Strategic Analysis of Tesla

This strategic analysis of Tesla includes PESTEL analysis, five forces analysis, critical success factors, opportunities and threats, and more. The report covers the impact of external factors on Tesla's business, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. It also analyzes the competitive environment of the automobile industry and identifies critical success factors for Tesla. The report concludes with a discussion of opportunities and threats facing the company.

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Strategic Analysis of Tesla
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1STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
Table of Contents
PESTEL Analysis................................................................................................................2
Five forces analysis..............................................................................................................4
Critical success factors........................................................................................................7
Opportunities and threats.....................................................................................................9
Strategic position of the company.....................................................................................11
Anticipated future strategies..............................................................................................13
Evaluation of options- Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability......................................14
Description of selected strategy.........................................................................................16
Risk evaluation and management......................................................................................16
References..........................................................................................................................18

2STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
PESTEL Analysis
PESTEL Analysis of Tesla facilitates in determining the impacts of industry’s macro-
environment within the automobile industry. These external factors impact other aspects of the
business that includes community based or consumer organizations. With effective brand image
and enhancing profitability, Tesla can improve its long term success through considering the
results of this evaluation in strategy development.1
 Political- Politucal stability of the major markets makes the macro-environment
favorable for market penetration strategies of Tesla. Tesla has the opportunity to improve
its financial performance by means of attaining government incentives. Such external
factor is directly associated with insignificant carbon emissions from the company’s
offerings. Free trade agreements present several opportunities to the company in
expanding its global business operations.2
 Economical- Economic conditions in the macro-environment are observed to impact the
business of Tesla. Business performance of the company attains advantages from low
battery expenses. For instance, such external factor transforms into the affordability of
Tesla’s automobile products. In consideration to same, decreasing renewable energy
1 "Tesla - Annual Report." Ir.tesla.com. N.p., 2018. Web. 19 Apr. 2018.
2 Aaij, R., et al. "Tesla: an application for real-time data analysis in High Energy
Physics." Computer Physics Communications208 (2016): 35-42.

3STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
expenses makes the products of the company more attractive.3 This also considers that
economic stability concerns threaten the company’s financial performance in Asia and
Europe.
 Social- The socio-cultural trends that impacts Tesla’s macro-environment are increasing
popularity of low carbon lifestyles, enhancing [reference for renewable energy and
enhancing wealth distribution within advancing markets.4 The company has growth
opportunities relied on increasing popularity of low carbon lifestyles along with
enhancing renewable energy preferences. These are the external factors that are deemed
to enhance market demand for Tesla's electric vehicles along with associated products.
 Technological- Increasing rate of technological changes presents high opportunities for
Tesla to improve technologies related with its products. In addition such external factors
also presents risks for the company in consideration to the potential fast obsolesce in
technology employed within products.5 The company also has growth opportunities
3 Abbas, Zaheer, et al. "Analysis of proton‐density bias corrections based on T1 measurement for
robust quantification of water content in the brain at 3 Tesla." Magnetic resonance in
medicine 72.6 (2014): 1735-1745.
4 Ajuied, Adil, et al. "Diagnosis of glenoid labral tears using 3-tesla MRI vs. 3-tesla MRA: a
systematic review and meta-analysis." Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery (2018): 1-11.
5 Asgar, Majid, Ebrahim Afjei, and Hossein Torkaman. "A new strategy for design and analysis
of a double-stator switched reluctance motor: Electromagnetics, FEM, and experiment." IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics 51.12 (2015): 1-8.

4STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
through high automata ion of its business processes. In addition, growing popularity of
online mobile systems facilitates Tesla to integrate such systems within its automobiles.
 Environmental- Tesla has attained better opportunities in promoting all its electric
automobiles relied to certain issues such as climate change, growing environmental
programs and increasing standards for disposal of waste disposal. For instance, Tesla’s
electric automobiles are deemed to be suitable in dealing with the external factors elated
with the business sustainability along with environment friendly offerings.6
 Legal- Tesla has increased opportunities to expand safely its business internationally in
consideration to expanding global patent protection. Moreover, the organization has the
chance of promoting its electric vehicles. This is relied on consumption of energy
regulations that the consumer company needs to follow. Moreover, the company has also
attained the opportunity to grow its business by means of direct sales that is allowed in
several states in US.
Five forces analysis
Tesla sustains its profitability by means of strategic measures that facilitates in attaining
competitive advantages though addressing challenges revealed within Porters Five Forces
analysis of global automotive industry.7
6 Beiker, Sven A. "Evolution–Revolution–Transformation: A Business Strategy Analysis of the
Automated Driving Industry." Road Vehicle Automation 2. Springer, Cham, 2015. 139-151.
7 Birk, Dominic. Evaluation of the Marketing Strategy of Tesla Motors Inc. GRIN Verlag, 2015.

5STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
 Competitive Rivalry (Strong Force)-Tesla operates within a high competitive market.
This aspect of indicates the impact of competition on energy and automotive solutions
industry environment. There are just a few numbers of companies operating within
automobile industry that impacts the competitive environment of the company. To
maintain a competitive position within the industry, Tesla intends to follow aggressive
innovation and product promotion. For instance, large automotive organizations tend to
follow aggressive marketing campaigns.8
 Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate Force) - Low switching costs decreases
barriers for the consumers of Tesla for purchasing cars from other manufacturers. In
consideration to the five forces analysis, the external factor is deemed to exert a high
force against the organization and its business rivals in automobile industry. For instance,
the substitute’s availability is moderate with several cases that decrease bargaining power
of its Tesla’s consumers. Moreover, the decreased volume of purchases decreases the
impact of consumers on Tesla. For this reason, consumers bargaining power acts as
moderate force and a secondary management priority.9
 Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Moderate Force) - Tesla’s suppliers are deemed to
have low forward integration level. Such external factor indicates limited control of
suppliers in sale and distribution of their products. For instance, certain suppliers employ
8 Dawes, John. "The Ansoff Matrix: A Legendary Tool, But with Two Logical Problems."
(2018).
9 E. Dobbs, Michael. "Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry
analysis templates." Competitiveness Review 24.1 (2014): 32-45.

6STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
third party for selling their materials to Tesla. On the other hand, most of thee suppliers
are sized moderately that has decreased impact on the automobile business surrounding.
One more external factor is considered as moderate supply level that empowers the
suppliers to impact Tesla to a certain extent. 10
 Threat of Substitutes (Moderate Force) - Tesla faces the threat of substitutes within
automotive industry. Low switching cost increases competition for the company and this
facilitates substitutes including public transportation for simply attracting consumers.
Such external factor has a strong force in the company’s external business environment.
Conversely, the moderate substitute’s availability decreases such suppliers influence. For
instance, consumers in the automobile industry have limited and moderate number of
substitute options within the industry. For instance, public transportation is not that
versatile in comparison to a private car that decreases substitute force against the
company.11
 Threat of New Entrants (Weak Force) - Business of Tesla is complex to compete with
particularly due to high brand development cost along with increasing Elom Mask
popularity. For instance, it is not easy for the new entrants to compete with the
company’s strong brand that contributes to one of Tesla’s business strengths. In addition,
10 Gardener, Alexander G., and Peter Jezzard. "Investigating white matter perfusion using
optimal sampling strategy arterial spin labeling at 7 Tesla." Magnetic resonance in medicine 73.6
(2015): 2243-2248.
11 Grant, Robert M. Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley & Sons,
2016.

7STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
the automobile manufacturing maintains high cost that presents a barrier for the new
entrants.
Critical success factors
Critical success factors impacts the competitors within the automobile industry directly.
Considering the same, Tesla must make attempts to implement activities associated with critical
success factors at highest level for outperforming the competition.12
Industry Success Factors
 Access to capital- Electric vehicles needs to make high investments in research and
development due to internal workings of the vehicles. The company attains enough
capital for developing technologically efficient software and battery capability that is
crucial for company’s success.
 Government support- Government policies are observed to support the electric vehicles
manufacturing that facilitates the industry to continuous grows continuously.13
 Battery technology- For successfully competing within the there is a need to innovate
within lithium-ion battery technology. The company is developing products based on the
12 Moritz, Manuel, et al. "Tesla Motors, Inc.: Pioneer towards a new strategic approach in the
automobile industry along the open source movement?." Management of Engineering and
Technology (PICMET), 2015 Portland International Conference on. IEEE, 2015.
13 Oliveira, João Pedro. "Sustainable development, strategy and costs at Tesla." (2014).

8STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
fact that electric vehicle manufacturing costs are battery-related that is estimated to drop
drastically.14
 Changes in infrastructure- Quality and convenience of the available charging stations
are available to the electric vehicles of Tesla that serves as major key success factors as it
is vital for continuous vehicle functioning.
 Consumer education- Educating consumers on financial, environmental and economical
advantages along with switching costs to a fully electric vehicle that can result in
consumer’s ability to make more informed decision sat the time of purchasing vehicles.
Tesla Success Factors
 Disruptive technology- This technology of effectively powering a better performing car
with lithium-ion batteries that drives Tesla for innovating forefront of the electric vehicle
industry.15
 Superchargers- Tesla supercharges are placed in the highways and city centers.
Moreover the company has also attained partnership with particular destinations to offer
Tesla Wall Connector at the location. 16
14 Pham, T., et al. "EP-1857: Multi-parametric MRI at 3.0 Tesla for the prediction of treatment
response in rectal cancer." Radiotherapy and Oncology 119 (2016): S874-S875.
15 REZAEI, MR, A. KHAVARIAN, and M. GHAFURZADEH. "The Development of Industry
in Yazd Province by Using the SOAR Strategic Framework and ANSOFF Matrix." (2016): 45-
56.
16 Rothaermel, Frank T. Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.

9STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
 Experience of consumers- Tesla has a strong business advantage as it sells its cars in its
showroom. The company also provides its consumers with representatives that are
willing to educate consumers regarding pros and cons of consumer’s likely car purchases.
 Strong and sustainable brand image- Tesla has a remarkable brand reputation within
the electric vehicle as well as automobile industry. The company’s business is committed
to employ sustainable energy with exceptional and attractive car design.
Opportunities and threats
Opportunities
 Increased partnerships to maintain
enough resources
 Increased prices of gas
 A shared standard along with
engineering criteria for autonomous
driving
Threats
 There are several competitors within
the automobile market that offers
identical products like Tesla
 Strategic along with sector risk is faced
by the company
 Financial risks associated with the raw
materials
 Sales and marketing related risks can
also be faced by the company
 Tesla is also deemed to face great threat
from the likely backlash taking place
from Samsung batteries

10STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
Opportunities- Certain opportunity that must be pursued by Tesla includes making more
strategic partnerships for increasing their resources.17 The company must also consider
establishing a shared standard along with engineering criteria for autonomous driving. Tesla
must focus on developing a safe and effective manner for the industry to introduce autonomous
driving. In addition, rapidly rising gas prices can offer the company with an opportunity to
generate a highly sustainable fleet of vehicles.18
Threats- Along with significant opportunities there are increased number of threats that
are faced by Tesla. Tesla must be aware of the fact that there are several major competitors such
as BMW that offers identical products as the company. Moreover, there are certain economic and
political risks that are faced by Tesla while entering a new market. The company also faces a
financial risk threat associated with its raw materials like carbon fiber that is cost and requires
being used in limited amounts.
17 Ruan, Na, et al. "Toward optimal dos-resistant authentication in crowdsensing networks via
evolutionary game." Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2016 IEEE 36th International
Conference on. IEEE, 2016.
18 Sutherland, Ewan. "Lobbying and litigation in telecommunications markets–reapplying
Porter’s five forces." info 16.5 (2014): 1-18.

11STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
Strategic position of the company
Bowman’s strategy Clock: Focused Differentiation
Tesla has launched its differentiation strategy with increased focus on a small
demographic segment of environmentally conscious wealthy consumers.19 Through focusing n
this narrow consumer group, Tesla avoids competing with its major competitors like BMW. The
reason for setting focus differentiation strategy is that it facilitates in maintaining a forward
vision and addresses issues like production capacity limitation along with improperly developed
charging network. Following such strategy, the company develops technologically advanced
vehicles for consumers those can afford other vehicles for their every transportation.
Ansoff Matrix Analysis of Tesla
Ansoff matrix analysis of Tesla indicated that the company has effective product
development strategy that is focused on carrying out regular market acceptability test for all its
19 Thijsen, Thomas, Tong Tong, and Jelmer van Leer. "Ansoff Model." Marketing (2014).

12STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
new products within European and US markets. Moreover, it has developed new and modified
product based on consumer needs such as Power wall and Model 3. Marketing plan of model 3 is
focused on product positioning among the middle class. The luxury brand Tesla capitalizes on
inspirational value of the Model S.20 The automobile organization has an effective power wall
sales plan within home along with commercial spaces. Moreover, based on analysis of this
matrix it can also be said that Tesla has effective business development along with existing
products marketing within USA along with European markets. The company entered new market
segment through introduction of its new car models such as EV tools, Model S and cars with
power train technology. It also implemented aggressive marketing strategy focused on distinct
pricing strategies, innovative promotional campaigns along with widening distribution channels.
Market development strategy of Tesla has also facilitated the company in introducing its existing
cars such as model S in new markets like in India and China for attaining competitive position.
Uncertainties in Tesla’s Future Competitive Position
The increasing competition between Tesla and the domestic competitors indicates
uncertainties for the future position of Tesla. This must consider developing new strategies to be
implemented for dealing with such uncertainties.
20 Weiller, Claire, et al. "Competing and co-existing business models for electric vehicles:
lessons from international case studies." Cambridge Service Alliance, Cambridge, UK, Tech.
Rep. (2015).

13STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
Anticipated future strategies
Option 1: Focused effort on research and development of its batteries to decreasing cost
and increasing profit:
Profits and market success of Tesla is anticipated to rely on the efficiency and cost of its
batteries. The company must consider developing an undivided research and development focus
in the direction of enhancing battery effectiveness along with decreasing battery production
expenses. Moreover, for attaining competitive advantage, the automobile company must focus on
considering this strategic option. In addition, Quick setup and Giga Factory along with running
with its full capacity is considered vital to be considered by Tesla for better cost reduction. For
this reason it can be anticipated that the strategic option of integrated business plan which
generates business worth $5, 00,000 car sales per annum supported with battery manufacturing
with Giga factory will be effective enough.21
Option 2: Capitalizing on the power wall:
Tesla’s power wall home battery development can serve as an effective product for
offering superior electricity backup. This product can prove to be an effective use in home of
developing nations in which continuous electricity supply and serve as a major concern ad also
in several commercial sectors. Tesla must focus on delivering an effective business plan for
successful sales and marketing of its products. The automobile company must also expand its
21 YANG, SHU, and CAI LIANG. "Analysis on the Competitiveness of Tesla Development
Mode and Its Enlightenment to the Development of Chinese Electric Vehicle Industry." DEStech
Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences epee (2017).

14STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
facilities such as “Tesla service plus”, “Tesla Ranger” and “Supercharger stations” to offer free
charging along with home service options to the consumers. The connectivity features can also
focus on offering superior online service options.
Evaluation of options- Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability
Strategy Option Suitability, Feasibility and
Acceptability
Accept/ Reject
Option 1  Suitability- Tesla cars
will be powered totally
by the electrical charge
stored within batteries
that will be considered
as Battery Electric
Vehicles. Moreover,
this strategy will be
suitable because of the
company’s existence
for the lithium ion
batteries have the
highest charge
capability of any
practical battery
formulation.22
 Acceptability- This
Accept

15STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
strategy is acceptable
as the company’s
engineers are highly
skilled to configure the
internals of the battery
pack. This can
facilitate increasing the
cell capability by 6%
that can facilitate the
Tesla batteries to store
more than 90kwh of
energy.
 Feasibility- This is
feasible as battery
formulation is efficient
in terms of money that
is high enough for
making Tesla battery
22 Yin, Nan. "Application of AHP-Ansoff Matrix Analysis in Business Diversification: The case
of Evergrande Group." MATEC Web of Conferences. Vol. 44. EDP Sciences, 2016.

16STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
efficient vehicles
practical.
Option 2  Suitability- The
strategy is deemed to
be suitable for the
reason that Tesla can
attain a better
advantage in terms of
technology along with
price to stay ahead of
its business rivals.23
 Acceptability- Despite
of having several
helpful implications,
this strategy is too
observed to be
acceptable because of
several reasons.
Increasing energy
prices along with
Reject
23 Yu, Chih-Jen. "Competitive Analysis on Battery Electricc Vehicle (BEV) Market: A Case
Study of Tesla Motor." (2015).

17STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
decreased feed in-
tariffs are also factors
that drive interest
within increased self-
consumption. As this
strategy is intended to
be time consuming
with increased costs
associated with it,
acceptability of this
strategy is
questionable.
 Feasibility- Feasibility
of this strategy of
Tesla is doubted for
the reason that the
company will not be
able to attain enough
cost advantage. The
company will also
require heavy
marketing along with
public relations that is

18STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
indicated to be paying
off.
Description of selected strategy
Focused effort on research and development of its batteries to decreasing cost and
increasing profit:
Profits and market success of Tesla is anticipated to rely on the efficiency and cost of its
batteries. The company must consider developing an undivided research and development focus
in the direction of enhancing battery effectiveness along with decreasing battery production
expenses. Moreover, for attaining competitive advantage, the automobile company must focus on
considering this strategic option. In addition, Quick setup and Giga Factory along with running
with its full capacity is considered vital to be considered by Tesla for better cost reduction. For
this reason it can be anticipated that the strategic option of integrated business plan which
generates business worth $5, 00,000 car sales per annum supported with battery manufacturing
with Giga factory will be effective enough.24
Risk evaluation and management
Business Risk
24 Yunna, Wu, and Yang Yisheng. "The competition situation analysis of shale gas industry in
China: Applying Porter’s five forces and scenario model." Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 40 (2014): 798-805.

19STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
Supplier related risks of Tesla is deemed to be one of the business risks that includes
suppliers failure to offers goods in appropriate time and increasing risks of price fluctuation and
dependency of raw materials. To deal with the legal risks faced by the business, Tesla focuses on
finding legal risk sources such as contract regulations, structural changes and litigation. Warranty
and goodwill claims risks can be dealt by the company through enhancing consumer
relationships to enhance loyalty, offering a platform for customers for offering their opinion.
Operational Risk
Tesla faces high production risk in the areas the product launch such as batteries and cars,
expenditures, manufacturing plant failure along with risks of bottlenecks and production stalls.
There are certain risks that take place from goodwill and warranty claims that are related with the
guarantees on goods along with all other contingent liabilities. The company also deals with
certain technological and personal risks. In order to address such risks, Tesla focuses on
developing taskforce to address technological risks related with Tesla Motors. To address all the
personnel risks the company focuses on developing personal training workshops for the
employees. Tesla can also address such risks though offering incentives by means of awards,
bonuses along with the likes.

20STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
References
"Tesla - Annual Report." Ir.tesla.com. N.p., 2018. Web. 19 Apr. 2018.
http://ir.tesla.com/secfiling.cfm?filingid=1564590-18-2956&cik=1318605
Aaij, R., et al. "Tesla: an application for real-time data analysis in High Energy
Physics." Computer Physics Communications208 (2016): 35-42.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010465516302107
Abbas, Zaheer, et al. "Analysis of proton‐density bias corrections based on T1 measurement for
robust quantification of water content in the brain at 3 Tesla." Magnetic resonance in
medicine 72.6 (2014): 1735-1745.
https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0166667
Ajuied, Adil, et al. "Diagnosis of glenoid labral tears using 3-tesla MRI vs. 3-tesla MRA: a
systematic review and meta-analysis." Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery (2018): 1-11.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00402-018-2894-0
Asgar, Majid, Ebrahim Afjei, and Hossein Torkaman. "A new strategy for design and analysis of
a double-stator switched reluctance motor: Electromagnetics, FEM, and experiment." IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics 51.12 (2015): 1-8.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7180364/
Beiker, Sven A. "Evolution–Revolution–Transformation: A Business Strategy Analysis of the
Automated Driving Industry." Road Vehicle Automation 2. Springer, Cham, 2015. 139-151.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-19078-5_12

21STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
Birk, Dominic. Evaluation of the Marketing Strategy of Tesla Motors Inc. GRIN Verlag, 2015.
Dawes, John. "The Ansoff Matrix: A Legendary Tool, But with Two Logical Problems." (2018).
https://www.grin.com/document/309706
E. Dobbs, Michael. "Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry
analysis templates." Competitiveness Review 24.1 (2014): 32-45.
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/CR-06-2013-0059
Gardener, Alexander G., and Peter Jezzard. "Investigating white matter perfusion using optimal
sampling strategy arterial spin labeling at 7 Tesla." Magnetic resonance in medicine 73.6 (2015):
2243-2248. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mrm.25333
Grant, Robert M. Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley & Sons,
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+Contemporary+strategy+analysis:+Text+and+cases+edition.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons,
+2016&ots=emKMcJd1Zz&sig=xBkiaju4fw0CTzsjPxZxzRN93bY#v=onepage&q=Grant%2C
%20Robert%20M.%20Contemporary%20strategy%20analysis%3A%20Text%20and%20cases
%20edition.%20John%20Wiley%20%26%20Sons%2C%202016&f=false
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automobile industry along the open source movement?." Management of Engineering and
Technology (PICMET), 2015 Portland International Conference on. IEEE, 2015.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7273032/

22STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
Oliveira, João Pedro. "Sustainable development, strategy and costs at Tesla." (2014).
https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/77497/2/44736.pdf
Pham, T., et al. "EP-1857: Multi-parametric MRI at 3.0 Tesla for the prediction of treatment
response in rectal cancer." Radiotherapy and Oncology 119 (2016): S874-S875.
http://www.thegreenjournal.com/article/S0167-8140(16)33108-5/abstract
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Yazd Province by Using the SOAR Strategic Framework and ANSOFF Matrix." (2016): 45-56.
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http://dspace.elib.ntt.edu.vn/dspace/bitstream/123456789/7607/1/Frank%20Rothaermel-Strategic
%20Management.pdf
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evolutionary game." Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2016 IEEE 36th International
Conference on. IEEE, 2016. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7536535/
Sutherland, Ewan. "Lobbying and litigation in telecommunications markets–reapplying Porter’s
five forces." info 16.5 (2014): 1-18. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/info-03-
2014-0018
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%2C+Tong+Tong%2C+and+Jelmer+van+Leer.+%22Ansoff+Model.%22+Marketing+
%282014%29.&btnG

23STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF TESLA
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proceedings.com/index.php/dteees/article/view/18164
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China: Applying Porter’s five forces and scenario model." Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 40 (2014): 798-805.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114006911