Drug Information Summary

This assignment presents summaries of information for three different medications: Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, and Warfarin. Each medication entry includes its normal dosage and route of administration, peak time, duration, generic name, classification, action, uses, contraindications, potential adverse effects, nursing considerations, and patient/family teaching points. This information is presented in a clear and concise manner, highlighting key aspects for healthcare professionals and students.

Running head: DRUG CARD
Drug card
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: Atenolol
Normal Dosage and Route: 50 mg; range 100 to 200 mg/day- once daily; Route: PO Peak: 2-4
hours; Duration: 24 hours
Generic Name: Tenormin
Classification: antianginals/antihypertensive (therapeutic)/beta-blockers (pharmacologic)
Action: Blocks the stimulation of beta-andrenergic receptors (myocardial), however, do not
affect the vascular, pulmonary, uterine beta2-receptor sites. The therapeutic effects include
decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. There is decrease in frequency of angina pectoris
attacks and MI prevention.
Uses: It is used in the management of angina pectoris, hypertension and MI prevention where it
decreases the frequency of these episodes. It also decreases the heart rate, blood pressure by
blocking the stimulation of beta2 myocardial adrenergic receptors.
Contradictions:
Pulmonary edema
Uncompensated heart failure
Heart block or Brachycardia
Cardiogenic shock
Adverse Effects:
Weakness, fatigue, depression, anxiety, nervousness, changes in mental status in CNS

2DRUG CARD
Stuffy nose and blurred vision in EENT
Heart failure, bradycardia, hypotension, pulmonary edema and peripheral constriction in
CV
Wheezing, bronchospasm in respiratory system
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Monitoring of ECG, BP, pulse, dosage adjustment during periodic therapy
Monitoring of input, output ratios, daily weights,
Routine monitoring for HF like weight, dyspnea, jugular venous distention, peripheral
edema.
Patient/Family Teaching:
Advise to look for wheezing, difficulty in breathing, slow pulse, light-headedness,
dizziness, depression, fever, rash, sore throat, bruising, unusual breathing
Name of Drug: Ativan
Normal Dosage and Route: 1 to 10 mg- 2 to 3 times daily; Route: PO, IM, IV with peaks 1-6
hours, 1-2 hours, 15-20 minutes respectively Duration: 8 to 12 hours
Generic Name: LORazepam
Classification: antianxiety agents, anesthetic adjuncts and sedative/hypnotics as therapeutic and
benzodiazepines as pharmacologic agents

3DRUG CARD
Action: It depresses the CNS by potentiating GABA being an inhibitory neurotransmitter. As
therapeutic, decreases seizure, anxiety and sedation.
Uses:
Therapeutic agent-depressing of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and decreases anxiety,
seizures and sedation.
Contradictions:
Hypersensitivity, sleep apnea, sever hypotension, angle- closure glaucoma, uncontrolled
severe pain, seizures
Hypothermia
Comatose patients with pre-existing depression
Cross sensitivity with benzodiazepines
Adverse Effects:
Lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness, slurred speech, headache, mental depression, confusion
Blurred vision
Reparatory depression
Hypotension, brachycardia
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Regular assessment of continued need for treatment

4DRUG CARD
Assessment of manifestations and degree of anxiety, mental status
Assessment of duration, location, frequency and characteristic of seizure
Assessment of hepatic, renal and hematologic functioning
Patient/Family Teaching:
No skipping of medications, take according to dosage, minimize dose to avoid
withdrawal symptoms, methods to reduce anxiety, avoid activities that require alertness
Name of Drug: Calcium
Normal Dosage and Route: 1 gm containing 400 gm elemental calcium Route: PO, IV Peak:
PO unknown, IV immediate Duration: PO unknown, IV- 0.5-2 hours
Generic Name: Calcium carbonate
Classification: electrolyte and mineral supplements or replacements
Action: It is essential for skeletal, muscular and nervous system, maintenance of capillary
permeability and cell membrane, activation of transmission of nerve impulses, skeletal, cardiac
and smooth muscle contraction, blood coagulation, bone growth
Uses: It is the replacement for calcium deficiency, hyperphosphatemia control in end-renal stage
without aluminium absorption promotion as therapeutics. It prevents and treats hypocalcemia,
heartburn or acid indigetioon relief, hyperphospahtemia treatment and useful in calcium
deficiency.

5DRUG CARD
Contradictions:
Renal calculi, hypercalcemia, ventricular fibrillation, severe respiratory insufficiency, cardiac
and renal disease
Adverse Effects: tingling, headache, bracycardia, nausea, constipation, hypercalciuria, calculi
Nursing implications/Considerations: Assessment of hypocalcemia symptoms, monitoring of
patients on digitalis glycosides or signs of toxicity, assessment of indigestion, heartburn,, bowel
movement, toxicity or overdose symptoms like nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, constipation
Patient/Family Teaching:
Instructing patients not to consume enteric-coated tablets, avoid foods containing oxalic
acid like cereals, brans, spinach, no missing of dose, prevent constipation by consuming bulk in
diet, fluid intake, maintain adequate vitamin D in diet, exercise limitations if any
Name of Drug: Carbamazepine
Normal Dosage and Route: 200 mg or 100 mg twice daily or four times daily respectively
Route: PO, PO-ER, Peak: 4 to 5 hours, 2-3-12 hours Duration: 6-12 hours, 12 hours
Generic Name: Carbatrol, Equetro, Epitol
Classification: mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants as therapeutic

