This article discusses the similarities between two athletes' experiences of injury, psychological factors leading to sports injuries, and effective coping strategies for athletes. The case study of an elite level soccer player and a journal article review are included.
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Running head: COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY Coping with sports injury Name of the University Name of the Student Author note
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1 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY a. What are the similarities between Pam’s and Harry’s experiences of injury? HarryAikines-Aryeeteyis a sprinter who suffered from an injury that forced him to retire from action for six to seven long weeks. Pam, a 24-year-old football player of elite level who suffered a Grade II level ankle injury and like Harry, had to distance herself from the playing field for weeks. To Harry, running is everything. Pam also experiences the same emotion as it gives her the mental stability that is missing from her life. Both Harry and Pam had given up at a certain stage in their life during the injury. Like Harry, Pam too felt jealous and frustrated to see her teammates train and practice and talk about it while she was forced to sit idle. b. Discuss how psychological factors could have led to Pam’s injury. Injuries in sports occur mainly due to four factors that include physical, environmental, psychological and socio-cultural. Physical and environmental factors include injuries due to fatigue, unsafe equipments, and muscle imbalances and so on. However, it is of less certainty that socio-cultural and psychological factors would lead to an injury but these factors do have a role to play. Psychological factors in particular, are a major contributor to sports injuries as evidenced by several researchers. Stress, anxiety, depression and isolation are some of the many psychological factors that lead to injuries.
2 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY Weinberg and Gould (2007) have provided a detailed analysis of the relationship between psychological factors and injury in sports. They referred to the work of Andersen and Williams who regard stress and personality as the two main contributors of sport injuries. Figure 1. Stress and athletic injury model (Source: Created by author) As it can be seen from the model above, the authors provided a simplified version to explain the relation between psychological factors and injury (Andersen and Williams 1988). They stated that any situation that the athletes perceive as a threat causes varied changes in their attention and muscle tension resulting in higher chances of injury. Apart from stress, personality Personality factorsCoping resources History of stressors Psychological skill intervention Stress responseAttention/distractions Perception of threatIncreased state anxiety Muscle tension Potentially stressful situation Injury
3 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY factors also lead to injuries as discussed by the authors. In a survey conducted by Rogers and Landers (2005), it was found that soccer players who suffered from life stresses were more prone to injury than those who were not. This explains the case of Pam, whom is also an elite level soccer player going through several life problems. She had lost her father eight months ago and her boyfriend, the sole earner of her house was jobless that further increased her stress level. This led to an attentional disruption that restricted Pam from “seeing the challenge coming” and being injured. c. Using either a cognitive appraisal model or a grief response model, discuss Pam’s psychological reactions to injury, taking into consideration what factors may have led to these reactions and what effect they may have. Pam sustained an ankle injury during a match that led to her suspension from the field for over six weeks. She is undergoing rehabilitation but her frustration keeps growing due to the injury. One of the key reasons of her frustration is being injured back to back that hampered her physical ability to play soccer. She feels angry that she will have to miss many crucial games due to the rehabilitation program that is likely to consume more than six weeks of life. Pam’s reaction to her injury can better be understood by examining the Grief Response Model developed by Kubler-Ross. According to the model, a sportsperson’s reaction to injury is similar to that of an individual facing grieve over some significant loss like losing a close one to death(Hall, 2014, p 1).Initially, the model was developed to show reactions to fatal illness but it was later adapted to the field of sports to register reactions of sportspersons to extreme injuries. According to the model, there are five stages of grief starting with denial. The next four stages include anger, depression, bargaining and acceptance.
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4 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY Applying the Grief response Model to examine injury reaction sin sports reveals that Pam first experiences anger on sustaining the injury. She then goes through the stage of denial where she feels that the rehabilitation program would be futile as might no longer be able to return to the field. This causes depression in Pam’s mind as she feels ‘useless’ and ‘letting her coach and team down’.However, it is evident that Pam does not go through the stage of bargaining her process through the stage of acceptance is slightly different from what the model suggests. Brewer (1994)comments that even though athletes “exhibit many of these emotions in response to injury”, they do not always show similar responses and that too, in predetermined order. According toUdry et al. (1997), reactions to injuries by athletes stem from three different sources that include: Injury-relevant information processing, where injured athletes develop negative thoughts after processing previous information on how they received the injury and how deep the injury is Emotional upheaval and reactive behavior, that explains Pam’s realization of being depleted emotionally and isolated Positive outlook and coping, that explains Pam’s positive attitude towards injury when she realizes that she is not the only one who went through such situations Weinberg and Gould (2007) further point out that although most athletes demonstrate these patterns of injury reactions, the frequency and comfort of progress varies. d. Discuss three possible psychological intervention strategies that could help Pam to cope more effectively with the psychological effects of her injury.
