(PDF) Design and fabrication of pressing steam boiler

Steam Boiler Process in
Natural Gas Plant

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
1. Overview of steam boiler process in natural gas plant...........................................................3
2. Factors affecting the steam boiler efficiency..........................................................................5
3. Factors affect steam boilers environmental considerations and emissions.............................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Boiler is a device which useful for creating steam. This is also useful for converting water
into vapour form. Boiler's size and form depend upon the applications. This report will discuss
about the different factors that affecting the steam boiler efficiency and environmental
considerations. This assignment will describe the overview of steam boiler process in natural gas
plant.
1. Overview of steam boiler process in natural gas plant
According to Ahmadi, Toghraie and Akbari (2017) a steam boiler is a piece of equipment
and device which act as closed container that convert into the water in the steam or a container
that includes water and a heat source powered by oil, coal or gas. This process will happen due to
chemical energy which help in converting fuel source like gas and oil into the heat energy. This
process also useful for generating heat and can be transferred into water. Steam boiler is an
essential part that provide facility to transfer the heat into water. Water is also useful for medium
because it is cheap and easily available in the different places. Hot gases are combusted in one
side and water into the another side while large amount of heating surface of steam boiler can
expressed in the term of square meters.
Steam Boiler designed according to the requirement of combustion process, this process
transferred the large amount heat possible if the combustion to water by using different process
such as convection, radiation and conduction etc. It is important for maintaining the efficiency of
heat transfer because fuel burn is maximum and generate cost effective outcomes.
As per the view of Akbari, Marzban and Ahmadi, (2017) Nowadays, it is necessary for
every natural gas plant to produced steam by using boiling process. Sometimes, it also depends
on gas plant but in most of the cases, steam is produced with the help of boiler. There are
following functions served by steam boiler:
Production- Steam is playing important part in the production of product with the help of
sterilization. This process will help in achieving the actual temperature of processing which is
needed for production.
Fuel- Boiler steam used to increase the power by using pumps, steam boiler electric instruments
and blowers etc. These are essential for creating high temperature in the steam.

Climate- For generating steam, it is required for natural gas plant to used the power of air
conditioning and plants heating etc. this is possible with the help of employee, keep equipment
and devices according to temperature etc.
According to Amin and Talebian-Kiakalaieh, (2018) There are some components like
heat exchanger, burner, controls and combustion chambers etc. these are main components
which help in controlling the entire process of steam boiler in natural gas plant. The burner can
mix with the fuel and oxygen together to generate combustion platform. This combustion take
place in the chamber and also useful for transferring heat. This is also playing role as a heat
exchanger. Heating generating process is also is managed the air supply, water temperature, rate
of burner, boiler pressure, steam pressure and fuel supply and exhaust draft etc. boiled water
produced with the help of boiler through pipes and also delivered the equipment by using
building. This is an efficient process to manage the entire functionality of steam boiler in natural
gas plant.
According to Basso and Cumo et.al., 2017 there are some advantage of natural gas steam
boiler. Natural gas steam boiler follows to generate power in the system and their processes. It is
a high quality and powerful boiler to increase the productivity of organization and plant. This
process is reduced energy cost because most of plant uses this process to generating high energy.
Natural gas is powerful as compare to electricity and fuel due to less cost and price. This is
beneficial of industry to increase their profitability and production with the help of this process.
There are many factories or industries uses this process to generate excess amount of energy.
This process will reliable for company as well as stakeholders.
According to Keshavarz, Toghraie and Haratia, 2017, the raw material required for
generating heat with the help of water. This is easily available in market in cheap prices. In both
way, water and steam are clean inherently safe and pure. Due to high heat content steam, there
are relatively small pores in the pipe which is required for distribute the steam pressure in the
other areas. Steam boiler efficiency can be maintained and improved by proper maintenance
which is required for monitoring the entire operations and process.
According to author, Natural gas power plant is generated electricity which helps for removing
the product. It also makes sure that boiler steam generate additional electricity by using boiler
steam. According to Molina, and Bouallou, 2017; there are different natural gases includes
nitrogen and carbon dioxide which is based on non-combustible gases. They have lower

