Statistics Paper

Statistics Paper
Statistics Paper
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation

Statistics Paper
Paper 1
Lam et. al. (2014) research article
Question One: stating the hypotheses and Describing their Independent and dependent variables
1. Has consumption of alcohol at school leavers’ celebration changed from last social
event?
a. Null hypothesis
The use of alcohol at leaver’s celebration has not changed compared to last social event.
b. Alternative hypothesis
The use of Alcohol at leaver’s celebration has increase from last social event.
Variables:
Independent
These are predictor variables that are manipulated in an experiment or study to predict / observe
the behaviors or effects of dependent variable. From the Lam et. al. (2014) research article,
variable for the hypotheses are listed below:
Use of alcohol among males
Use of alcohol among Females
Males’ Average School leavers’ event day
Female’ Average School leavers’ event day

Statistics Paper
Dependent
These are outcome variables, that are rely on the value of the independent variables. From the
Lam et. al. (2014) research article, variable for the hypotheses are listed below:
Allover use of Alcohol
Average School leavers’ event day
2. Has the use of other drugs like amphetamine, caffeine, cannabis and ecstasy changed
in school leavers’ celebration
a. Null hypothesis
There’s no significant change in the use of other drugs apart from alcohol in leaver’s
celebration
b. Alternative hypothesis
Is there significant change in the use of other drugs apart from alcohol in leaver’s
celebration?
Variables:
Independent
These are predictor variables that are manipulated in an experiment or study to predict / observe
the behaviors or effects of dependent variable. From the Lam et. al. (2014) research article,
variable for the hypotheses are listed below:
Use of other drugs other than alcohol among males
Use of other drugs other than alcohol among females

Statistics Paper
Use of drugs in leavers’ day 1, day 2, day3
Dependent
These are outcome variables, that are rely on the value of the independent variables. From the
Lam et. al. (2014) research article, variable for the hypotheses are listed below:
Use of other drugs in school other than alcohol leavers’ celebration
Average daily use of other drugs
Question Two: Sampling method used in Lam et. al. (2014) research article, its
advantages and Disadvantages
The sampling method used in this research is stratified sampling. The sample was drawn from
a population that contained two strata, female and male, 56% and 44% respectively of the
sample.
Advantages of stratified sampling
 Stratified sample gives more prominent exactness compared to simple random sample
of the similar
 Due to fact that it provide precision, a stratified sample requires smaller sample,
which saves research budget.
 Can ensure that specific groups are represented, even proportionally, in the sample for
instance by gender, by selecting individuals from strata list
 With this sample, one is bale to ensure that he/she obtain sufficient sample points
to support a separate analysis of subgroup in the sample.