5 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY Coping with injury could be either a physiological or a psychological exercise. According to a study conducted byMittly et al. (2005), 25% athletes in the United States preferred psychological treatment to cope with injury compared to the 15.6% who preferred acute care. This study confirms the effectiveness of psychological rehabilitation in coping with injuries. Pam suffered from an ankle injury for which she is undergoing rehabilitation. More than her physical injury, she seems to suffer from psychological stress that is proving an obstacle in the way of recovering. To help Pam cope more efficiently with the injury, three psychological interventions are suggested: Goal setting – Athletes can use this technique to cope and recover from an injury. it involves setting short and long term goals for recovery.Taylor and May (1996)found in a study that setting performance goals for personal recovery smoothed the progress of performance. Pam needs to set goals for herself in order to cope with her ankle injury. She can prepare a chart describing her short term and long-term goals and gradually accomplish those goals in order to cope with injury.Craft et al. (2008, p 3), in their study have found that women with symptoms of depression tend to be less active in exercises and possess “low exercise self-efficacy” that deters their recovery process. Pam must include exercise in her goal setting routine to regain her confidence. Positive self-talk – After her injury, Pam developed extremely negative thoughts. She doubts that she might never recover from the injury and believes that she might be prone to injuries in future as well. In the views ofCupal (1998),players develop negative thoughts after the occurrence of an injury that lowers their confidence.Weinberg and Gould (2007) state that engaging in positive self-talk like “I am feeling down but I just need to be patient and I will
6 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY make it back” greatly helps athletes to recover fast. Pam must also replace her negative thoughts with positive self-talks. Social support – Research has found that social support from the concerned people elevates the desire of the injured player to recover soon. In Pam’s case, her physiotherapist, her boyfriend, coach and teammates play a crucial role. She can be motivated with words like “you can do this” or “you are doing really well” by her therapist and coach. Pam’s teammates could also help her by showing confidence in her and listen to her concerns without being judgmental. However, Green and Weinberg (2001)are of the view that social support must not occur only in the initial stages of injury but the player must keep getting it throughout the rehabilitation program. Part 2: Reflection a.Explain how your study of this unit has helped you to develop new insights into the topic area. Undertaking the study for this unit has contributed largely to my knowledge of the various psychological dimensions associated with sports and the relative injuries. Comparing Pam’s condition to that of Harry, further elevated my experience of coping with an injury. Harry’s video gave me the idea of how to go about dealing with stress prior to and after an injury. I being a sportsperson was able to relate to the experiences of Pam and I could feel her pain and agony. Although I too had faced similar situations, I had no idea that psychological factors could have such a huge impact on a player’s physical injury. By analyzing the stress and athletic injury model proposed by Andersen and Williams (1988), I was able to clearly
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7 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY understand how deeply can stress affect a player. The model further helped me to develop the ability to correctly examine the situation of other sports persons and help them. Sections 13 and 14 proved helpful in comprehending the situation of Pam and every sportspersons going through similar condition. In case studies of Judy and Marshall also provided me with deeper insights, through which I was able to comprehend Pam’s case. In addition, going through the study by Rogers and Landers (2005) assisted me in developing further ideas about the psychological factors leading to Pam’s injury as it contained researches on soccer players. Pam is also a soccer player. In addition, I got the opportunity to study the Kubler-Ross model of Greif Response and its effectiveness in explaining the psychological reactions players display after an injury. I believe this will help me in real world as well. An understandingofthemodelwouldalsohelpmetoattainandperformtheroleofa physiotherapist in future. Through the study of the various psychological interventions to encourage players cope with injury, I acquired the knowledge of coping with injuries in my personal life as well. It enabled me to apply these interventions in my real life as well since I am a sportsperson too and i have suffered similar situations. Going through the study by Mittly et al. (2005), I learned that psychological interventions work more effectively with injured players than acute care. This was a big revelation for me as I had previously focused more on physical therapy and ignored psychological interventions. Overall, I can say that the study in this unit has had a profound influence on my personal understanding of coping and recovering from injuries. b.Discuss the key findings of your chosen journal article and how these findings may apply in a sport and fitness environment.