emission power than coal burning boilers. They don't contain the particulate matter content in it.
Natural gases are easily mixed with the air and facilities the complete combustion without any
produce soot and smoke.
Natural gases contain more hydrogen content as compared to another substance like fuel
and coal. Hydrogen gas combine with the oxygen gas to generate the highly water vapour. This
water vapour change into the steam by using combustion process. Sometimes, there are problem
arises when we are using some excessive amount of hydrogen gas. This gas reaction with the
water to convert into H2O. This is the most significant problem that occur at the time of
combustion process. It is required for set up specific temperature of boiler and maintain the heat
transferred process. This process will help in converting the water into the heat energy. Many
natural gas plant uses these techniques for managing the process and operations. Natural gas
plant using steam boiler which is the best of recovery the process in the industry. This boiler
designed for converting the water into vapour or steam. This process occurred due to the
chemical reactions. This is also designed in vacuum form to easily storing the substance at high
level temperature.
2. Factors affecting steam boiler efficiency
According to Pambudi and Handogo et.al., 2017 there are important factors that affects
the steam boiler efficiency:
Fuel gas Temperature-Fuel gas temperature is called stack temperature because this will
help for measuring the hot gas combustion which is exit in the boiler. Sometimes, fuel gases
increase their temperature and it also produced more heat energy. Boiler is applicable in industry
for maintaining the heat and their temperature. It will not use for generating steam. Time to
time, maintenance required for plant to manage their operations and functions. Heat can be loss
through gas temperature and involves for installing the combustion air heater and economizer in
the steam boiler system.
Fuel specification- It is not surprising but fuel specification can impact on the efficiency
of steam boiler. This issues is generated when it is establishing the right fuel specification. It is
important for maintain the actual fuel which is required for processes. Natural gas plant mainly
concern about the fuel specification. Hydrogen content highly essential for generating steam.
Some times, this gas is inevitably through water at the time of combustion. It can create
monopolizes energy on the other hand. it also uses the combustion process for industrial

activities. There are important combustible components in natural gases such as methane CH4,
Propane C3H8, pentane C5H12, ethane C2H12 etc. Hydrogen content is burned quickly and
produced more water by using combustion process.
Excess Air-Some of the boilers are burned which required to excess air because the
combustion process required rich fuel. It is an inevitably that absorb the combustion heat and
also reducing the heat transferred efficiency. This is also major issue that could be addressed by
calibrating boiler because they always monitoring the different level of firing.
Ambient temperature- Ambient temperature is a process that enter in the boiler through
combustion air. Accordingly, the temperature can impelled through the forced draft fan. It is
determined that steam boiler in natural gas effect the both efficiency calculation and boiler
efficiency. According to Zhangand Floudas et.al., 2018; It is directly affecting the net stack
temperature. This is the most important difference between the fuel gas temperature and ambient
temperature. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide gases are trying to reduce the ambient
temperature and also decrease the temperature. It is important for industries to balance the
energy combustion in the processes. According to calculation, the ambient temperature of steam
boiler is 70 to 80 degree Fahrenheit.
Radiation and convection losses- Radiation and Convection losses is major factor that
affecting the efficiency of boiler steam in natural gas plant. There are two strategies helps for
reducing convection and radiation losses. They also useful to control the airflow over the steam
boiler surface. The external surface of steam boiler high and they generate high temperature
water as compare to its surroundings. Some times, it is difficult for measure the actual loss
because it is complex process. Radiation and convection losses is proportional to external surface
area of unit.
Calculate steam Boiler efficiency-
The initial cost of boiler is small as compare to the total cost of boiler for lifetime.
Ensuring that the efficiency of steam boiler is critical optimize according to the cost of fuel.
Steam boiler efficiency combined with the efficiency of various component of boiler, other
subsystem impact the overall efficiency of boiler.
This efficiency can be calculated by using efficiency formulas :
n= Energy output / energy input x 100
in this way, it can be calculate the efficiency of steam boiler.

E= { Q(H-h)/q*GCV}*100
h= emthalpg of water
GCV= gross calorific value of fuel.
Q- quantity of steam generated
H= enthalpy of stream
3. Factors affect steam boilers environmental considerations and emissions
Environmental considerations and emissions are important for natural gas plant to
manage their operations and functions in proper manner. Nitrogen dioxide is considered as
environmental problem gases that affect the entire environment. Nox gas reacts with the ozone
layer and produce acid rain. Acid rain damage the fabric and reduce the visibility, damage
building and forests. It is important for controlling the Nox level. Many industries and natural
gas plant produce nitric oxide gases that affecting the entire world. Nitrogen gas generated by
steam boiler and it is main source of generation. In metropolitan areas it can be varies according
to the level of distribution.
According to Salkuyeh, Saville and MacLean, 2017; In Natural gas plant steam boilers, nitric
oxide can be formed into different ways: Thermal Nox and Fuel Nox.
Thermal NOx is formed when the nitrogen and oxygen combine at the time of
combustion process. In this way, they increase the temperate at a high flame. Thermal Nox more
Nox components that formed by combustion of fuel and gases. Fuel NOx is formed when
nitrogen react with the fuel and oxygen in the form of combustion process. Flame temperature
always affect the thermal Nitrogen oxide formation.
There are following factors that affects the steam boiler performance and environmental
such as efficient, CO emissions, capacity and excess air etc.
Capacity-
Capacity and turn-down can be considered same as together because nitric oxide control
technique help for boiler in order to achieve their target and guaranteed for reductions of nitric
oxide. As per view of Singh and Lou, 2017; Steam boiler is also determined the maximum load
in the hot and steam water. Some times, the boiler is oversized so it is required for managing the
load. Therefore, selecting the effective Nitric oxide gases control the capacity. It required for
considered capacity and turn-down together for boiler selection.
Efficiency-