6DRUG CARD
Action: It decreases the CNS synaptic transmission, affect sodium channels in neurons, decrease
mania, pain relief in trigeminal neuralgia
Uses: It is used in preventing seizures, relief pain and decrease synaptic transmission by
affecting sodium channels in CNS neurons, decrease mania and acts as anitconvulsants
Contradictions: Bone marrow suppression, hypersensitivity, hepatic or cardiac disease, renal
failure
Adverse Effects: ataxia, suicidal thoughts, sedation, psychosis, fatigue, drowsiness, blurred
vision, hepatitis, urinary retention, nail shedding, hyponatremia, eosinophilia, multi-organ
hypersensitivity reactions
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Monitoring of skin change conditions, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Steven-Johnson
Syndrome, screening of patients for serious skin reactions
Patient/Family Teaching:
Instruct patients for skin rash, behavioural changes, mouth ulcers, sore throat, jaundice,
dark urine, look for thoughts of dying or suicide, aggressiveness, unusual mood change or
violent or angry behaviour.

7DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: Celexa
Normal Dosage and Route: 20 mg to 40 mg-once daily; Route: PO; Peak and Duration:
unknown
Generic Name: Citalopram
Classification: Antidepressants (therapeutic)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Action: It selectively inhibits the serotonin reuptake in CNS and has antidepressant therapeutic
action
Uses: antidepressant action and selective inhibition of CNS serotonin uptake
Contradictions: hypersensitivity, hypokalemia, bradycardia, c oncurernt pimozide use,
hypomagnesemia, recent myocardial infarction, congenital long QT syndrome
Adverse Effects: suicidal thoughts, malignant syndrome, neuroleptic, confusion, apathy,
weakness agitation, insomnia, cough, anorexia, weight loss, rash, sweating
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Monitoring of mood changes, suicidal tendencies, assessment for sexual dysfunction,
serotonin syndrome assessment like agitation, autonomic instability, neuromuscular aberrations,
GI symptoms especially in SNRIs, SSRIs
Patient/Family Teaching:

8DRUG CARD
Advice patients to look for suicidal thoughts, attempts to suicide, anxiety, depression,
insomnia, aggressiveness, instability, mania or SSRI, oral hygiene, wear protective or use
sunscreen to proven hypersensitivity and encouraging follow-ups
Name of Drug: Clonazepam
Normal Dosage and Route: 0.5 mg Range: 0.5 mg to 1 mg-three times daily, however, it should
not exceed 20 mg
Generic Name: Clonapam, Rivotril
Classification: anticonvulsants (therapeutic)
Benzodiazepines (pharmacologic)
Action: Anticonvulsive effects as a result of presynaptic inhibition
CNS sedative effects Stimulation of inhibitory GABA receptors, prevention of seizures,
decrease in panic disorders
Uses: Anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines
Contradictions: hypersensitivity, obstructive sleep apnea, increase in suicidal thoughts, chronic
respiratory diseases, angle-closure glaucoma porphyria history,
Adverse Effects:
Suicidal thoughts, drowsiness, behavioural changes, slurred speech, abnormal eye
movements, nystagmus, sedation, ataxia

9DRUG CARD
Hepatitis, constipation, weight gain
Anemia, leukopenia
Ataxia, fever, physical dependence, tolerance
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Observation and recording of intensity, location and duration of seizure activity
Assessment of degree and manifestations of mental status and anxiety
Observation of notable behaviour changes like suicidal thoughts, depression or worsening
of mental status
Assessment for unsteadiness, drowsiness or clumsiness
Patient/Family Teaching:
Teach patient to take proper medication as directed without skipping doses. Do not
encourage double doses that might give rise to withdrawal symptoms, no sharing of medications,
instruct patients to look for bleeding, tiredness, sore throat, depression, trouble sleeping,
restlessness, agitation, unusual mood swings or behaviour changes
Name of Drug: Clopidogrel
Normal Dosage and Route: 75 mg- once daily Range: 75-325 mg once daily; Route: PO,
Peak: 3-7 days; Duration-5 days
Generic Name: Plavix

10DRUG CARD
Classification: Antiplatelet drug (therapeutic)
Platelet aggregation inhibitors (phamacologic)
Action: It inhibits platelet aggregation where it reverses the ATP binding to platelet receptors. It
also decreases the atherosclerotic occurrence events
Uses: Antiplatelet drug agent, platelet aggregation inhibition through irreversible ATP-platelet
binding inhibition
Contradictions:
Hypersensitivity, peptic ulcer, pathologic bleeding, impaired CYP2C19 functioning,
history of peptic ulcer or GI bleeding, severe hepatic impairment, pathologic bleeding
Adverse Effects:
Dizziness, depression, headache, fatigue, edema, chest pain, GI bleeding, gastritis, drug
rash, neutropenia, back pain, hypersensitivity reactions, fever cough, dyspnea
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Monitoring for symptoms of stroke, MI, peripheral vascular disease
Monitoring of thrombotic purpura symptoms, haemolytic anemia, microangiopathic,
fever
Monitoring of CBC with platelet or differential count, neutropenia
Serum bilirubin, total cholesterol, hepatic enzymes
Patient/Family Teaching:

