These effects imposed serious problem
in the country. The impacts of climate change are previously observed in the country such as
summers are becoming hotter, irregular monsoon, premature rainfall, heavy rainfall
instigating waterlogging, slight rainfall in the dry period, increased river flow and crop failure
due to drought. The climate change has resulted in insecurities for water, food, life, property,
livelihood, and others. The rough sea has also limited fishing opportunities within the
country. The change in atmosphere has also devastated agriculture which is a key economic
driver in Bangladesh (Huq, Hugé, Boon & Gain, 2015.).
Weather is the usual state of day’s pressure, heat, flow, rainfall, and dampness of wind.
Climate is considered as the average state of weather for 30 to 40 years. Therefore, climate
includes all the factors of weather such as day’s pressure, heat, flow, rainfall and others. In
the current era, the condition of climate is not like the initial age of creation of earth what it
existed. This is the fact that it has been observed that climate is changing from past few years.
The climate is not changed instant; it takes about 30-40 years. The indicators of climate
change reflect the change in climate. For instance, if the indicators like greenhouse gas
emission, flood, drought, heat, temperature, heat, and level of oceans, glaciers, ice melting
and snowfall have changed in the last 30 to 40 years. Thus, it can be considered that climate
has been changed. Various survey and reports have discovered that the state of these
indicators has changed a lot over past 40 years (The Asian Age, 2017). According to a report
of IPCC, air temperature of Antarctica has amplified by 3 degree Celsius that is 5 times the

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rate of global warming. On the other side, NASA stated that temperature of earth surface has
augmented by 1.1 degree Celsius since the 19th century. More reports revealed that glaciers
are retreating almost everywhere and it is an alarming situation for Bangladesh. The climate
is changing due to numerous factors and these changes can be categorized into 2 types.
Firstly, natural causes, these cases are produced by the effects of nature comprising biotic
processes and deviation in solar radiation received by earth plate tectonics and volcanic
eruptions. Secondly, manmade causes- human beings are responsible for these causes
(Thornton, Ericksen, Herrero & Challinor, 2014).
The humans are inducing the change in climate by burning fuels like, diesel, petrol, coal,
kerosene, and gases, mounting poultry and livestock and wounding down trees in large
number and forests which can result in the greenhouse effect. The above causes are resulting
in growing global temperature day by day (Takasu, 2012). On the other side, poisonous gases
like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, ammonia etc. are discharging
in surroundings and poisoning environment. These gases are deceiving heat of the sun and
preventing it from leaking back into space. As, a result the ozone layer is depleting and the
atmosphere is getting unprovoked and initiating deadly diseases like skin diseases, cancer and
so on. The human beings typically produce the carbon dioxide which is greenhouse gas and is
64% liable for global warming. On the other side, methane is accountable for 17% of
manmade global warming whereas nitrous oxide for 6% (The Asian Age, 2017).
Other than increasing poultry and livestock, farming yields a huge amount of methane gases
from the waste. The excess use of fertilizers in agriculture sector yields nitrous oxide
emissions. On the other side, fluorinated gases release very strong heating effects which are
up to 2400 times more than the carbon dioxide. Due to the contrary impacts of climate
change Bangladesh is suffering in several ways. The natural calamities like flood, famine,
cyclone, drought, river erosion have been increased over time and obstructing the human life
and the overall economy (Mainuddin, Kirby, Chowdhury & Shah-Newaz, 2015).
The natural hazards have already battered the country such as river erosion, tropical cyclones
and landslides which are considered the results of climate change. The rising sea level is
gradually going to drown Bangladesh’s coast and river erosion is going to destroy land and
homes. One of the penetrating bearings of climate change is that it will force movement of
people throughout Bangladesh. As a result, people can be forced to lose their land, homes,
property, and livelihoods due to the effect of climate change (Ayers, Huq, Faisal & Hussain,

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2014). The urban poor is directly at the danger of natural disasters which are being enhanced
by the impact of climate change. It is assessed that rising sea level alone can displace 18
million people of Bangladesh in the upcoming 40 years. The climate change refugees are
expected to rise dramatically in coming years. People have already started moving from the
low lying villages and slum habitats near the Bay of Bengal.
Policy responses
The policy choices for meeting the challenges of climate change are mainly divided into
national and international policy.
National policy response options
There is no inclusive national policy in the country which precisely targets the risks of
climate change. The government of the country is known to prominence of climate change as
well as historical warmth to climate variability. There are various policy response options
which exist in relation to climate change (Klinsky, et. al. 2017). It includes, indirectly guiding
the impact of climate change through programmes which are given below:
Vulnerability reduction
The on-going projects in Bangladesh address food insecurity and food production shortages
through crop modification and creation of other employment opportunities. These
programmes intended at the community, agriculture development, credit facilities and
infrastructure improvement (Whitehead, et. al. 2015). The productions of fish and shrimp for
the domestic consumption and exports are endorsed along with an exceptional focus on rural
poverty alleviation and employment generation. All these developmental programmes have a
vital role in enhancing the resilience of poor.
Disaster management and climate risk management
The country has a programme named Participatory Disaster Management Programme
(PDMP) with an emphasis on disaster prevention and management and adaption to climate
change. The focus is given to soft procedures to diminish the impacts of disasters along with
a stress on preparedness such as raising awareness towards practical ways to reduce disaster
risks and losses (Moniruzzaman, 2015). To support national capacity for disaster
management, to develop knowledge and skills of persons in handling disasters, promotion of