Low nitric oxide control and reduce the emission of gases to the lower flame temperature when
the steam boiler with input is minimum than 100MMbtu/hour. The flame temperature reduce so
that it also decrease radiant heat transfer. The boiler efficiency loss due to the lower flame
temperature. Modern technology that support to offset the loss of efficiency at lower temperature
in the fuel gas recirculation.
Excess air-
A steam boiler supply excess air which provide the safe operation in the combustion process. A
typical burner is set up 10 – 20% excess air which impact on the environment because they emit
large amount toxic gases. Nitric oxide control the excess air the process and fuel is used for
generating high energy and transferred the usable energy. Some times, excessive air is not
required for steam boiling process because it can damage the entire process. It can losses the
stack and reduce the efficiency of boiler. In some cases, it will produce excess air level and as a
result oxygen gas deficient the flame or increase the level of carbon monoxide. It is the better
technology that effect the excess air.
Total performance-
Each and every boilers are required to select the low nitric oxide package to manage the overall
performance of boiler. Let us considered the application and investigate all the characteristic or
features of control technology. Technology helps for managing the process of heating and
increase the performance. Sometimes, NO x gas uses for reducing the temperature and it also
useful in different areas such as high turn-down, sufficient excess air, lower carbon oxide,
adequate capacity and efficiency etc.
Particulate Matter-
The particulate matter emission form combustion sources that consist of different type of
compounds such as carbon, oxides, sulfate etc. these are uncombusted element in the fuel
substance, this can be polluted the environment like generate toxic gases to animals and plants,
harmful for humans etc. Particulate matter emission the toxic gases that affect the health
problem. This emission depend upon the grade of fuel that fired in steam boiler. The particulate
matter level of natural gas are lower than other oils.
Carbon Monoxide Emission-
Carbon monoxide is generating at the time combustion process while high flame temperature are
combine with the air or fuel necessary for low carbon monoxide emissions. Some nitric oxide

control by using technology in natural gas plants because they used commercial steam boilers
which helps for reducing the level of flame and their temperature.
Emission Level units-
Emission level can be generated according the measurement and volume or mass based. Like
most of the gases generating large amount of toxic gases that affecting the environmental
conditions.
CONCLUSION
As per discussion, it is concluded that steam boiler uses natural gas plants for mange the
efficiency of heat generating process. This report also provides the brief idea about the steam
boiler and many organizations or industries uses this technique. This assignment also discusses
about the different factors that affecting the efficiency of steam boiler environment and emission.
It discusses the Steam boiler which is useful in Natural gas plant and industry.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
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of a steam power plant: a case study in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
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existing natural gas-fired steam power plant. Applied Thermal Engineering. 124. pp.897-
910.
Amin, N.A.S. and Talebian-Kiakalaieh, A., 2018. Reduction of CO2 emission by INCAM model
in Malaysia biomass power plants during the year 2016. Waste Management. 73. pp.256-
264.
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combustion efficiency measurement procedure of conventional and condensing
boilers. Energy. 123.pp.615-636.
Keshavarz, E., Toghraie, D. and Haratian, M., 2017. Modeling industrial scale reaction furnace
using computational fluid dynamics: a case study in Ilam gas treating plant. Applied
Thermal Engineering. 123. pp.277-289.
Molina, C.T. and Bouallou, C., 2017. Comparison of different CO2 recovery processes in their
optimum operating conditions from a pulverized coal power plant. Energy Procedia. 114.
pp.1360-1365.
Pambudi, N.A. and Handogo, et.al., 2017. Exergy Analysis of Boiler Process Powered by Biogas
Fuel in Ethanol Production Plant: a Preliminary Analysis. Energy Procedia. 142. pp.216-
223.
Salkuyeh, Y.K., Saville, B.A. and MacLean, H.L., 2017. Techno-economic analysis and life
cycle assessment of hydrogen production from natural gas using current and emerging
technologies. international journal of hydrogen energy. 42(30). pp.18894-18909.
Singh, R. and Lou, H.H., 2017. Safety and Efficiency Enhancement in LNG Terminals.
In Natural Resources Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and
Applications (pp. 1584-1596). IGI Global.
Zhang, B.J. and Floudas et.al., 2018. Multi-level energy integration between units, plants and
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