11DRUG CARD
Teach patient to take medications as directed, no missing of doses, encourage patients to
look for fever, chills, rash, sore throat, bleeding or bruising.
Name of Drug: Codeine
Normal Dosage and Route: 15– 60 mg Route: PO, Peak: 60-120 mins, Duration: 4 hours
Generic Name: Codeine
Classification: cold, allergy, cough remedies (therapeutic), opioid analgesic, opioid agonsists
(pharmacologic)
Action: alteration of perception and response to painful stimuli, binding to opiate receptors,
decreasing of cough reflex and GI motility
Uses: Cold, allergy, antitussives, cough remedies, opioid analgesics
Contradictions: hypersensitivity, head trauma, severe hepatic, renal or pulmonary disease,
alcoholism, respiratory depression,
Adverse Effects: sedation, confusion, floating feeling, dysphoria, respiratory depression,
constipation, sweating, flushing, tolerance, urinary retention
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Assessment of BP, pulse, respirations, bowel movement, pain, coughs, tolerance, toxicity
and overdose
Patient/Family Teaching:

12DRUG CARD
Teach patient on when and how to take pain medication, look for drowsiness, avoidance
of activities that require alertness, advise patient to change positions frequently, no use of
alcohol, good oral hygiene maintenance
Name of Drug: Combivent
Normal Dosage and Route: 12 inhalations, 4-8 puffs, Route: Inhalation, Intranasal; Peak: 1-2
hours, Duration: 4-6 hours (inhalation), 6-12 hours (intranasal)
Generic Name: Atrovent, ipratropium
Classification: bronchodilators, cough remedies, cold, allergy
Action: It inhibits cholinergic receptors in the bronchial smooth muscles and decrease
concentration in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), decrease levels of cGMP producing
local bronchodilation. Local application causes secretion inhibition from glands in nasal mucosa
lining, bronchodilation and decrease in rhinorrhoea.
Uses: cold, allergy, cough remedies, bronchodilator,
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity, belladonna alkaloids, avoidance while bronchospasm,
hypersensitivity to peanuts and soy patients
Adverse Effects: headache, dizziness, nervousness, sore throat, blurred vision, nasal dryness,
cough, palpitation, nausea, irritation, allergic reactions
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Assessment for allergy due to atropine, ipratropium, combivert MDI in peanut or soy
allergic patients assessment for respiratory status, bronchospams, wheezing, rhinorrhoea.

13DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching:
Instruct patient to use inhaler properly as directed, do not miss doses, rinsing of mouth
after inhaler use, clearing of nasal passages before administration, nervousness, cough, nausea,
dizziness or GI irritation.
Name of Drug: dexamethasone
Normal Dosage and Route: 0.75 mg to 9 mg- daily, Route: PO, IM, IV, Peak: 1-2 hours,
Duration: 72 hours
Generic Name: Dexamethasone
Classification: anti-inflammatory (steroidal) as therapeutic
Action: suppression of inflammation and maintain normal immune response, intense metabolic
effects and suppression of adrenal function
Uses: Suppression of inflammation, modification of normal immune response, metabolic effect
that suppresses the adrenalin function
Contradictions: active untreated infections, alcoholism, bisulfite hypersensitivity
Adverse Effects: euphoria, depression, headache, restlessness, hypertension, edema, muscle
wasting, cushingoid appearance, weight gain, insomnia
Nursing implications/Considerations:

14DRUG CARD
Assessment of adrenal insufficiency, weakness, weight loss, vomiting, lethargy, daily
weighs, input output ratios, cerebral edema, headache, level of consciousness
Patient/Family Teaching:
Teach patient about correct route of administration of medication, no double doses, no
stopping to avoid withdrawal symptoms, look for tarry tools or abdominal pain.
Name of Drug: Digoxin
Normal Dosage and Route: 0.5-1mg, route: PO, IM, IV, Peak: 2-8, 4-6 and 1-4 hours,
Duration: 2-4 days
Generic Name: Lanoxin, Toloxin
Classification: inotropics, antiarrhythmics (therapeutic)
digitalis glycosides (pharamcologic)
Action: Increases myocardial contraction force, prolonging of refractory period in AV node,
decrease conduction of SA and AV nodes, increase in cardiac output, heart rate slowing
Uses: anti arrhythmics that prolongs the AV node refractory period and increase in cardiac
output
Contradictions: hypersensitivity, AV block, uncontrooled ventricular arrhythmia, Idiopathic
hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, Known alcohol intolerance, Constrictive pericarditis

15DRUG CARD
Adverse Effects: , headache, weakness, fatigue, AV block, SA block, bradycardia,
thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Assessment of apical pulse, heart rate, ECG, increased risk of falls in the elderly,
observation of IV site for infiltration or redness
Patient/Family Teaching:
Teach patient to check pulse rate, observe heart rate changes, bradycardia, apical heart
rate, proper dose and medication, no sharing of medications
Name of Drug: Dilantin
Normal Dosage and Route: 15-20 mg/kg- three times a day, Route: IM, IV, PO, PO-ER, Peak:
1.5- 3 hours, 4-12 hours, rapid, 6-12 hours, 12-36 hours, 12-24 hours
Generic Name: phenytoin
Classification: anticonvulsants, antiarrhythmics (group IB), hydantoins
Action: limiting of seizure propagation through alteration of ion transport, decrease synaptic
transmission, diminished seizures, Antiarrhythmic properties, ventricular arrhythmias
termination
Uses: Used as anticonvulsants, antiarrhythmics (group IB), hydantoins as pharmacologic