8 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY After completing the case study, I was able to expand my knowledge regarding the psychological dimensions associated with physical injuries that sportspersons undergo. To enhance further my knowledge regarding this aspect of physical injury, I undertook the task to study the journal article ‘Relationship between physical activity and general mental health’ published in thePreventive Medicine.The article, authored by Kim et al. (2012), contained the study regarding the relationship between physical activity and mental health that helped me analyze Pam’s case. The article mentioned that the general mental health of average U.S. citizens had a close relationship with the hours spent by them on physical activity. The study was conducted to evaluate the “optimal amount of physical activity associated with better mental health”. The hypothesis of the study was that “higher and lower physical activity was associated with poorer mental health”. I found that this study was largely helpful in understanding Pam’s psychological reactions to her injury. According to the article, individuals at the extremes of both indicators that is, individuals who wither indulge in less physical activity or excessive physical activity, are more prone to acquiring poor mental condition. The study by Kim et al. (2012) was carried out based on the “weekly hours of physical activity” modeled against general mental health. The findings of the study suggested that individuals who carry out weekly physical activities for just over 2 hours to 7 hours have better mental health.It was found that those involved in 2.5 to 7.5 hours of weekly physical activity demonstrated better mental health than those who were not. I learned from the analysis that Pam’s psychological reactions to her physical injuries were a result of her mental health getting poorer due to absence of any physical activity.
9 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY These findings suggest that physical activity is a vital aspect of an individual’s overall life. Although the study was carried out with respondents belonging to the general category, it does provide a better insight into the physical and psychological factors associated with injury. Further, the study examined the psychological and physical association with the demography including “age, gender and physical health”. However, I might also add that after going through the article by Kim et al. (2012), I was able to establish the fact that Pam’s psychological distress can improve with better involvement in physical activity.
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10 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY References: Andersen, M.B. and Williams, J.M., 1988. A model of stress and athletic injury: Prediction and prevention.Journal of sport and exercise psychology,10(3), pp.294-306. Brewer, B.W., 1994. Review and critique of models of psychological adjustment to athletic injury.Journal of applied sport psychology,6(1), pp.87-100. Craft, L.L., Perna, F.M., Freund, K.M. and Culpepper, L., 2008. Psychosocial correlates of exercise in women with self-reported depressive symptoms.Journal of Physical Activity and Health,5(3), pp.469-480. Cupal,D.D.,1998.Psychologicalinterventionsinsportinjurypreventionand rehabilitation.Journal of applied sport psychology,10(1), pp.103-123. Green, S.L. and Weinberg, R.S., 2001. Relationships among athletic identity, coping skills, social support, and the psychological impact of injury in recreational participants.Journal of applied sport psychology,13(1), pp.40-59. Hall, C., 2014. Bereavement theory: recent developments in our understanding of grief and bereavement.Bereavement Care,33(1), pp.7-12. Kim et al., 2012. Relationship between physical activity and general mental health.Preventive Medicine, 55(5), pp.458–463. Mittly, V., Németh, Z., Berényi, K. and Mintál, T., 2016. Mind Does Matter: The Psychological Effect of Ankle Injury in Sport.J Psychol Psychother,6(278), pp.2161-0487.
11 COPING WITH SPORTS INJURY Rogers, T.J. and Landers, D.M., 2005. Mediating effects of peripheral vision in the life event stress/athletic injury relationship.Journal of sport and exercise psychology,27(3), pp.271-288. Taylor, A.H. and May, S., 1996. Threat and coping appraisal as determinants of compliance with sports injury rehabilitation: an application of protection motivation theory.Journal of sports sciences,14(6), pp.471-482. Udry, E., Gould, D., Bridges, D. and Beck, L., 1997. Down but not out: Athlete responses to season-ending injuries.Journal of sport and exercise psychology,19(3), pp.229-248. Weinberg, R.S. and Gould, D., 2007. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology.