Breastfeeding Attitudes and Behavior Analysis

This assignment analyzes the relationship between perceived social norms and breastfeeding behavior among women with children. It utilizes regression analysis to examine the statistical significance of this connection, presenting findings on R-squared value and ANOVA results. The report concludes by summarizing key insights regarding societal attitudes towards breastfeeding.

SPSS

Table of Contents
TITLE: “An empirical study of the attitude and behaviour of UK mothers towards breastfeeding
in public”..........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK...............................................................................................................................................1
1.1: Design of study................................................................................................................1
Assessing relationship of perceived norm with behaviour.....................................................7
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................11

TITLE: “An empirical study of the attitude and behaviour of UK mothers
towards breastfeeding in public”.
INTRODUCTION
In UK, mothers experiences about breastfeeding in public is more often evaluated as key
factors which is use for the purpose of making crucial decision about mother to discontinue
breastfeeding. However, there is convincing proofs regarding various residents of UK which are
not comfortable with women breastfeeding in public. The primary objectives of assessing crucial
views about breastfeeding in public is being analyse in place of UK residents as a best practice.
This project is targeting mostly mothers that are current breastfeeding their new born babies.
TASK
1.1: Design of study
In this mentioned case, it consists of various independent and depended variables those
are being based on attitudes towards breastfeeding and the second perceived norms. After
making analysis of all those situation researchers needs to make use of regression analysis from
the given information. The analysis are being discuss underneath:
Attitude as Independent variable :
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .386a .149 .095 .857
a. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public is: - Unnatural:Natural,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Stressful:Not stressful
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 12.070 6 2.012 2.741 .017b
Residual 68.979 94 .734
1

Total 81.050 100
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I breastfeed my child in public whenever I need to
b. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: - Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public
is: - Unnatural:Natural, Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal, Breastfeeding in public is:
- Stressful:Not stressful
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 1.481 .825 1.794 .076
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Normal:Not normal -.112 .117 -.110 -.959 .340
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Unnatural:Natural .115 .107 .126 1.072 .286
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Important:Not important .042 .082 .052 .520 .604
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Stressful:Not stressful -.168 .099 -.291 -1.695 .093
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Hard:Easy -.038 .103 -.061 -.366 .715
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive .081 .061 .130 1.317 .191
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I breastfeed my child in public whenever I need to
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .354a .125 .070 2.260
a. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public is: - Unnatural:Natural,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Stressful:Not stressful
2

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 68.887 6 11.481 2.248 .045b
Residual 480.024 94 5.107
Total 548.911 100
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I use a cover-up to prevent exposure when I breastfeed my child in public
b. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: - Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public
is: - Unnatural:Natural, Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal, Breastfeeding in public is:
- Stressful:Not stressful
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 5.728 2.178 2.630 .010
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Normal:Not normal -.405 .309 -.153 -1.312 .193
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Unnatural:Natural -.512 .283 -.214 -1.808 .074
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Important:Not important .040 .215 .019 .186 .853
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Stressful:Not stressful .280 .261 .187 1.073 .286
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Hard:Easy .274 .271 .173 1.014 .313
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive .066 .162 .041 .405 .686
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I use a cover-up to prevent exposure when I breastfeed my child in public
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .344a .118 .062 1.939
3

a. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public is: - Unnatural:Natural,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Stressful:Not stressful
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 47.445 6 7.908 2.104 .060b
Residual 353.327 94 3.759
Total 400.772 100
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I always used dedicated mother's facilities to breastfeed when they are available
b. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: - Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public
is: - Unnatural:Natural, Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal, Breastfeeding in public is:
- Stressful:Not stressful
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 6.670 1.868 3.570 .001
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Normal:Not normal -.622 .265 -.275 -2.348 .021
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Unnatural:Natural -.344 .243 -.169 -1.416 .160
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Important:Not important -.009 .185 -.005 -.046 .963
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Stressful:Not stressful .346 .224 .270 1.547 .125
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Hard:Easy -.059 .232 -.043 -.254 .800
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive .133 .139 .096 .956 .342
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I always used dedicated mother's facilities to breastfeed when they are available
4

Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .675a .456 .421 1.428
a. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public is: - Unnatural:Natural,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Stressful:Not stressful
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 160.514 6 26.752 13.123 .000b
Residual 191.624 94 2.039
Total 352.139 100
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I am often self-conscious when I breastfeed in public
b. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: - Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public
is: - Unnatural:Natural, Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal, Breastfeeding in public is:
- Stressful:Not stressful
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) .569 1.376 .413 .680
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Normal:Not normal .370 .195 .174 1.896 .061
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Unnatural:Natural -.114 .179 -.059 -.635 .527
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Important:Not important .051 .136 .030 .377 .707
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Stressful:Not stressful .683 .165 .568 4.140 .000
5

Breastfeeding in public is: -
Hard:Easy .215 .171 .169 1.259 .211
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive .023 .102 .018 .228 .820
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I am often self-conscious when I breastfeed in public
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .460a .212 .162 1.418
a. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public is: - Unnatural:Natural,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal,
Breastfeeding in public is: - Stressful:Not stressful
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 50.853 6 8.476 4.213 .001b
Residual 189.088 94 2.012
Total 239.941 100
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I make effort to be discreet if I am breastfeeding around strangers
b. Predictors: (Constant), Breastfeeding in public is: - Beautiful:Offensive, Breastfeeding in public
is: - Unnatural:Natural, Breastfeeding in public is: - Important:Not important, Breastfeeding in
public is: - Hard:Easy, Breastfeeding in public is: - Normal:Not normal, Breastfeeding in public is:
- Stressful:Not stressful
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardised Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 3.833 1.367 2.805 .006
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Normal:Not normal -.324 .194 -.185 -1.672 .098
6

Breastfeeding in public is: -
Unnatural:Natural -.370 .178 -.235 -2.084 .040
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Important:Not important .114 .135 .082 .845 .400
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Stressful:Not stressful .261 .164 .263 1.591 .115
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Hard:Easy .158 .170 .151 .931 .354
Breastfeeding in public is: -
Beautiful:Offensive -.141 .102 -.132 -1.381 .171
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I make effort to be discreet if I am breastfeeding around strangers
Interpretation:
From the above data analysis, it has been seen that breastfeeding in public having
regression results of .386 which means that they are having directly relationship among
dependent variables. After making proper evaluation of mother attitude and their other responded
behaviour they are getting positive responses. By the collected outcomes, it has been found that
there is not significance difference in between total attitude and behaviour of mother as well as
other people.
Assessing relationship of perceived norm with behaviour
Null hypothesis (H0): There is no statistical significant difference in the mean value of perceived
norms and behaviour.
Alternative hypothesis (H1): There is a statistical significant difference in the mean value of
perceived norms and behaviour.
Linear regression analysis
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
7

1
Mothers should
be considerate
of others when
breastfeeding
their child -
Always:Never,
Most other
mothers always
ensure they
have a suitable
cover-up with
them -
Always:Neverb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your
breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I use a cover-up to prevent exposure
when I breastfeed my child in public
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summaryb
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
Durbin-Watson
1 .272a .074 .055 2.277 1.918
a. Predictors: (Constant), Mothers should be considerate of others when
breastfeeding their child - Always:Never, Most other mothers always ensure they
have a suitable cover-up with them - Always:Never
b. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the
following
statements: - I use a cover-up to prevent exposure when I breastfeed my child in
public
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 40.737 2 20.368 3.928 .023b
Residual 508.174 98 5.185
Total 548.911 100
8

a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I use a cover-up to prevent exposure when I breastfeed my child in public
b. Predictors: (Constant), Mothers should be considerate of others when breastfeeding their
child - Always:Never, Most other mothers always ensure they have a suitable cover-up
with them - Always:Never
Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. 95.0% Confidence
Interval for B
B Std.
Error
Beta Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
1
(Constant) 2.323 .956 2.430 .017 .426 4.221
Most other
mothers always
ensure they have
a suitable cover-
up with them -
Always:Never
.515 .184 .273 2.796 .006 .149 .880
Mothers should
be considerate of
others when
breastfeeding
their child -
Always:Never
-.067 .135 -.048 -.495 .621 -.334 .201
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the following
statements: - I use a cover-up to prevent exposure when I breastfeed my child in public
Residuals Statisticsa
Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N
Predicted Value 2.44 5.86 4.03 .638 101
Residual -3.860 3.847 .000 2.254 101
Std. Predicted Value -2.494 2.867 .000 1.000 101
Std. Residual -1.695 1.690 .000 .990 101
a. Dependent Variable: How like or unlike your breastfeeding behaviour are the
following
statements: - I use a cover-up to prevent exposure when I breastfeed my child in public
9

Interpretation: The above depicted evaluation shows that r and r square accounts for .27
& .07 respectively. Referring this, it can be depicted that lower relationship takes place between
perceived norms and behaviour of women with children. Further, r square entails that on the
changes in one variable such perceived norms, behaviour of women will not be influenced
significantly. ANOVA table presents that p value is 0.02 which in turn less than the standard
measure such as 0.05. Referring outcome, p<0.05, it can be depicted that null hypothesis is
accepted and other one rejected. Hence, no statistical relationship takes place between perceived
norms and behaviour.
CONCLUSION
From the above project report, it has been seen that maximum number of respondents
observed that attitude and behaviour of people towards breastfeed from mothers are being
identified in more reliable manner. For this purpose, a well organise regression analysis is done
to check overall significance differences that are present in mentioned variables.
10

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Lawton, R and et. al., 2012. Employing an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour to predict
breastfeeding intention, initiation, and maintenance in White British and South‐Asian
mothers living in Bradford. British Journal of Health Psychology. 17(4). pp.854-871.
Brown, A. and Lee, M., 2011. A descriptive study investigating the use and nature of baby‐led
weaning in a UK sample of mothers. Maternal & child nutrition. 7(1). pp.34-47.
Leahy-Warren, P and et. al., 2014. Factors influencing initiation and duration of breast feeding in
Ireland. Midwifery. 30(3). pp.345-352.
Wambach, K. A and et. al., 2011. A randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding support and
education for adolescent mothers. Western journal of nursing research. 33(4). pp.486-
505.
Glaser, D. B and et. al, 2016. An evaluation of the effectiveness of school-based breastfeeding
education. Journal of Human Lactation. 32(1). pp.46-52.
Laanterä, S., Pölkki, T. and Pietilä, A. M., 2011. A descriptive qualitative review of the barriers
relating to breast‐feeding counselling. International journal of nursing practice. 17(1).
pp.72-84.
Scott, J.A., 2011. Attitudes to breastfeeding. In Infant Feeding Practices (pp. 39-54). Springer,
New York, NY.
11