Comparison of ADSL2+ in router and cable modem for lone interfacing

This report compares the use of ADSL2+ in router and cable modem for lone interfacing. It discusses the modulation types used in both devices.

Running head: SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
Table of Contents
Part – A, Q3:..................................................................................................................2
Introduction:...............................................................................................................2
Discussion:.................................................................................................................3
Wireless communication features:.........................................................................3
Size and height of the antennas that are applied in the SKA:................................4
The communication frequency bands for the SKA:...............................................5
Conclusion:................................................................................................................6
References:.................................................................................................................7
Part B, Answer 3:...........................................................................................................9
Comparison of ADSL2+ in router and cable modem for lone interfacing:...............9
Comparison of ADSL2+ in router and cable modem for host interfacing:................9
References:...............................................................................................................12

2SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
Part – A, Q3:
Introduction:
The SKA that is widely and generally known as the Square Kilometre Array project is
an initiative that has been taken by the government recognized organizations of the South
Africa and Australia. This project came into existence for meeting the purpose for the
detection and the use of radio astronomical purpose (Billade et al., 2016). The purpose and
aim of the project is to evaluate and discuss the facts and use of wireless communications and
its features. This report also focuses on the impact of the project of Square kilometre Array
that has created on domain of astronomy that is based on the radio technology that has varied
due to the height measured and the size impacted by the antennas. The Square Kilometre
Array is a very unique and very crucial or vital and aims to guide the radio astronomical
process. The SKA directly helps to attain the information from different parts of the bodies
that are astronomically identified. This is done by the radiation that is radiated by then
electromagnetic waves. The project was initially proposed so that it can be constructed in the
Australia as well as in the South Africa. The total area that has been occupied by the project
of the Square Kilometre Array ant its function is assumed as an approximately on a well
defined square kilometre of plot. Te telescope style that has been used in this project is the
Phased array. The project operates in the range of wide variations of the frequencies. The size
that has been allocated is considered to be sensitive in more than 50 times than the other
instruments based on the radio signal and frequency transmitter. The project is considered to
be required a very unique and high performance on the computation that will be able to
handle the long region based links that will be able to have and maintain the capacity,
quantity of larger traffic all over the internet. The mission is to survey the sky min much
more speed that is estimated to be faster than previous time. The project crates some scope

3SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
and opportunity for the technological evaluation and develop0ment in the region of the
energy generation by the renewable sources. With a package of precursor and pathfinder
telescopes and architecture studies by SKA groups around the world, crucial SKA technology
has been illustrated. This will obtain from key SKA systems and will and then choose and
incorporate many alternatives in to the penultimate instrument.
Discussion:
The project created and initiated by the SKA is totally based on the radio telescope
that proposed and built in the South Africa and Australia along with the help of ten more
progressive countries. The project will ensure the surveying of the internet over the sky in a
easier way. The wireless communications feature that is initiated in the SKA project has a
very high impact on the radio astronomy that has varied due to the height and also of the size
of the antennas. The report discusses about the wireless communication features, the size abd
type and also the height of the antennas (Braun, 2015). The communication frequency bands
are also the key aspects for the discussion of the project.
Wireless communication features:
The Square Kilometre array uses the principle and works on the technology response
of the radio astronomy. The SKA carries and holds a unique technology of taking an upper
edge that is created over the other forms of the technology of the telescopes as the SKA is
able to work in the assistance of the signals that are having the longer wavelengths (Braun,
2015). This also creates a scope of providing a greater and better vision of the space on all
weather conditions. The telescope is able to provide clear image on the clear skies as well as
the cloudy forecasted skies. The wireless communication feature that has been provided by
the project is about the radio telescopes that has been utilized in the Square Kilometre Array
Project. The part of wireless communication also helps to receive signals in form that is

4SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
represented in waves and that can be better demonstrated as the ground radio waves or the
radio that is passed to the ground with the help of a special type of antenna. In this
technology the radio waves are passed and are released from the astronomical sources of the
radio which uses the space as the medium of propagation (Takahashi, 2015). The processes of
combining the signals that have been allocated from the types of antennas are able to generate
much amount of data that will benefit the requirements of the data by the local stations. The
local stations will be needed to take a part in the action by simply providing the combination
and reduction of the packages that can be more manageable and will help in distributing the
packages of the information to the super capable computers. This distribution of the packages
to the super computers will further deliver and provide the top order scientists based on all
over the worlds. The framework of the wireless communication feature showcases the SKA
Communications and Outreach Network (SKACON) comprises of various communications
(Bull, 2016). The development in the radar technologies has enhanced in the development in
the region of radio telescopes. The astronomical object that has a portion of radio frequency
has the ability of emitting electromagnetic spectrums. The radio-telescopes are in charge of
collecting the radio portion that has been emitted by the electromagnetic spectrum. The
working groups that have been divided for such work structure has the responsibility to
complement the process of addition and coordination of projects that are transversal in nature.
Size and height of the antennas that are applied in the SKA:
The Square kilometre Array has managed to setup the base stations of in total five
hundred and twelve in numbers, each of the stations have total of two hundred and fifty
individual set of antennas. The whole infrastructure has been developed in the Australia.
There are total of 130,000 antennas that are counted and are present in the infrastructure of
the SKA in Australia (Garrett, 2013). The SKA project that is being developed in the South

5SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
Africa will add and create more scope with the addition of the one hundred and thirty three
more antennas according to the existing measure of 64- dish MeerKAT precursor telescope.
There are three different kinds of antennas that are used in the projects of the SKA.
These are generally arranged and managed on the ground in five big spirally maintained and
processed arms. Each antenna has a certain high frequency band (Gibbon, 2015). The greater
portion of the frequency band uses 15 m diameter of the antennas. The middle and lower
band of the antennas are used for observing large areas of sky continuously. In this structure
of the SKA the middle band and the lower band helps the antenna to observe the skies in
huge areas and in a continuous range. The SKA is able to deliver the frequency coverage in a
continuous process which ranges from the 50 MHz to 14 GHz which is present in the primary
stages or the first two stages of the development (Razzaqi, 2013). The third phase enhances
the extension which ranges up to 30 GHz. The requirements of the energy for the SKA when
it has remote based locations and are kept isolated from the major effect of the power grids.
The communication frequency bands for the SKA:
The system is majorly relied on the dish based array structure. Hence, the attainment
of the primary stages or the phases of the SKA project enables the Square kilometre Array to
provide more and more coverage of the frequency that ranges between 50 Hz to 1.4 GHz in a
non interruptive way (Hotan, 2014). The Array antennas that are basically based on the dish
type of structures or the antennas have the capability to cover up about 1.2 GHz to 10 GHz.
The dish based array is the most efficient and capable structure design that has been
implemented and designed by the SKA (McConnell, 2016). The development has risen in
such amount that after the completion of the implement of the third array or the third phase of
SKA, they will be able to provide the frequency that will range up to 30 GHz. The SKA will
also set up the LFAA that will attain the lowest frequency that ranges from 50 MHz to 350
MHz .

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Conclusion:
The report concludes that the SKA has provided and is providing a lot of contribution
in the field of radio astronomy to the world. The SKA with its setup mainly in Australia and
South Africa along with ten other countries have managed to deploy many antennas (Norris,
2013). In this report it has clearly been stated about the use of the telescopes in the field of
the astronomical science and also the achievement of instant air traffic signals. They are able
to receive high quality of image. This image extraction is done by the electromagnetic
spectrum which is received from the wave that has been reflected by the objects in the space.

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References:
Billade, B., Flygare, J., Dahlgren, M., Wästberg, B., & Pantaleev, M. (2016, April). A wide-
band feed system for SKA band 1 covering frequencies from 350–1050 MHz. In 2016
10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) (pp. 1-3). IEEE
Braun, R., Keane, E., Bourke, T., Green, J. A., & Wagg, J. (2015). Advancing Astrophysics
with the Square Kilometre Array. PoS, 174.
Bull, P. (2016). Extending cosmological tests of general relativity with the Square Kilometre
Array. The Astrophysical Journal, 817(1), 26.
Garrett, M. A. (2013, September). Radio astronomy transformed: Aperture arrays—Past,
present and future. In 2013 Africon (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Gibbon, T. B., Kipnoo, E. K. R., Gamatham, R. R., Leitch, A. W., Siebrits, R., Julie, R., ... &
Wallace, B. (2015). Fiber-to-the-telescope: MeerKAT, the South African precursor to
square kilometre telescope array. Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments,
and Systems, 1(2), 028001.
Hotan, A. W., Bunton, J. D., Harvey-Smith, L., Humphreys, B., Jeffs, B. D., Shimwell, T., ...
& Ardern, K. (2014). The australian square kilometre array pathfinder: System
architecture and specifications of the boolardy engineering test array. Publications of
the Astronomical Society of Australia, 31.
McConnell, D., Allison, J. R., Bannister, K., Bell, M. E., Bignall, H. E., Chippendale, A.
P., ... & Hotan, A. W. (2016). The Australian square kilometre array pathfinder:
performance of the Boolardy engineering test array. Publications of the Astronomical
Society of Australia, 33.

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Norris, R. P., Afonso, J., Bacon, D., Beck, R., Bell, M., Beswick, R. J., ... & Budavari, T.
(2013). Radio continuum surveys with square kilometre array
pathfinders. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 30.
Razzaqi, A. A., Khawaja, B. A., Ramzan, M., Zafar, M. J., Nasir, S. A., Mustaqim, M., ... &
Tauqeer, T. (2016). A triple-band antenna array for next-generation wireless and
satellite-based applications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless
Technologies, 8(1), 71-80.
Takahashi, K., Brown, M. L., Burigana, C., Jackson, C. A., Jarvis, M., Kitching, T. D., ... &
Starck, J. L. (2015). Overview of Complementarity and Synergy with Other
Wavelengths in Cosmology in the SKA era. arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.03859.

9SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
Part B, Answer 3:
Comparison of ADSL2+ in router and cable modem for lone interfacing:
ADSL2+ router
(TP LINK-TD 8816)
Cable modem router
(NETGEAR N600)
MODULATION TYPE DISCRETE MULTI TONE
(DMT), MULTIPLER
VIRTUAL LINE (MVL),
CARRIERLESS AMPLITUDE
MODULATION (CAM).
QUADRATURE PHASE
SHIFT KEYING (QPSK),
QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION (QAM).
MODULATION BIT RATE 8 Mbps 10 Mbps
ERROR CONTROL
STRATEGY
FORWARD BASED ERROR
CORRECTION
CABLE MODEM BASED
TERMINATION SYSTEM.
CABLE AND CONNECTOR
NEEDED
RJ-45 RJH-45

10SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY PROJECT
Comparison of ADSL2+ in router and cable modem for host interfacing:
ADSL2+ router
(TP LINK-TD 8816)
Cable modem router
(NETGEAR N600)
BIT RATES SUPPORTED 24 Mbps 30 Mbps
PROVIDED PORTS LAN Ports-4, Ethernet port – 1 LAN ports – 4, ETHERNET
ports- 1
DHCP AVAIALABLE? AVAILABLE AVAILABLE
ADSL2+ has the ability to run on the modulation theory of Discrete Multi Tone
modulation. The Fast Fourier Transform is used by the DMT and the algorithm is used for
modulation and demodulation. There are many more modulation technologies that are
available like the Multiple Virtual line (MVL) and the Carrier-less Amplitude Modulation
(CAP) in the ADSL2+ router. Other than these, the commonly used router for ADSL2+ is the
Discrete Multi Tone Router (DMT) (Haigh et al., 2015). The cable modem router also uses
several types of modulations. These can be of different types like the Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK) modems (Khamiss & Abdullah, 2014). This has the ability to attain a speed
that ranges up to 10 mbps. The other type is the QAM64 or the Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation who has a speed of 64 Mbps. While QAM64 has more frequency than QPSK
modulation to router, QPSK is also favored since it is strong particularly in comparison to
QAM64. The main and important job that has to be done by the modem is the Modulation
and the process of Demodulation (Song et al., 2014). The Discrete Multi Tone is the kind of
modulation that is utilized for the MVL and CAP kind of modulation. This happens since the
use of DMT over FFT algorithm allows the ADSL26 router to work faster. It can be achieved
from the output that the QPSK is much lower in category of delivering speed than that of the
QAM64. The technique of modulation in the cable is vigorous in nature.

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The ADSL2 + router (TP LINK-TD8816) will be the recommended wireless router
since it offers a full ADSL2 + standard that would be extremely reliable and also very price-
effective particularly in comparison to cable modem router (Hu et al., 2014). The cable
Modem Router tends to work on the speed of 30 Mbps. It can be achieved that the speed for
download is 24 Mbps for the ADSL2+ routers. The cable modem router's upload speed is
also slower than ADSL2 + routers. ADSL2 + router prices are lower than cable modem
routers, so ADSL2 + router is often personally prefer over cable modem router. The ADSL
demonstrates about three main Transmission Protocols. The Synchronous Transport Module
(STM) enables the transmission of the frames of the hierarchy with digital synchronization. It
also has the Asynchronous Mode of Transfer which has the Packet Transfer Mode mostly
used in the ADSL2.

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References:
Haigh, P. A., Le, S. T., Zvanovec, S., Ghassemlooy, Z., Luo, P., Xu, T., ... & Le Minh, H.
(2015). Multi-band carrier-less amplitude and phase modulation for bandlimited
visible light communications systems. IEEE Wireless Communications, 22(2), 46-53.
Hu, H., Jopson, R. M., Gnauck, A. H., Dinu, M., Chandrasekhar, S., Liu, X., ... &
McKinstrie, C. J. (2014, March). Fiber nonlinearity compensation of an 8-channel
WDM PDM-QPSK signal using multiple phase conjugations. In OFC 2014 (pp. 1-3).
IEEE.
Khamiss, N. N., & Abdullah, S. A. (2014). QoS and Objective Performance Analysis of Triple
Play Services over ADSL2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2+). Al-Nahrain
Journal for Engineering Sciences, 17(2), 229-238.
Song, H. J., Kim, J. Y., Ajito, K., Kukutsu, N., & Yaita, M. (2014). 50-Gb/s direct conversion QPSK
modulator and demodulator MMICs for terahertz communications at 300 GHz. IEEE
Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 62(3), 600-609.