16DRUG CARD
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity to phenytoin injection, Alcohol intolerance, Sinus bradycardia,
Stokes-Adams syndrome
Adverse Effects: dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, drowsiness, suicidal thoughts, hypotension,
hypertrichosis, rash, diplopia, nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, nausea
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Monitoring of abnormal behaviour, depression or anxiety symptoms, rashes, skin rash,
phenytoin hypersensitivity syndrome, development of rash, looking for seizures, arrhythmia
Patient/Family Teaching:
Teach patient to take medication, do not skip doses, look for dizziness, drowsiness,
depression, anxiety, good oral hygiene, bleeding, avoid activities that require alertness
Name of Drug: Ferrous sulphate
Normal Dosage and Route: 324 mg of iron salt is present, 2-3 mg/kg/day in 2 to 4 doses, 60-
100 mg twice daily, Route: PO, Peak: 7-10 days, Duration: 2-4 mo
Generic Name: Apo-Ferrous Sulfate
Classification: antianemics (therapeutic)
iron supplements (pharmacologic)

17DRUG CARD
Action: It enters bloodstream and transported to reticuloendothelial system organs like bone
marrow, liver and spleen, where it works as iron store, prevention or resolution of iron
deficiency, anemia
Uses: Used as antianemics and work as iron supplements
Contradictions: Hemochromatosis, Hypersensitivity to iron products, Hemosiderosis, anemia
Adverse Effects:
headache, syncope, dizziness, constipation, nausea, epigastric pain, dark stools,
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Assessment of nutritional status and dietary history, constipation, diarrhoea, bowel
functioning, haemoglobin, reticulocyte values and hematocrit,
Patient/Family Teaching:
Explain patient about iron therapy, medication regimen, look for dark stools, and advise
to follow a high diet, stop overdosing
Name of Drug: Flovent
Normal Dosage and Route: 88 mcg Twice-daily range: 88-440 mcg twice daily route:
inhalation, Peak: 1-4 weeks, Duration: several days after DC
Generic Name: fluticasone

18DRUG CARD
Classification: Anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids
Action: Act as immune modifier and anti-inflammatory, potent, decreases severity and
frequency of asthma attacks.
Uses: Used as anti-inflammatory (steriodal), corticosteroids (pharmacologic)
Contradictions:
Hypersensitivity, Acute asthma attack, status asthmaticus
Adverse Effects:
Headache, bronchospasm, adrenal suppression, hypersensitivity reactions,
diarrhoea, muscle pain
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Monitoring of respiratory status, changing from systemic corticosteroids to inhalation
corticosteroids, withdrawal symptoms, decrease in mineral density, signs and symptoms of
hypersensitivity reactions,
Patient/Family Teaching:
Teach patient to take medication as directed, use inhalation corticosteroids, stop
medication when hypersensitivity reactions occur.
Name of Drug: Fragmin

19DRUG CARD
Normal Dosage and Route: 2500 IU, once daily, 5 to 10 days, Route: Subcutaneous, Peak: 4
hours, Duration: up to 24 hours
Generic Name: dalteparin
Classification: anticoagulants (therapeutic)
Heparins, antithrombotics (pharmacologic)
Action: It has the potential to inhibit antithrombin effect on thrombin and Factor Xa, prevent
thrombus formation, decrease in recurrent MI or death incidence
Uses: Used as anticoagulants, antithrombotics
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity to heparin, dalteparin, pork products, severe hepatic or renal
impairment, Retinopathy,
Adverse Effects: dizziness, increase in liver enzymes, bleeding, thrombocytopenia
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Assessment of hemorrhage or bleeding signs, tarry stool, unusual bruising, hematuria, fall
in BP or hemocrit, unusual bruising
Patient/Family Teaching:
Teach patient to report unusual bleeding symptoms, swelling, rash, fever, not to take
NSAIDs or aspirin without prior consultation
Name of Drug: furosemide

20DRUG CARD
Normal Dosage and Route: 20– 80 mg/day, single dose to repetition in 6 to 8 hours, Route: PO,
IM, IV, Peak: 1-2 hours and 30 minutes,
Generic Name: Lasix
Classification: diuretics, loop diuretics
Action: It inhibits chloride and sodium reabsorption, from loop of Henle, distal renal tubule,
increase sodium, water and renal excretion, subsequent excess fluid mobilization and decrease in
BP
Uses: Used as diuretics, loop diuretics
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity, Hepatic coma, Cross-sensitivity with sulfonates and thiazides,
alcohol intolerance,
Adverse Effects:
Dehydration, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia,
hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Assessment of fluid status, daily weight, lung sounds, BP, nausea, vomiting, anorexia,
hearing loss, muscle cramps, digoxin toxicity
Patient/Family Teaching:
Advice patient to contact in case of rashes, cramps, weakness, nausea, dizziness, tingling,
numbness or other extremities

21DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: gabapentin
Normal Dosage and Route: 300 mg- thrice daily depending upon extended or sustained release
formulations not to be interchanged with immediate-release products; Route: PO-IR, PO-SR,
Peak: 2-4 hours, 5-8 hours, Duration: 8-24 hours
Generic Name: Gralise, Horizant, Neurontin
Classification: analgesic adjuncts, anticonvulsants, therapeutic, mood stabilizers
Action: Not known, may be affecting amino acid transport across and stabilization of neuronal
membranes, decreased seizure episodes, leg restlessness, post-herpetic pain
Uses: used as analgesics, anticonvulsants, mood stabilizers
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity, suicidal thoughts/behaviours, Renal insufficiency,
Adverse Effects: confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, depression, ataxia,
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Monitoring of behaviour changes, suicidal thoughts, depression or anxiety, seizures,
neuropathic pain, migraine prophylaxis,
Patient/Family Teaching:
Instruct patient to take medication as prescribed, no missed doses, no double doses, look
for trouble sleeping, irritability, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, depression

22DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: glyBURIDE
Normal Dosage and Route: 2.5– 5 mg-once daily, Route: PO, Peak: 1.5-5 hours, Duration: 24
hours
Generic Name: DiaBeta, Euglucon
Classification: antidiabetics, sulfonylureas
Action: Lowering of blood sugar levels through insulin release from pancreas and increase in
insulin sensitivity at receptor sites
Uses: Used as blood sugar lowering, decrease in hepatic glucose production
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity, Type 1 diabetes, Concurrent use of bosentan, Diabetic coma
or ketoacidosis
Adverse Effects: hypoglycaemia, photosensitivity, hemolytic anemia, drowsiness, headache,
weakness
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Observation of signs and symptoms of sweating, dizziness, anxiety, CBC, overdose and
toxicity
Patient/Family Teaching:

23DRUG CARD
Instruct patient to take the medication each day, missed doses, cramps, headache,
flushing, hypoglycaemia
Name of Drug: Gravol
Normal Dosage and Route: 50-100 mg q 4 hours range: 50-400 mg/day Route: PO, Rect, IM,
IV
Generic Name: dimenhyDRINATE
Classification: antihistamines, antiemetics
Action: It inhibits vestibular stimulation, anticholinergic, SNS depressant, antiemetic properties,
antihistaminic, and motion sickness prevention
Uses: Used as histamines, antiemetics
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity, tartrazine or alcohol products, known intolerance
Adverse Effects: drowsiness, anorexia, photosensitivity, IM site pain
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Assessment of vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, bowel sounds, emesis, monitoring of
input and output ratios, skin turgor and dehydration
Patient/Family Teaching:
Instruct patient to take the medication as directed, before taking advice them that it can
cause dry mouth, use sunscreen and maintain good oral hygiene

24DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: Heparin
Normal Dosage and Route: 10,000 units, 4 to 6 hours Route: Subcutaneous, IV, Peak: 2 hours,
5-10 mins, Duration: 8-12 hours, 2-6 hours
Generic Name: Hepalean
Classification: anticoagulants, antithrombotics
Action: It has an inhibitory effect on factor Xa of antithrombin, It also prevents prothrombin to
thrombin conversion at low doses and at higher doses, neutralize thrombin.
Uses: Extension of existing thrombi prevention
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity, Severe thrombocytopenia, Uncontrolled bleeding
Adverse Effects: anemia, osteoporosis, alopecia, hypersensitivity, bleeding
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Assessment of signs of bleeding, hemorrhage, tarry tools, unusual bruising, BP, platelet
counting, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Patient/Family Teaching:
Advice patients to report any signs or symptoms of bruising, bleeding, take medications
as directed

25DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: hydrochlorothiazide
Normal Dosage and Route: 12.5-100 mg/day in 1-2 doses, Route: PO, Peak: 3-6 hours,
Duration: 6-12 hours
Generic Name: Microzide, Urozide, Oretic
Classification: diuretics, antihypertensives, thiazide diuretics
Action: Increase mild to moderate hypertension, edema treatment, HF, Glucocorticoid therapy,
Cirrhosis, Renal dysfunction, Estrogen therapy
Uses: diuretics, thiazide diuretics, antihypertensives
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity, products containing tartrazine, intolerance
Adverse Effects: hypokalemia, hypotension, drowsiness, dizziness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Nursing implications/Considerations:
Monitoring of intake, BP, daily weight, assessment of legs, feet and sacral area for
edema, nausea, vomiting, hypokalemia
Patient/Family Teaching:
Instruct patient to monitor for weight changes, take medication as prescribed, changing of
positions to avoid orthostatic hypotension

26DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: lactulose
Normal Dosage and Route:
Generic Name: Cholac, Constilac, Generlac, Kristalose, Constulose, Enulose
Classification: laxatives, osmotics
Action: It softens the stool and increases the water content, lowering of colon pH, inhibition of
ammonia diffusion from colon to blood and thereby reduction of blood ammonia levels, relief in
constipation, blood ammonia decrease and improved PSE mental status
Uses: It is used as laxatives, osmotic,
Contradictions: Patients on low-galactose diets, Excessive or prolonged use, diabetes mellitus
Adverse Effects: cramps, distention, belching, flatulence, diarrhoea, hyperglycemia
Nursing implications/Considerations: Assessment of abdominal distention, bowel sounds,
amount of stool, mental status, serum electrolytes
Patient/Family Teaching:
Encourage patient to have bulk in diet, increase mobility, fluid intake for bowel
regulation, normal bowel habit, use medication as prescribed, flatulence, helching or abdominal
cramping.

27DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: Lansoprazole
Normal Dosage: 15 mg once daily for 4 weeks
Route: PO or oral administration
Peak: 1.7 hr
Duration: more than 24 hr
Generic name: Prevacid
Classification: Therapeutic:antiulcer agents
Pharmacologic: proton-pump inhibitors
Action: In presence of acidic gastric pH, it binds to an enzyme thereby abating the final transport
of hydrogen ions into the lumen of gastric mucosa
Uses: Treatment of duodenal ulcers and esophagitis
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, phenylketonurics, severe hepatic impairment
Adverse Effects: headache, diarrhea, hypomagnesemia, bone fracture, rash
Nursing Implications/ Considerations: Assessment of abdominal pain or other gastrointestinal
abnormalities, Monitoring of bowel function, Follow-up in post treatment period
Patient/Family Teaching: Educating patients about gastrointestinal symptoms and compliance
to medication alongside refraining from gastric irritants and alcohol
Name of Drug: Levodopa/Carbidopa

28DRUG CARD
Normal Dosage: 25 mg carbidopa/100 mg levodopa 3 times daily
Route: PO or oral administration
Peak: 2 hr
Duration: 12 hr
Generic name: Levocarb CR, Parcopa, Sinemet, Sinemet CR
Classification: Therapeutic:antiparkinson agents
Pharmacologic: dopamine agonists
Action: Acts as a neurotransmitter by conversion of levodopa into dopamine
Peripheral destruction of levodopa is prevented by Carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor.
Uses: Relief from tremor and rigidity for Parkinson’s disease
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; Angle-closure glaucoma, Malignant melanoma
Adverse Effects: Involuntary movements, blurred vision, nausea, melanoma
Nursing Implications/ Considerations: Assessment of Parkinsonian symptoms and frequent
evaluation of BP and pulse during dose adjustment
Patient/Family Teaching: Instruct patient for abiding by prescribed dose regime and following
proper meal pattern without skipping meals or eating food that may cause gastric irritation

29DRUG CARD
Name of Drug: Lipitor
Normal Dosage: 10– 20 mg once daily initially
Route: PO or oral administration
Peak: unknown
Duration: 20-30 hr
Generic name: atorvastatin
Classification: Therapeutic: lipid-lowering agents
Pharmacologic: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Action: Early step in the cholesterol synthesis process is catalyzed by enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-
methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase which is inhibited by this drug
Uses: Reduction in total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, diminished risk for myocardial
infarction and stroke sequelae alongside slow progression of progression of coronary
atherosclerosis
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, Active liver disease or unknown yet persistent elevations
in AST and ALT
Adverse Effects: amnesia, rhinitis, bronchitis, chest pain , abdominal cramps
Nursing Implications/ Considerations: Retrieval of information about fat food consumption
and overall diet history, evaluation of triglycerides and serum cholesterol levels

30DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching: Teach the patient to inform the healthcare practitioner in case of
unexplained muscle pain or weakness in conjunction with fever
Name of Drug: Metformin
Normal Dosage: 500 mg twice daily
Route: PO or oral administration
Peak: unknown
Duration: 12 hr
Generic name: Fortamet, Glumetza, Glucophage, Glucophage XR
Classification: Therapeutic:antidiabetics
Pharmacologic: biguanides
Action: Causes reduction in hepatic glucose production, intestinal glucose absorption and rise in
sensitivity towards insulin
Uses: Blood glucose homeostasis
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; Metabolic acidosis; Dehydration, sepsis
Adverse Effects: abdominal bloating, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, vitamin B12 levels
Nursing Implications/ Considerations: Assessment of ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis for
patients who is under medical treatment with metformin but represent laboratory anomalies or
illness

31DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching: Teaching the patient about the negative repercussions that might
occur and necessity of discontinuation of medication at such hour
Name of Drug: Metoprolol
Normal Dosage: 25– 100 mg/day as a single dose initially or 2 divided doses (PO), 5 mg q 2
min for 3 doses (IV)
Route: PO or oral administration, Intravenous
Peak: unknown (PO), 20 min (IV)
Duration: 6-12 hr (PO), 5-8 hr (IV)
Generic name: Betaloc IV, Lopresor, Lopresor SR, Lopressor, Toprol-XL
Classification: Therapeutic:antianginals, antihypertensives
Pharmacologic: beta blockers
Action: Responsible for locking the beta1 (myocardial) adrenergic receptors
Uses: Reduction in BP and heart rate in cardiac patients
Contraindications: Uncompensated HF; Pulmonary edema; Cardiogenic shock
Adverse Effects: fatigue, blurred vision, bronchospasm, bradycardia
Nursing Implications/ Considerations: Monitoring of cardiovascular parameters at regular
intervals

32DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching: War and inform patient about the abrupt withdrawal that might pose
life-threatening challenges
Name of Drug: Nitro-dur
Normal Dosage: SL/Translingual, PO-ER, Oint, Patch, IV- 0.3– 0.6 mg, 2.5– 9 mg q 8– 12 h, 1–
2 in. q 6– 8 hr, 0.2– 0.4 mg/hr initially, 5 mcg/min respectively
Route: SL/Translingual, PO-ER, Oint, Patch, IV
Peak: SL/Translingual, PO-ER, Oint, Patch, IV- unknown for all routes
Duration: SL/Translingual, PO-ER, Oint, Patch, IV: 30-60 min, 8-12 hr, 4-8 hr, 8-24 hr and
several min respectively
Generic name: nitroglycerin
Classification: Therapeutic:antianginals
Pharmacologic: nitrates
Action: Enhances the coronary blood flow by dilation of coronary arteries and improvement of
collateral flow to the ischemic regions, reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption
Uses: Prevention of anginal attacks, decrease of BP
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; Severe anemia; Pericardial tamponade
Adverse Effects: dizziness, blurred vision, hypotension, abdominal pain
Nursing Implications/ Considerations: Evaluation of the possible factors related to patient’s
angina pain, monitoring of cardiovascular parameters such as pulse, BP ad others

33DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching: Teach patient about the necessity of compliance to medication and
precautions to be taken for avoiding negative consequences
Name of Drug: Norvasc
Normal Dosage: 5– 10 mg once daily
Route: PO or oral administration
Peak: 6-9
Duration: 24 hr
Generic name: amLODIPine
Classification: Therapeutic:antihypertensives
Pharmacologic:calcium channel blockers
Action: Inhibition of excitation-contraction coupling and consecutive contraction is brough
about by the inhibition of transport of calcium into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells
Uses: Reduction in BP, Decreased frequency and severity of anginal attack incidences
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity; Systolic BP < 90 mm Hg.
Adverse Effects: dizziness, peripheral edema, gingival hyperplasia, flushing
Nursing Implications/ Considerations: Monitoring of BP and pulse in course of the therapy,
assessment of signs of heart failure

34DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching: Teach patient about complying with prescribed medications, advise
for restricting the fluid intakes, monitoring the BP and pulse
Name of Drug: Prednisone
Normal Dosage: 5– 60 mg/day as a single dose or in divided doses
Route: PO or oral administration
Peak: unknown
Duration: 1.25-1.5 days
Generic name: Rayos, Sterapred, Winipred
Classification: Therapeutic: anti-inflammatories (steroidal) (intermediate acting), immune
modifiers
Action: Suppression of inflammation and normal immunologic responses through alteration of
the cortical hormones
Uses: Immunosuppressant and modification of normal immunologic response
Contraindications: Active untreated infections
Adverse Effects: depression, cataracts, hypertension, anorexia
Nursing Implications/ Considerations: Periodic assessment of systems at the time of therapy
and pre therapy to find symptoms related to adrenal insufficiency alongside documentation of the
weights on a daily basis

35DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching:
Teach the patients to take resort of medical personnel in case severe abdominal pain or tarry
stool appears, instruct the patients to refrain from sudden stoppage of medication
Name of the Drug: Ramipril
Normal Dosage and Route: 2.5 and 20 mg Route: Oral
Peak: 6 to 8 hours Duration: Upto 24 hours
Generic Name: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Classification: Cardiovascular agent
Action: Ramipril is converted into ramiprilat via de-esterification in the liver. Ramiprilat inhibits
ACE and thus blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II preventing
vasoconstriction.
Uses: Use to treat hypertension or high blood pressure and congestive heart failure
Contradictions:
Renovascular disease
Renal impairment
Pregnancy
Hypertension
Adverse Effects:

36DRUG CARD
Chest Pain
Vomiting
Nausea
Cough
Nursing Implications/Considerations:
Discontinuation of diuretics 2 to 3 days before the initiation of the drug
Periodic monitoring of blood pressure
Observation for the signs of hyperkalemia
Maintenance of adequate fluid intake
Patient/Family Teaching:
Teach signs and symptoms of hypotension and difficulty in breathing
Name of the Drug: Risperidone
Normal Dosage and Route: 0.5 to 6 mg daily Route: Oral and intramuscular
Peak: 1 to 2 hours Duration: 24 hours
Generic Name: Antipsychotics
Classification: Central Nervous System Agent

37DRUG CARD
Action: Interferes with the binding of dopamine with the specific D2-interlimbic region of the
brain or serotonin receptors
Uses: Used to psychotic symptoms which are common in schizophrenia
Contradictions:
Elderly patient with dementia
Patient with Reye’s eye and brain tumour
Severe depression in the Central Nervous System
Pregnancy
Adverse Effects:
Sweating
Weakness
Fatigue
Orthostatic with hypotension
Nursing Implications/Considerations:
Proper monitoring of the blood glucose level
Monitoring of the cardiovascular parameters
Monitor neurologic status of older adults

38DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching:
Proper usage of the sun scream to avoid photosensitivity and notification to the physician on
time if intending to conceive
Name of the Drug: Sinemet
Normal Dosage and Route: 25 mg carbidopa/100 mg levodopa 3 times daily Route: Oral
Peak: 2 hours Duration: 5 to 24 hours
Generic Name: carbidopa/levodopa
Classification: Antiparkinson agent and dopamine agonists
Action: It is converted into dopamine in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and there it serves
as a neurotransmitter
Uses: Helps in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease via providing relief from tumor
Contradictions:
Hypersensitivity
Undiagnosed skin lesions
Adverse Effects:
Involuntary movements
Anxiety
Dizziness

39DRUG CARD
Hallucinations
Memory loss
Nursing Implications/Considerations:
Indications towards impaired physical mobility
Risk towards physical injury
Patient/Family Teaching:
Guide patient to take medications at regular intervals
Explain to the patient family that intake of medicine can cause gastric irritation
Name of the Drug: Synthroid
Normal Dosage and Route: 50 mcg as single dose (initially) then 25 mcg per day (for adults)
Route: Oral dose or intravenous
Peak: 1-3 week Duration: 1 to 3 week
Generic Name: levothyroxine
Classification: Therapeutic hormones preparation (thyroid)
Action: Supplementation therapy for thyroid hormone
Uses: Treatment for hypothyroidism
Contradictions:
Hypersensitivity

40DRUG CARD
Hyperthyroidism
Adverse Effects:
Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism (drug overdose)
Headache
Insomnia
Angina pectoris
Nursing Implications/Considerations:
Periodic monitoring of pulse and BP during and after the administration of dose
Monitoring of the blood glucose and urine level
Monitoring f height and weight in case of children
Patient/Family Teaching:
Explain the family that this medication does not cure hypothyroidism
Name of the Drug: Ventolin
Normal Dosage and Route: 2– 4 mg, 3– 4 times daily for adults and children above 12 years
Route: Oral
Peak: 2 to 3 hours Duration: 4 to 6 hours or more
Generic Name: Albuterol
Classification: Bronchodilators

41DRUG CARD
Action: Relaxation of the smooth muscles in the air ways via increasing the level of cyclic AMP
Uses: Helps in the treatment of asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder)
Contradictions: Hypersensitivity towards adrenergic amines
Adverse Effects:
Nervousness
Restlessness
Tremor
Headache
Chest pain
Nursing Implications/Considerations:
Proper access to the lung sound and pulse before administration of the medicine
Critical observance of the paradoxical bronchospasm
Patient/Family Teaching:
Instruct patient to take medicine on time
Contact health care professionals if the patient encounters shortness of breath
Name of the Drug: Vitamin B 12

42DRUG CARD
Normal Dosage and Route: up to 1000 mcg per day depending on the deficiency Route: Oral
or intravenous or subcutaneous
Peak: 3 to 10 days Duration: unknown
Generic Name: Cyanocobalamin
Classification: antianemics, vitamins
Action: It is the co-enzyme that is responsible for the metabolic process like fat and
carbohydrate metabolism
Uses: Helps in the treatment of pernicious anaemia or Vitamin b 12 deficiency
Contradictions: hypersensitivity
Adverse Effects:
Headache
Heart Failure
Diarrhoea
Itching
Nursing Implications/Considerations:
Periodically access the level of Vitamin B12 (via monitoring folic acid) in the body before and
after the drug administration
Must be administered in combination with other vitamins

43DRUG CARD
Patient/Family Teaching:
Provide patient with proper diet with food scoring high on vitamin B12
Proper emphasis on the need for follow up and proper medication to treat pernicious anaemia
Name of the Drug: Vitamin D
Normal Dosage and Route: 400– 1000 IU daily (adults) Route: Orally
Peak: Unknown Duration: Unknown
Generic Name: cholecalciferol
Classification: vitamin supplements
Action: The drug gets absorbed in the liver and kidneys and gets converted into Vitamin D3 or
calcitriol. Vitamin D3 then gets absorbed in the blood stream and promotes the intestinal
absorption of calcium and thereby helping in the treatment of bone malfunction.
Uses: Used in the treatment for vitamin D deficiency and bone malfunction
Contradictions:
Hypersensitivity
Hypercalcemia
Vitamin D toxicity
Adverse Effects:
Headache

44DRUG CARD
Irritability
Weakness
Conjunctivitis
Photophobia
Nursing Implications/Considerations:
Access the rate of Vitamin D deficiency, bone pain and weakness before and after the therapy
Proper observance for the detection of hypocalcemia
Giving protection to the symptomatic patient via raising the side rails of the bed
Patient/Family Teaching:
Advise patient to avoid concurrent intake of antacids which are rich in magnesium
Ensure proper follow ups and medicine intake
Name of the Drug: Warfarin
Normal Dosage and Route: 2– 5 mg per day for 2– 4 days in adults Route: Oral and
intravenous
Peak: 5 to 7 days Duration: 2 to 5 days
Generic Name: Warfarin or Coumadin
Classification: anticoagulants or coumarins

45DRUG CARD
Action: It is an anticoagulant that interferes with the synthesis of vitamin K dependent clotting
factors
Uses: Helps in the prevention of thromboembolic events like venous thrombosis
Contradictions:
Uncontrolled bleeding
Ulcer
Liver and kidney disease
Adverse Effects:
Crumps
Nausea
Dermal necrosis
Fever
Nursing Implications/Considerations:
Cessation of the medicines if there is any sign of bleed occurring from gums, nose, stool or fall
in heamatocrit
Proper monitoring of the clotting time, bleeding time and prothrombin time (PT) at International
Normalized Ratio (INR)
Patient/Family Teaching:

46DRUG CARD
Proper review of foods with high vitamin K
Prevent patient to consume cranberry juice