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local level risk reduction measures, improvement of early warning system are some other
measurements to reduce the impact of disasters.
Bangladesh also formed an inclusive disaster management programme with UNDP aiming to
refocus the government towards a focus on catastrophe awareness and risk reduction. CDMP
has various disaster management constituents to establish an integrated approach to climate
change and disaster management. It also expands a wide range of hazards, especially with
reference to climate change. It focuses on the three areas which are given below:
 Reinforcing prevailing knowledge and information availability on impacts, forecast,
and adaption.
 Taking measures for the Bureau of environment and unit of the environment to direct
and conventional climate change into existing activities.
 Raising awareness, encouragement, and harmonization to promote climate change
adaption into progress activities.
Mainstreaming climate change into development and national planning
The government of Bangladesh is incorporating climate change into sectoral plans and
national policies. For instance, recommendations of World Bank on the climate change
impacts have been integrated into seaside zone management programmes. The research
programmes have conducted in the agriculture sector for the climate change information. The
country’s interim poverty alleviation strategy paper identifies the relationship between
poverty and susceptibility to natural hazards (Tanner, et. al. 2015). There are more chances of
increase in disaster than decrease due to global warming. The strategy paper has been
condemned for not stating climate change in the framework of planning vulnerable
procedures.
Other national policies linked to climate change comprise national war policy declared in
1999. It was the initial inclusive look at short, medium and long-term outlooks for water
resources in Bangladesh. It is monitored by the national water management plan (NWMP)
and viewed at the enactment and investment reactions to address the main concern
recognized in NWP. The climate change is not explicated but recognized by NWMP as
factors determining future water supply which guides the application of NWP. Further
priorities of NWP are an adaption to climate change.

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Climate change policies, planning, and institutions
The country is a participant in the UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC).
The government engaged a contract with UNFCCC in 1992. The ministry of environment and
forest is liable for managing the procedure of UNFCCC process in Bangladesh. The national
climate change committee was constituted in 1994 and comprises members of all relevant
government and non-government organizations. The purpose of the committee is to guide and
direct the execution of obligations under UNFCCC process. The government institutions also
work for the climate change including the inter-ministerial committee on climate change. It is
supervised by the minister for environment and forests (Rahman & Giessen, 2017).
International policy response options
This section deliberates the role of UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC)
and selected donor initiatives to support climate change impacts responses in Bangladesh.
The UNFCCC
The UNFCCC is an international contract that came of United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) held in 1992. The UNFCCC addresses the efforts
that can be done to lessen effects of global warming and to cooperate with whatever factors
leads towards temperature increase. The framework supports adoption of impacts of climate
change (Rahman & Lateh, 2017). The funding stream of UNFCCC for adoption has been
disapproved for being financially and technically insufficient to meet the needs of
Bangladesh. Some other relevant policies of UNFCCC include the susceptibility and adaption
which assists countries to develop an understanding of impacts, susceptibility and adaption
measures to respond to climate change.
Climate change activities in selected donor strategies
The country received over 1 billion USD $ of aid annually for the development. The
investigation of the donor portfolios is supported out by OECD in Bangladesh. The report
revealed in 2005 that between 22 and 53% of development aid and 22 to 37 % of aided
funded projects are possibly affected by climate risks. The report of World Bank raised the
issue of climate change as a result of conducting a long-term perspective study for
Bangladesh. The study particularly revealed the economic impacts of sea level rise (Ayers, et.
al. 2014).

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The OECD states that donor country strategies and project documents normally lack clear
consideration to climate change. However the increasing attention towards climate changes
leading donors to increase their attention on climate change in Bangladesh. For instance,
DFID now provides direct support and aid to programmes which reduces susceptibility to
climate variability and climate change (Rahman Talukder, Rutherford & Chu, 2015). As per
the above assessment, DFID Bangladesh is taking a range of options for the concrete
adaption measures:
 Non-structural procedures are taken such as incorporating climate change and disaster
management consciousness into the educational programmes.
 Improving infrastructure by administering road building standards with the help of
strict observing and assessment to upsurge the resilience of roads during flooding.
 Advanced research and data collection on the impacts of climate-related hazards.
Conclusion
Bangladesh is a developing country and trying to take more preventing measures to face
climate changes because it is a security threat and has major impacts on humans. There are
various problems which are stemming from climate change in Bangladesh. Thus, there is
need to take more initiatives to protect Bangladesh from the adverse impacts of climate
changes such as green the community, be energy proficient, empower renewable power,
reducing wastage, fly less and fly less. The other measures that can be taken to condense the
negative impact of climate change such as deeply mining canals and rivers, by dropping the
use of fuel and planting trees. Apart from this, the citizens of a country should be responsible
while making the use of natural resources and terrible concern. The government should also
be attentive to take corrective and effective policies to fight with a challenge of climate
change. Many more techniques can be adopted by Bangladesh; these can be outsourced or
developed in the country itself. Furthermore, research is required to conclude present and
future effects of climate change on the country. The NGOs which are particularly linked with
the community should strive to do climate change susceptibility assessments and action plans
for the respective working areas. NGOs should contribute to sponsor the climate change
improvement programs with various layers of Bangladesh government and internationally
with the support of partners and donors.

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